定语从句77751

1、1）关系代词：who , whom , whose , which , that 等。who用于代替"表示人的意义"的先行词，并且在从句中作主语；在现代英语里，也可取代whom在从句中作动词的宾语。例如：I have no idea about the man who wrote the article .我不认识写这篇文章的那个人。The little boy who is singing there can recite quiet a number of Chinese poems .whom 用于代替"表示人的意义"的先行词，并且在从句中作动词或

2、介词的宾语。在现代英语里，如果whom在从句中作动词的宾语，它与who可以通用；但是如果whom在从句中作介词的宾语，那么就只能用whom而不能与who通用了。当然，如果在口语或非正式文体中，介词没有提前，也就没有这点要求了。例如：Who is the girl whom ( who ) you talked to just now ? 刚才和你说话的那个女孩子是谁？Yesterday, I happened to meet , in the shopping center , the professor who ( whom ) I got to know at a party .昨天在购物

3、中心，我碰巧遇见了那位我在一次聚会上认识的教授。 They are looking for the patient on whom doctors just performed an operation . 他们正在寻找那位医生刚刚给他做过手术的病人。 (句中的关系代词whom代替the patient ，在从句中作介词on的宾语，而且介词on提到关系代词的前面，所以who 和whom就绝不可以通用了，此处只能用whom 。)Who is the girl to who (whom) you talked just now ? （错误）(句中的关系代词whom(who)代替the girl ，

4、在从句中作介词to的宾语，但是由于介词to已提到了关系代词的前面,who 和whom就绝不可以通用了,所以如果还继续使用who句子就错了。此处只能用whom 。)whose 用于代替"表示人或物意义"的先行词，在从句中作定语，往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。Whose常表达"某人的、某物的"之意。例如：Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate ?你知道她的哥哥与你同寝室的那位女孩的名字吗？Water whose boiling point i

5、s at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor. 沸点在摄氏100度的水无色、无味。which 用于代替"表示事物意义"的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。例如：Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .那些全新的或是来自国外的观点或许也很难被接受。I've got a novel which you may like to read .我弄到一本你或许想看的小说。That was a fault which could n

6、ot be forgiven . 那是不能饶恕的错误。that 既用于代替"表示人的意义"的先行词，也用于代替"表示事物意义"的先行词；在从句中既可以作主语，也可以作谓语动词的宾语，但是不能作介词的宾语。在一定范围内，that = who / whom / which 。例如：Views that (which ) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .那些全新的或是来自国外的观点或许也很难被接受。Salaried people that ( who) earn more than

7、 a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government .工薪在几千美元以上的人必须将工资中的一定百分比交付给联邦政府。Who is the girl to that you talked just now ? （错误）要点提示：定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略;如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。例如：This is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday . 这就是你昨天找的那本书。I

8、don't like the novel ( that ) you are reading .我不喜欢你看的这本小说。Who is the man ( whom ) you're talking about ? 你们谈论的那个人是谁？定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。例如：Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon .（先行词Those是复数，关系代词who也就看作是复数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了复数形式are了。）请那些年龄在

9、四十几岁的人于今天下午去进行体检。This is the magazine which was sent to me by post .（先行词the magazine是单数，关系代词which也就看作是单数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了单数形式was sent） 这是通过邮局寄给我的杂志。关系代词that 和which的区别 that 和which在一般情况都可以用于代替"表示事物意义"的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。但在下列情况下一般只用that而不用which ：- 先行词本身是all , everything , something , nothing , anythi

10、ng等不定代词时，例如：Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy .任何能够燃烧的东西都是热能源。There must be something that happened to you .你一定出了什么事。They had nothing that could cure of his disease .他们没有一点能治愈他疾病的东西了。- 先行词已有序数词或形容词的最高级或the last, the only等作定语时，例如：This is the most impressive TV theater that has never b

11、een put on show before . 这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧。That is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。We have to consider the first thing that starts our work .我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事。然而，在下列情况下却只用which而不用that：- 当先行词表示事物意义，并且在从句中作介词的宾语，那么就只能用which 。当然，如果在口语或非正式文体中，介词没有提前，也就没有这点要求了。例如：The world in whi

12、ch we live is made of matter .我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的。Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow . 洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。The world that we live in is made of matter.（正确。因为关系代词虽然在从句中作介词的宾语，但是介词没有提前，所以没有这点要求。）我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的。The world in that we live is made of matter.（错误。因为关系代词在从句中作介词

13、的宾语，而且介词已经提前，所以必须遵从这点要求。）- 在非限定性定语从句（关于这一点随后就要讲解）中，当关系词表示事物意义时, 只能用which 。这是语法所规定的，没有任何解释。例如：The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。The most important form of energy is electrical energy , which is widely used in our daily life .最重要的能源形式是电能，它广泛地运用于

