英语语法09常见语句问题ppt课件

1、Unit Nine: Requirements for Effective Sentencesand Oft-witnessed Sentence Improprieties inEnglish Learners学习内容预告：学习内容预告： 本单元之后，我们将简要讨论英语不同语体中的言语特点。本单元之后，我们将简要讨论英语不同语体中的言语特点。 Requirements for Effective English Sentences:1) Unity 语义完好语义完好2) Coherence 句式衔接句式衔接3) Conciseness 表达简约表达简约4) Emphasis 重心突出重心突出

2、Most problems occur with (2) and (3). Lets now look at them one by one.1) Unity: A sentence has unity when it expresses a single complete thought in words.Faulty: Born in Ulm of Germany in 1879, Albert Einstein grew up to be a famous physicist.Faulty: The boy is too young.Note: In specific context o

3、f conversation, the second type of sentence fragments may be clear.Another fault type: run-on sentences (串句指的是用逗号衔接的两个独立的单句。)The Interpol decide to curb international drug trafficking, it has claimed too many lives so far.I took lots of vitamin C, I still came down with the flu.2) Coherence:A senten

4、ce is coherent when its words or parts are properly connected and their relationships made unmistakably clear.But in a number of situations, the coherence is violated. We shall examine them one by one.(1) Parallel constructions 并列构造并列构造Parallel constructions are used to express parallel ideas:Exampl

5、e:March winds and April showers bring forth May flowers.Let us be ruthless in our criticism, cruel to personal vanities, and indifferent to age, rank or experience if these stand in our way. _ Norman BethunePlato thought that when we saw something, one ray of light came to it from the sun, and anoth

6、er from our eyes, and that seeing was something like feeling with a stick.Problems with parallel constructions:Faulty: When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcase, took showers, and then we went to sleep after eating lunch.Americans encourage their children to get ahead, to excel, making money an

7、d acquiring possessions.Our new car not only is more economical but it is more comfortable than our old one.Faulty: Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, offers convenience, and it is not very expensive.James Joyces Ulysses, a long and complicated novel and which is on our readin

8、g list, has been banned by the school board.(2) Problems with pronoun references (代词指代)A pronoun must refer unmistakably to its antecedent, i.e., the noun whose place it takes. Or else problems occur.A. Ambiguous referenceFaulty: She told my sister that she was wrong.George hit John and Tom hit him.

9、Can you correct them?B. Implied antecedent:Obscure:As she was greatly influenced by her history teacher, she chose it as her major.In Dreisers Sister Carrie, he describes a penniless girls way to success.He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious.How shall we correct them?(3) Dangling

10、and misplaced modifiersA. Dangling modifier Dangling:To get up early, the clock was set at six.After correcting all the mistakes, the second draft of the paper wasmuch better than the first.Although seriously ill, the boss made her work ten hours a day in the hot workshop.How shall we correct the mi

11、stakes?Dangling:To appreciate the English language, a lot of reading must be done.Although only a small boy, my father expected me to do a mans work.A painting attracts the visitors eye on the east wall.B. Misplaced modifier Misplaced:Nanjing University has many well-known professors well-known at h

12、ome and abroad.改改The Japanese mountaineer sent us the full story of his rescue from Tibet.I bought the hat at a small county store which cost $5.25.Misplaced:You can call your girl friend in Beijing and tell her about my taking you out to dinner for just sixty cents.The teacher returned to his offic

13、e after a long illness on Monday.How shall we improve these?Misplaced:I saw a man with a dog who has flees.I saw a man on top of the hill with a telescope.(4) Confusing shiftsA. Confusing shifts in person and number Confusing:An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a pape

14、r, you should not plagiarize剽窃，抄袭剽窃，抄袭.Students who wish to take linguistics are asked to sign his name on a sheet of paper.Whats wrong with them?B. Confusing shifts in voice, mood and tenseConfusing:He left the library when his paper is written.If he lives to be 86, he would see the year 2050.In co

15、llege, students should learn to analyze and solve problems on their own. Try to help them acquire this ability.(5) Mixed and incomplete constructionsA. Mixed constructionsMixed: By taking a No. 10 bus is one way to get to Tiananmen Square.His job is a teacher.Because he said nothing does not mean th

16、at he agreed to your proposal.Whats wrong with them?B. Incomplete constructionsIncomplete:My hometown is closer to Nanjing than toShanghai(is).The older generation have great faith(in) and earnest hopes for the young.He said that they should make full use of the water power of the river and (so)a hi

17、ghway should be built here.3) Problems with concisenessWordy: It was blue in color (round in shape, small in size).In the early part of the month of August.Sometimes, it is necessary to change the sentence structure to avoid wordiness:There was a pine that stood like a giant on the top of the mounta

18、in. It towered into the clouds.The giant pine towered into the clouds.Wordy: In my opinion, I think your plan is feasible.Some of the enterprises are jointly run by a factory in collaboration with a nearby community.May I have the honor of soliciting your beneficial opinions on the lecture?4) Proble

19、ms with emphasis Which idea in a sentence is to be emphasized should be carefully considered. But this is often neglected.Faulty: He saw an old woman get on the bus, quickly standing up to offer her the seat. Walking into the classroom, the teacher carried a big book under his arm.Weak:He became a g

20、eneral of the Red Army at 29, having distinguished himself in action. (order of the construction)Important contents should be arranged in climatic order, unless one intends to produce a humor:Example: She was neat, pleasant and honest.But:I lost my bag and with it, my wallet, my ID card and my dirty

21、 socks.Also, the long part should better be placed after a short part: Examples of impropriety:That they will meet this years production quota two months ahead of time is very clear.His spectacles, an English dictionary, a cup of tea, books and notes lay on the small table.Now, lets do some exercise

22、s to consolidate what we have learnt in this unit.1) These birds fly swiftly and their food consists of seeds, berries and small fish.2) She began to speak very fast at the meeting at 10 oclock.3) I may go to the lecture, for he is a friend of mine.4) There were several books in her bag, which she intended to give to her children.5) Listening attentively, a faulty sound was heard.6) This task is too difficult.7) She said that she would come if she could, but not to look for her.8) Being in a cage, I am not afraid of the lion.13) When Watt observed the power of st