笔译一级样题

1、第一部分：英译汉Part 1 Translation from English into Chinese 3 hoursRead the following three passages.Translate them into Chinese.Write your answers on the answer sheets.You may use additional paper for your draft but you must copy your answers onto the answer sheets.Passage 1You Really Are What You EatEarl

2、y in human history, food launched the revolution which introduced social inequality. At first it was a matter of unequal entitlements: some of the earliest known human burials reveal disparities in nourishment. Great heroes of antiquity were heroic eaters, as renowned for their prowess at table as i

3、n battle.The next revolution went to the heart of what, to me, global history is all about: long-range exchanges of culture, which happened as the reach of commerce lengthened. Taste is not easily communicable between cultures, yet today we eat high cuisines which call themselves “fusion” and “inter

4、national”.How did it happen? Forces capable of penetrating cultural barriers and internationalising food include war, hunger and imperialism. Cultural magnetism is powerful, too. But no influence equals that of trade, which hovers like a waiter at the table of world food, carrying surprising dishes

5、to unsuspecting diners. Trade in necessarily well travelled productssalt and spiceslong conditioned global politics and determined economic trends. A great leap in the range of world trade in the past 500 years precipitated the next great revolution: an ecological turnaround which made it possible t

6、o transplant crops and transfer livestock to new climates.In the past two centuries, world population growth and urbanisation have driven a last revolution, creating a food deficit which only industrialisation could bridge: intensive production, mechanised processing and supply. Even eating was indu

7、strialised as mealtimes shifted and food became “faster”. The results included cheap food in the developing world which went rapidly from sufficiency to obesity. But in parallel, unindustrialised economies experienced the deadliest famines ever known.In partial response, as population figures leapt

8、upwards, late 20th century agronomy forced the pace of production with high-yield grains, chemical fertilisers, pesticides and irrigation. It fed millions who might otherwise have starved. But new solutions usually create new problems: in this case, ecological damage. It is not yet clear whether we

9、have the means to escape from the worlds food problems, or merely the means of multiplying crisis. The next revolution will probably be a revulsion in favour of traditional agriculture, facilitated by a fall in world population.Passage 2In Defence of Globalization To keep my economist union card, I

10、am required every morning when I arise to place my hand on the leather-bound family heirloom copy of Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations and swear a mighty oath of allegiance to globalization. I hereby do asseverate my solemn belief that globalization, taken as a whole, is a positive economic force an

11、d well worth defending. I also believe that the economic and social effects of globalization are exaggerated by both its detractors andsupporters.In media coverage of anti-globalization protests, “globalization” often becomes a catch-all term for capitalism and injustice. (Indeed, for some protestor

12、s, referring to capitalism and injustice would be redundant.) But economic globalization in fact describes a specific phenomenon: the growth in flows of trade and financial capital across national borders. The trend has consequences in many areas, including sovereignty, prosperity, jobs, wages, and

13、social legislation. Globalization is too important to be consigned to buzzword status.The degree to which national economies are integrated is not at all obvious. It depends on your choice of perspective. During the last few decades, international flows of goods and financial capital have certainly

14、increased dramatically. One snap measure of globalization is the share of economic production destined for sale in other countries.The global tide of economic growth over the last century has not raised all economic ships. But globalization is an avenue through which high-income nations can reach ou

15、t to low-income ones. Expecting the poorest people in the world to pull themselves up by their bootstraps, without access to foreign investment, training, technical skills, or markets, verges on indifference or cruelty. Foreign aid has its place, but as a matter of practical politics, it will never

16、arrive in sufficient quantities, nor be spent with sufficient wisdom, to raise overall standards of living dramatically in low-income countries. Only a combination of institutional reforms within low-income countries, coupled with much closer connections to the extraordinary resources and buying pow

17、er of international markets, offers a realistic chance of substantially improving the plight of the poorest people in the world. Passage 3Debt for Nonproliferation:The Next Step in Threat ReductionDebt restructuring and reduction, whereby the terms of a loan are changed or part of a loan is forgiven

18、, are common tools used by creditors for a variety of purposes. Wealthier creditor nations, such as the United States, often restructure and reduce debt owed by developing nations in order to bring about positive economic change in a debtor country. Similarly, the private financial sector restructur

19、es private debt owed by nations when it makes financial sense to do so. International nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and others have also worked with government and private creditors to use debt reduction to accomplish more philanthropic goals that can benefit both public and private creditors

20、 in less tangible ways.Indeed, “debt swaps”a term used loosely here to denote a creditor forgiving monetary debt in exchange for specific actions by a debtorhave been an effective tool for improving global conditions in a number of ways. The international environmental community, in particular, has

21、been very effective in encouraging and leveraging debt conversion to help meet global environmental objectives since 1984, when the World Wildlife Fund conceived of “debt-for-nature” swaps. In these exchanges, a portion of a countrys restructured debteither commercial debt or official debt owed anot

22、her countryis forgiven in return for the debtor dedicating an agreed-upon amount of local currency to an environmental project. Over the last two decades, nearly $1 billion in debt-for-swaps have been implemented.Another important area that would benefit from this relatively new and innovative fundi

23、ng mechanism is nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons proliferation prevention. Since 1992, the United States has directly underwritten about $10 billion in threat reduction activities in Russia and the former Soviet Union, but the situation demands even greater investment. Russias financial pro

24、blems and security needs, which demand the formation of a sustainable Russian infrastructure to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction after direct U.S. assistance stops, both argue for increased involvement by other industrialized nations and the private sector. “Debt-for-nonproli

25、feration” swaps are potentially powerful tools that could leverage current conditions to reduce further the security threat from Russias weapons infrastructure.第二部分：汉译英Part 2 Translation from Chinese into English 3 hoursRead the following three passages.Translate them into English.Write your answers

26、 on the answer sheets. You may use additional paper for your draft but you must copy your answers onto the answer sheets.Passage 1在“中国发展高层论坛”开幕式上的致辞节 选中国的发展离不开世界，世界的发展也离不开中国。中国经济的发展与繁荣，将为世界各国提供广阔的市场和合作机遇。在未来的5年里，中国货物市场的开放将为贸易伙伴提供至少一万五千亿美元的市场机会。服务贸易市场的进一步开放，将为世界各国的投资者提供新的发展领域。中国是守信用、重承诺的国家。在刚刚闭幕的九届全国人大第五次会议上，中国政府明确宣告，要按照加入世界贸易组织的承诺，有步骤地扩大对外开放领域。从今年1月1日起，中国的平均关税水平由15.3降低到12，大量的非关税壁垒已经取消，已经有相当数量的外国银行、保险公司、专业服务机构和流通企业获得批准，在中国开展业务。求和平、谋发展是全世界各国人民的共同愿望。中国是发展中国家，还要经过几十年时间的艰苦努力才能基本实现现代化。加入世界贸易组织有利于中国经济的发展。中国在国际经济技术合作与交流中一贯奉