韩礼德 系统功能语言学 人际功能ppt

1、Interpersonal metafunction Introduction Interpersonal metafunction is one of the three metafunctions in Systematic Functional Grammar proposed by Halliday. “The speaker uses specific language structures as the means of social communication to involve the speech event: the expressions of his comments

2、, his attitudes, his evaluations, and also the relationship he sets up between himself and the listener, which are decided by different communication roles he adopts, like informing, questioning, persuading”.(Halliday, 2000:69) By far the most important sociological use of language is the interperso

3、nal function, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.Roles of Addressers and Addressees The most fundamental purposes in any exchange are giving or demanding a commodity of some kind. In a verbal exchange, the commodity that the speaker may be giving or demanding is informa

4、tion. In a non-verbal action, the commodity is also called goods-and-services.the four basic speech roles: giving information demanding information giving goods-and-services demanding goods-and-services the usual lables for these functions respectively giving information statement demanding informat

5、ion question giving goods-and-services offer demanding goods-and-services commandthe basic functions and the grammatical structuresthree of these basic functions are closely associated with particular grammatical structures. They are: statements are most naturally expressed by declarative clauses qu

6、estions by interrogative clauses commands by imperative clauses Note: an offer can be carried out without using language.some special cases Youd better come in. Are you ready for coffee? Ooh, yes please.Mood Mood is the core of the interpersonal metafunction. We can investigate these interactive fun

7、ctions focusing on a particular element of the clause, which we shall call the Mood. Subject the structure of Mood FiniteSubject vs Finite Subject is a familar term from traditional grammar, although it should be remembered that here it is being reinterpreted in functional terms. The Finite is the f

8、irst functional element of the verbal group. for example: Did you see him that day?identifying Subject and Finite tag question A tag question repeats the two elements in the Mood at the end of the clause, for example: Ted wouldnt have married her, would he? S F F S empty it and there for example: It

9、 was half past seven. There should be another one like this. the norminal groupA: consisting of more than one constituent functioning together as SubjectB: both it and the embedded clause as Subjectthe Residue There are three kinds of functional elements in the Residue: the Predicator, Complements a

10、nd Adjuncts. The Predicator is expressed by the rest of the verbal group apart from the Finite. There can be only one Predicator in any clause. Complement A complement is an element in the Residue, typically realized by a nominal group, which could have been chosen as Subject, but was not. for examp

11、le: The strongest shape is the triangle. The triangle is the strongest shape. Adjunct The role of Adjunct is typically by an adverbial group or a prepositional phrase. three kinds of Adjunct: Comment Adjunct Modal Adjunct Mood Adjunct Conjunctive Adjunct circumstantial Adjunct examples:1. Have you d

12、ecided on a colour yet?2. The punctuation, on the other hand, is reproduced with diplomatic faithfulness.3. Unfortunately, I did not meet Paul Klee there or later in my life.Polarity and Modality In one sense, polarity is a message that is either positive or negative. Besides, the Finite must be for

13、mally positive or negaive. The yes/no interrogative is precisely to enquire about the polarity of a message. polarity may also be expressed through Mood Adjuncts. modality It is the space between yes and no. More specifically, the intermediate stages-points between yes and no,such as maybe, sometime

14、s or supposedly, are expressed by modality. example: She might teach Latin.types of modality modalization types of modality modulationIf the commodity being exchanged is information, the modality relates to how valid the information is being presented, which is called modalization.If the commodity i

15、s goods-and-services, the modality relates to how confident the speaker can appear to be in the eventual success of the exchange, which is referred to as modulation.modalization probability modalization usuality probability: how likely it is to be true, such as possible/probable/certain example: The

16、 child might be hers. usuality: how frequently it is true, such as sometimes/often/always example: She often went there.modulation obligation modulation inclination/willingness obligation: the degree of obligation to carry out the command, such as permissible/advisable example: You should go now. in

17、clination: the degree of willingness of the speaker to fulfill the offer,such as ability/determination example: I will give you a hand.Appraisal Definition Appraisal can be simply defined as the indication of whether the speaker thinks that something(a person, thing etc.) is good or bad. More specif

18、ically, there are many other scales of appraial, revealing to see what kinds of values are established in any particular genre. according to Martin, the appraisal system is divided into three catergories. Attitude Appraisal Engagement GraduationAttitude definition Attitude is concerned with our feel

19、ings, including emotional reactions, judgement of behaviour and evaluation of things affect Attitude judgement appreciation Affect focuses on the feelings of the appraiser Judgement and Appreciation focus on the qualities of the appraised. The distinction between them depends on whether we are appraising a person(judgement) or somethin