14、我们的日常生活之中。- as可以作为关系代词引导限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句。例如：限定性定语从句 （常用于such as和the same as 等句式中）Such points as you've mentioned are really important in solving the problem .你提到的这些方面在解决这个问题上的确很重要。People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays .你描述的这种人现在很少见了。This computer has the same functions as that one

15、 has .这台计算机有着和那台计算机一样的功能。非限定性定语从句 （as可以作为关系代词引导非限定性定语从句时，as是指全句：也就是说，将整个主句看成一件事或是一个事实；并对其进行补充、说明。这种非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。） As I know , she hasn't got married . 如我所知，她还未结婚。They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.可以预料，他们在比赛中得了第一。Professor Li is extremely popular among stud

16、ents , as is known to all of us . 如我们大家所知，李教授极受学生们的欢迎。2)关系副词：when , where , why 等。在定语从句，关系副词 = 介词 + which 。也就是说，每个关系副词里本身就已经含有了一个介词：when = 在什么时候，where = 在什么地方，why = 为什么原因，等。至于在英文中用哪个具体的介词，就得依具体情况而定了。when 代替表示时间的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语,例如：People will always remember the time when Hong Kong and

17、 Macao returned to our motherland .人们会永远记住香港和澳门回归祖国的那一时刻。He came at a time when we needed help . 他在我们需要人帮忙的时候来了。We don't know the exact time when the English Evening will be held . 我们不知道英语晚会举行的确切时间。where 代替表示地点的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语。例如：The place where we're to have the Speech Contes

18、t has not been decided yet.我们举行演讲比赛的地点还未定下来。He is living in a newly-built house where there used to be a pond . 他现在居住的新房是原先一个池塘的旧址。That is a beautiful campus where I made a lot dreams .那是一座我曾经在那儿有过许多梦想的美丽的校园。why 代替表示原因的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语。例如：He didn't tell her the reason why he was so

19、 happy .他没有告诉她为什么他那么高兴的原因。The reason why she was late is not so acceptable .她迟到的原因不那么令人接受。They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before .他们向我们解释为什么他们以前误解了我们的原因。介词+关系代词在这种结构中，关系代词若是表示人的意义，就只能用whom ；关系代词若是表示事物的意义，就只能用which 。而这种结构中较难解决的问题是介词的选择问题，因为这个问题的解决取决于多种因素：A）动词与介词的搭配B）名词与介

20、词的搭配C）形容词与介词的搭配，等等。总之，要依从句的具体需要而定。例如：A）动词与介词的搭配He has found a good job for which he is qualified .（ qualify + 名词+ for "使具有资格" ）他找到了一份他能胜任的工作。The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow . （ talk to + 名词 "与某人谈话" ） 你刚才与他谈话的那个人明天主持那个会议。He is bargaining with th

21、e landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment rents .名词+ rent at + 表示价格的词 "某物以某价格出租" ）他在与房东就那套公寓出租的月租金进行磋商。B）名词与介词的搭配They are still living in the little house in which they've been lived for 15 years . （ in the house "在屋子里" ）他们现在还住在他们已住了15年的那个小房子里。We've worked

22、out a method by which our production can be raised on a large scale.( by a method通过某种方法) 我们已研制出了一个能大规模提高生产的方法。She didn't realize the extent to which she had been distracted .（ to extend "到某种程度" ） 她没有意识到她心烦意乱的程度。C）形容词与介词的搭配The secretary with whom the boss is not happy will be fired for

23、her inefficiency . (happy with "对表示满意")老板对其不满意的那个秘书将由于她没有工作效率而被解雇。I've found the job for which I've been eager for a long time.（ eager for "渴望得到" ） 我已找到了我渴望已久的那份工作。He is a learned man with whom we are familiar .(familiar with 熟悉)他是一位我们熟悉的有学识的人。2）定语从句的种类在英文中，有两种定语从句：限定性定语从

24、句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别：限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如：Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located .为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。Ocean

25、 currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. 洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思

26、方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。 例如：Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明。）更早之前，巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图，但是他们把它绘制成平

27、盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状。The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .（此句中，三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词：satellites ，computers和television进行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限

28、定性定语从句，那么句子可简化为：The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）卫星能传输信息，计算机能储存信息，电视能显示信息，把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心。 The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成&

29、quot;一件事情）。太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。The old man has a son , who is in the army .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是："这位老人只有一个儿子" 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了："这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的工作"

30、。）那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。知识过关   1  Do you still remember the day _ I first came to Beijing?1）A. which B. that C. when D. where  2  Im going to visit the school _ my mother taught physics ten year ago.  2）A. where  B. that   C. which  D. what3  She was

31、 not the woman _ she was before. A. what  B. that   C. who   D. as 4  In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ they could turn for help.A. whom   B. who    C. to whom    D. from whom5  A paper plant is _ paper is mad

