中西翻译理论整理汇总之欧阳家百创编

1、欧阳家百创编翻译理论整理汇总欧阳家百(2021.03. 07)翻译腔(translationeses)是在译文中留有源语言特征等翻译痕迹的 现象，严重的翻译腔使译文读起来不够通顺。出现翻译腔有时是 很难免的。形成翻译腔有以下几个原因：1)英汉语言本身的不 同，包括句型结构等，在翻译时如果不能做到自由转换就会有种 不是地道目标语的感觉。2)英汉文化的不同，不同的文化背景 下，单词或习语有时会出现偏差甚至零对等(zerocorrespondence) o有时只讲词对词的反应就会出现翻译腔。3)译 者自身水平。奈达的功能对等就要求译者注重译文对读者的影 响，好的译文让读者感觉是母语的写作、实现功能的

2、对等。Venuti 主张同化和异化的结合，通过同化让读者获得相识的反应，通过 异化使读者领略异国语言和文化。译者应该提高自己翻译水平， 在翻译策略上实现功能对等，从而尽量避免翻译腔的出现。1 中国的翻译理论家严复.茅盾、鲁迅、朱光潜、傅雷.钱钟书D严复信、 达、 雅faithfulness 、 expressiveness 、 elegance/gracefulness2) 茅盾他也主张“直译”，反对“意译”，他认为汉语确实存在语言组 织上欠严密的不足，有必要吸引印欧语系的句法形态。但是矛盾 欧阳家百创编欧阳家百创编与鲁迅观点同中有异，他认为“直译”并不是“字对字”，一个 不多，一个不少。因为

3、中西文法结构截然不同，纯粹的“字对 字”是不可能的。3）鲁迅鲁迅的“宁信而不顺”是“凡杲翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然是 力求易解，一则保存着原作风姿”，这是鲁迅的基本思想。针对 当年那种“牛头不对马嘴”的胡译、乱译以及所谓“与其信而不 顺，不如顺而不信”的说法（梁秋实），提出了 “宁信而不顺” 这一原则，主张直译，以照顾输入新表现法和保持原作的风貌。 他还认为，翻译一要“移情”、“益志”，译文要有“异国情 调”，二要“输入新的表现法”，以改进中文的文法，在当时主 要表现为改逬白话文。必须强调的是，鲁迅其实是主张翻译要通 顺，又要忠实的。只是二者不可兼得的情况下，“宁信而不 顺” O4）林语堂他是

4、在中国议学史上第一个最明确地将现代语言学和心理学作为 翻译理论的“学理剖析”的基础的。了解翻译的三条标准：忠 实、通顺和美。5）朱光潜他的翻译标准是：第一，不违背作者的意思；第二，要使读者在 肯用心了解时能够了解。6）傅雷的"神似说” （spirit alikeness）傅雷对翻译有两个比喻，一杲“以效果而言，翻译应该像临画一欧阳家百创编欧阳家百创编样，所求的不在形似而在神似”。二是就手法而言“以甲国文字 传达乙国文字所包含的那些特点，必须像伯乐相马，要得其精而 忘其粗，在其内而忘其外”。7）钱钟书的“化境"说（sublimation）所谓“化境"（sublima

5、tion）,是指原作在译文中就像“投胎转 世”，躯体换了一个，但精魄依然故我。换句话说，译本对原作 应该忠实得读起来不像译本，因为作品在原文里绝不会读起来想 翻译出的东西的：“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是'化'，把作 品从一国文字转换成启一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露 出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于'化境'” O2国外的翻译理论家1）John DrydenMetaphrase（逐词译），turning an author word by word, and line by line, from one language into an

6、othe匚Paraphrase（释译）,or translation with latitude, where the author's words are not so strictly followed but his sense.Imitation（拟议），where the translation assumes the liberty, bot only to vary fro the words and the sense, but to forsake them both as he sees occasio n.2）Alexander Fraser Tytlera. T

7、hat the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.欧阳家百创编b. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.c. That the translation should have all the ease of original composition. 3 ) Eugene A NidaNida: translating

8、 consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.所谓翻译，就是从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然 的对等语再现原语的信息。Reproducing the message; Equivalence rather than identity;

9、 A natural equivalent; The closest equivalent; The style;Dynamic equivalence is to describe it as "the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message11. This type of definition contains three essential terms: 1) equivalent, which points toward the source-language message; 2) natural,

10、 which points roward the receptor language, and 3)closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation.4) Peter Newmark1. Semantic translation: "is personal and individual follows the thought processes of the author, tends to over-translate, pur

11、sues nuances of meaning, yet aims at concision in order to reproduce pragmatic impact11, expressive (literary) texts tend more toward the semantic method of translation.欧阳家百创编语义性翻译：屈从原语文化和原作者，翻译原文的语义，只在 原文的内涵意义构成理解的最大障碍时才加以解释。属超额翻 译。2. Communicative translation: on the other hand, "attempts to

12、render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readershipn. Informative and non-literary texts require communicative translatio n.交际性翻译：译作所产生的效果应力求接近原作，首先终于 译语和译文读者，即使原语屈从译语和译语文化，不给读者留下 任何疑点和难懂之处，属欠额翻译

13、。5) Skopostheory德国目的论1. Translation Studies returns the attention to the Receptor side. Skopostheory begins by seeing translation as a purposeful nactionf which lead to Ha result, a new situation, and possibly to a 'new' object". The aim of the translational action and the way in which

14、it is realized is not random, but must be "negotiated with the client who commissions the action11. The ends justify the means2. As Vermeer insists: hf therefore follows that source and target texts may diverge from each other quite considerably not only in the formulation and distribution of t

15、he content but also as regards the goals which are set for each”6) Holmes欧阳家百创编He divides Translation Studies into two major branches, nPureH and "Applied”，and then sun-divides the H PureM into two further subbranches: "Theoretical” and "Descriptive” Translation Studies. Translation M

16、ethods:3. Word -for word translationThis is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of

17、 word- for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language of to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process4. Literal translationThe SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly,

18、 out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solve d.5. Faithful translationA faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers1* cultural words and prese

19、rves the degree of grammatical and lexical uabnormalityn(deviation from SL and norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL write.欧阳家百创编欧阳家百创编6. Semantic translationSemantic translation differs from "faithful translation11

20、 only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on "meaning” where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultura

21、l words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between Hfaithful0 and "semantic" translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translators intuitive empathy with the original.7. AdaptationThis tis the "freest” from of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedies) and