语言学教程Chapter 2练习题

1、Chapter 2：Speech soundI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be

2、 in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informati

3、on conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9.

4、Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants

5、can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be clas

6、sified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to dete

7、rmine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. T

8、he rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21 A _ refers to a strong pu

9、ff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22 A_ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23 The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_ sounds.24Of all the speech organs, the t _ is the most

10、 flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25 English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_ of articulation.26 When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstru

11、ction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s_.27 S_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28 The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular lan-guage are called s _ rules.29 The

12、 transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_ transcription.30 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are colle

13、ctively known as i_.31 P_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, t

14、he o_ cavity and the nasal cavity.33T_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_ stress

15、.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35 Of all the speech organs, the _ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouth              B. lips      &#

16、160;        C. tongue                D. vocal cords36The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds.A. voiceless          B. voiced     

17、0;    C. vowel             D. consonantal37_ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/        B. /d/       C. /k/        D./b/38 The assimilation rule assimila

18、tes one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _.A. identical        B. same       C. exactly alike         D. similar39 Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetica

19、lly similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _.A. in phonemic contrast           B. in complementary distributionC. the allophones                &

20、#160;    D. minimal pair40 The sound /f/ is _.A. voiced palatal affricate         B. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricative        D. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A _ vowel is one that is produced wi

21、th the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. back           B. centralC. front          D. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phone

22、mic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _.A. phonetic components         B. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental features     D. semantic features43. A(n) _ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit,

23、 a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phone           B. soundC. allophone      D. phoneme44 The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _ of that phoneme.A. pho

24、nes          B. soundsC. phonemes      D. allophonesIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology        46. phoneme           47.allophone           48. international phonetic alphabet49. intonation