高中英语语法详细教程――定语从句

1、定语从句详细讲解一、定语从句及相关术语:1. 定语从句:修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2. 关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等;关系副词有 where, when, why等。关系词常有 3个作用:1,引导定语从句。 2,代替先行词。 3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。二、关系代词引导的定语从句:1. who 指人,在从句中做主语(1 The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2

2、 Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom 指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,在限制性定语从句中常可省略。(1 Mr. Liu is the person (whom you talked about on the bus.(2 Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.注意:关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用 who 代替,可省略。(3 The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which 指物,在定语从句中做主语或者

3、宾语, 做宾语时可省略。(1 Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2 This is the pen (which he bought yesterday.4. that指人时,相当于 who 或 whom ;指物时,相当于 which 。在宾从中做主语或者宾语, 做宾语时可省略 。(5 The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(6 Where is the man (that/whom I saw thi

4、s morning?5. whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语,起所有格的作用,表示“的” 。(1 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2 I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose 指物时,常用以下结构来代替(3 The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(5 Do

5、 you like the book whose cover is yellow? Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?三、介词 +关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由 介词 +关系代词 引导:(1 The school (that/which he once studied in is very famous.(2 The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3 Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (t

6、hat/which you asked for.(4 Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5 Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who we have often talked about.(6 Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意:1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等This is

7、 the watch which/that I am looking for.2. 若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用 whom ,不可用 who 或者 that ;指物时用 which ,不能用 that ;关系 代词是所有格时用 whose 。(1 The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F(2 The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (TThe plane in

8、that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F3. “介词 +关系代词”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词:(1 He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2 In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3 There are forty students in our

9、 class in all, most of whom are from big cities.四、关系副词引导的定语从句:1. when 指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语:(1 I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2 The time when we got together finally came.2. where 指地点,必须放在表示地点的名词后面,在定语从句中做地点状语:(1 Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2 The house where I lived t

10、en years ago has been pulled down.3. why 指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语(1 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2 I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意:关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词 +关系代词”引导的从句替换。(1 The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2 From the year when/in which he wa

11、s going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3 Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born.关系副词 when, where, why的含义相当于 介词 + which结构,因此常常和 介词 + which结构交替使用,例如: There are occasions when (on which one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (i

12、n which I was born. 北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?4、 how 表示方式,总是用在限制性从句中,而常常省略或省略先行词,如:This is the way (how we solved the problem.五、引导定语从句的常用关系形容词:1、 whoever , whichever 和 whatever :它们是先行词和关系词的结合体,表示:“任何的人” , “不管是哪个” , “任何的东西” :(1 Whoever drives to

13、fast will be fined. (2 He thought whatever he had said.2、 what: what是先行词和关系代词的结合体,在从句中可作主语或宾语,相当于 all that:I understand what (=all that you are doing now. (what 既作 understand 的宾语,又作 doing 的宾语六、其它关系代词和关系副词:1、 as 作为关系代词, 用于限制性从句中, 只能用在 such , same , as 或 so 的后面; 用于非限制性定语从句中, 则代替整个主句位置,如:Such a tree as

14、 I planted is called fir. As many boys as come will be admitted.He did it in so special a way as excited me.As is reported, a foreign delegation will arrive here on Sunday.【注意】 1、在 such as后有时跟一些名词作为例子,而不是从句。2、在 such 后有时也可用 who , which , that , what 引导从句,如:He is such a man that I never want to know.3

15、、 the same as与 the same that的区别:The same as表示表示与从句中的内容“相似” , the same that表示与从句中的内容是“同一” 。 注意:当先行词由 the same修饰时,偶尔也用 that 引导定语从句,但是和由 as 所引导的定语从句意思不同 She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在 Mary 婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。 She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。2、 bu

16、t 表“不”的意思,不太常用,表示“ that/who/whom not ”的意思,引导限制性从句,常用在否定句 中,如:There is no one but knows him. (= Everyone knows him.3、 than 作为关系代词,只和形容词、副词的比较级一起用,如:He has more books than is necessary. I stayed longer than is demanded by my boss.五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句举例:(1 The teacher told me that Tom was the only

17、 person that I could depend on.(2 China is a country which has a long history.非限制性定语从句举例:(1 His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.(2 China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.要注意区分以下几个句子的不同(1 His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to

18、college.他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。 (他还有其他的哥哥(2 His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥是当医生的,常鼓励他要考上大学。 (他只有一个哥哥【难点分析】(一限制性定语从句只能用 that 的几种情况1. 当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing, something , few, all, none, little, some 等代词时, 或者是由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few

19、, much 等修饰时(1 Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?(2 There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3 All that can be done has been done.(4 There is little that I can do for you.【注意】 Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. That is all that I

20、have to say.2. 当先行词被序数词修饰(1 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时(1 This is the best film that I have seen.4. 当形容词被 the very, the only修饰时(1 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,(2 After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he own

21、ed.当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用 who:(3 Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/5. 当先行词前面有 who, which等疑问代词时(1 Who is the man that is standing there?(2 Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6. 当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时(1 Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?7、 th

22、at 常和以 -ible 和 -able 结尾的词一起用,如:There is no plan that is impossible. There is no road that is impassable.不能用 that 的几种情况:1、关系代词与它的动词若被隔开时,不能用 that ,而要用 who , which 等:I am ready to help any man who, in case he is in trouble, needs my help.2、在介词后面不可用 that 来代替物,可把介词放在从句的句末用 that ,也可省略:Here is the novel a

23、bout which I told you. Here is the novel (that I told you about.(二关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是:1. As 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子。(1 He married her, as/which was natural.(2 He was honest, as/which we can see.2. as 引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句; which 引导的

24、非限制性 定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外, as 有“正如,正像”的意思(1 As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2 He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3 John, as you know, is a famous writer.(4 He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe.注意:当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用 which :(5 Tom was alw

25、ays late for school, which made his teacher angry.3. 当先行词受 such, the same修饰时,常用 as :(1 I have never heard such a story as he tells. (2 This is the same book as I lost last week.4、 as is/was + 过去分词的结构中, is 或 was 可省略,而同样情况下, which 后的 is/was不可省略:The accident killed thousands of people, as reported in t

26、he newspaper.(三以 the way为先行词的定语从句通常由 in which, that引导,而且通常可以省略。(1 The way in which/ that/ he answered the question was surprising.(四几个定语从句的连用:1、一个先行词可以跟两个非限制性或限制性定语从句,由 and, but或 or 连接起来,如:I met a professor, who teaches linguistics and whose wife is an English teacher.The old man whom I met many yea

27、rs ago and has not seen since then will come here to see me tomorrow.2、一个先行词可以先和限制性从句结合起来,表示一个统一的意思,然后再由另一个限制性从句进行修饰,这是 两个从句间不能用 and, but或 or 这些词。 如:It is trees which are too small that will be protected from cutting. (it is + 名词 + 定从 +定从结构中:who , which , whom 后都要用 that 。 2010-2-7 (五在下列情况下,介词只能放在关系代

28、词的后面: 在下列情况下,介词只能放在关系代词的后面: 1,关系代词为 that 时; 2,关系代词被省略时(限制性 ,如:Money is not the only thing I am working for. 3,关系代词为 what 时:I may tell you whatever you want to talk about. 4,定语从句中包含一个系动词时:What people are most interested in is life. 5,关系代词是两个或更多不同介词的宾语,或是一个及物动词和另一个不及物动词后介词的宾语时: The young girl whom I talked with and asked a favor of is my sister. 6,关系代词前面已经有介词 of 时: