句子成分(一)

1、句子成分(一)广东顺德北滘中学周 溢TelEmail: openclassroom 句子是由单词或词组按一定的语法规律组成、能表达完整意思的最小语言单位。组成句子的成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾 补、定语、状语、同位语和插入语。一、主语 主语是谓语所陈述的对象，表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事”，主要由名词、代词（代词主格或名词性物主代词）、数词、动名词、不定式或其它相当于名词的词、短语及主语从句担当。（参见语法一本通P. 190）例如：1. Mr Smith has a beautiful garden. (名词作主语) 2. He speaks Japa

2、nese. (代词作主语) 3. The black bike is mine. （名词词组作主语） 4. Swimming is my favourite sport. （动名词作主语） 5. Whether he will come or not is not known yet.（主语从句作主语） 6. To read English newspapers everyday is a good habit. (不定式短语作主语）二、谓语 谓语部分说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”、或 “怎么样”。谓语只能由动词（词组）担当。谓语动词必须与主语在人称和数方面保持一致，即主谓一致。（参见语法一本

3、通P. 190）例如：1. I am good at swimming. 动词短语 + 宾语 = 谓语部分 2. He speaks Japanese. 及物动词 + 宾语 = 谓语部分 3. We work hard. 不及物动词 + 状语 = 谓语部分 谓语涉及到动词的种类、动词的时态、情态动词、被动语态、，虚拟语气等语法形式的变化，将分别作专题讨论。 4. Peoples standards of living are going up steadily. (现在进行时) 5. Many of theses factories have already gone into product

4、ion. （现在完成时） 6.Something must be done to deal with the pollution. （被动语态） 7. If he had been warned, he would not have taken that food. （虚拟语气）三、表语 表语又叫主（语）补（足语），是用在连系动词后，说明主语的性质与状态的成分，只用于SVC 主语 + 连系动词 + 表语(主补)句型。表语通常由形容词、数词、代词（代词宾格或名词性物主代词）、名词（词组）及表语从句担当。（参见语法一本通P. 190）例如1. We are students. (名词作表语说明主语

5、的身份) 2. It is getting dark. (形容词作表语说明主语所处的状态) 3. This is what I want to say. (从句作表语叫表语从句) 4. What he said sounds reasonable. 5. The book was old and soon fell apart. 6. Peter became a judge while John remained a fisherman. 关于表语请注意下面几点：I. 形容词作表语与名词作表语有很大的区别：1She is beautiful. (形容词作表语说明主语的性质、状态)2Life

6、is beauty (名词作表语说明主语的身份、属性)不能说：She is beauty. 因为"美丽"不是"她"独有的属性。但可以说：She is a beauty. 这时，抽象名词已具体化：她是一个美人。3The coins under the bottom of the sea are of great value.= The coins under the bottom of the sea are very valuable. "be of great + 抽象名词" = "be very + 同根名词"

7、II (连)系动词除be(is, am, are; was, were；have / has / had been; being)等形式变化外，还有以下几种类型：l. feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, 说明主语的特征、处所或状态；2. become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, come, run,说明主语的变化；3 remain, continue, stay, keep, rest, prove, turn out,说明主语保持某种状态。（参见语法一本通P. 187）句子成分的概念与基本句型有关。下面是简单句的五个基本句

8、型，每个英语句子的结构都可以归纳为下列基本句型之一：主语谓语表语宾语其它(连)系动词表语1. SVC不及物动词2. SV及物动词单宾语3. SVO复合宾语（宾语 + 宾补）4. SVOC双宾语（间宾 + 直宾）5. SVoO1. 汉语的连动式句式相当于英语的并列谓语：She worked far into the night and prepared a repot for the manager.她工作到深夜，为经理准备一份报告。英语中也可以用非谓语动词表示连动的次要动作：She worked far into the night and preparing a repot for the manager.2. 汉语的兼语式句式相当于英语的复合宾语(SVOC)句型. 我叫他来。 I asked him to come. 句中him既作asked的宾语，又作to come的逻辑主语。关于这种句型对于动词和宾补的要求，将在“宾语”一节中复习。（参见语法一本通P.187）3. 双宾语动词句型（SVoO）中的双宾语可以用介词to或for转换，如：I gave him a pen. = I gave a pen to him. Mother bought me a new bike. = Mother bought a new bike