32、e.  A. which  B. where  C. what  D. in which6  They stayed with me for three weeks, _ they drank all the wine I had.A. which   B. which time  C. during which time  D. during which7. - How do you like the cake?   - Its quite different from _ I ha

33、d last month.A. that   B. which    C. the one    D. the one what8. The Nile, _electricity is produced, no longer destroys villages and crops.A. which   B. from which   C. from it    D. from that9. In the 1950s, _ blacks didnt

34、 have equal rights, a lot of marches took place.A. when  B. that    C. which   D. from which 10. Bobs father, _, spent four years in Egypt.                 A. that worked on the project 

35、;    B. he worked on the project C. who worked on the project   D. whom worked on the project11. The retiring teacher made a speech _ she thanked the class for the gift.A. which   B. of which   C. in which    D. that 12. He has to work on S

36、undays, _ he does not like. A. and which  B. which  C. and when   D. when13.Which of the two cows _you keep produces more milk?A. that   B. which   C. whom   D. when14. He paid the boy US $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at

37、least year.          A. these   B. those   C. that     D. of which15. The boys, _ could not reach the shelf, went to look for something to stand on.A. the tall of whom   B. the tallest of whom  C.

38、0; the tallest one  D. the tallest of them16. Rabbits make their homes in fields _ hide their young under bushes or among tall grasses.       A. can where they   B. where they can  C. where can they  D. where can17. Is this the factory _ color T

39、V sets are produced? A. that B. which C. in which D. in that18. Who is that comrade _ was there?    A. whom   B. that  C. which   D. whose19. This is Mr Smith, _ I think has something interesting to tell you.19）A. who B. whom C. which D. whose   

40、; 20）A. what B. that  C. who  D. which20. Mother bought me a dictionary on my birthday, _made me very happy.仿真训练  1  She wore a heavy fur coat in such a hot day, _ I found quite strange.1）A. which B. that C. what D. when   2）A. in which B. at which C. of which D. from w

41、hich2  China has hundreds of islands,_ the largest is Taiwan.3  We came to a place _ they had never paid a visit before.3）A. to where B. to which C. that D. which   4）A. since B. which C. that  D. when 4  It was twelve oclock _they finished the work. 5）A. whom B. whoC.

42、when D. because5  He often helps the students _ he thinks are not quick at their studies.6 Is there a restaurant around _I have something to eat?A. that B. what C. which D. where7 It was at the school _ was named after a hero _ he spent his childhood.    A. which; that  

43、; B. where; where   C. that; where   D. which; where8 Look at the watch. Dont you see it is _ watch _ Helen lost the other day?A. as the same; as  B. the  same; as   C. the same; which     D. as the same ; that9 There is a popular belief am

44、ong parents _ schools dont pay any attention to handwriting.       A. whose   B. that   C. which   D. in which 10 - Was _Bill, _ played football well, _ helped the blind man cross the road?       - Yes, you are

45、 right. He is always ready to help others.A. it; that; who  B. which; that; that   C. it; who; that     D. who; which; that 11 His sister has become a teacher, _was what she wanted to be.A. whoB. whatC. thatD. which12 In the open boat, the four men, _ was a doctor,

46、 met with a storm on the sea.A. one of which  B. one of who  C. one of whom   D. one of them13. His glasses, _ he was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.A. which  B. from which  C. with which  D. without which14. The look, the cover _ is broken, is not

47、mine. A. of it  B. for  C. whose  D. of which15 The great trouble he _ show us how to run the machine _ him completely tired.                A. what   B. which   C. that   D. all t

48、hat 16 (1995 上海) In the office I never seem to have time until 5:30 p.m.,_ many people have gone home.       A. whose time  B. that   C. on which   D. by which time17. Not only _ the car he _ been sold by his son for gambling debts, but also

49、0;  his new house.    A. /; has   B. has; had   C. has; has   D. was ; has18. The theory hes stuck _ us that earthquakes can be forecast.A, to prove to  B. to proves to  C. proves to   D. which proved19. The high building _ is a b

50、ig hotel.A. we are looking at it   B. we looking  C. at that we are looking   D. we are looking at20. The baby _is not hers.    A. of that she is taking good care  B. who she is taking good care    C. of who she is taking good care  D.

51、 whom she is taking good care of21  (2001) The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. 1）A. until B. that C. when D. where   2）A. It B. As C. That D. What 22 2001) _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every

52、month.23 (1994) The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. what   B. which   C. that   D. it24 (1996) After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town, _ he grew up as a child.    A. which   B.

53、where   C. that   D. when 25 (1998) He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science.A. which I think is   B.which I think it is  C. which I think it    D. I think which is26 (1999) - I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

54、      - Is that the reason_ you had a few days off? A. whyB. whenC. whatD. where27 (1992) In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.A. that   B. who   C. from whom    D. to whom28 (1997上海) All of the flowers

55、now raised here have developed from those _ in the forest .  A. once they grew  B. they grew once   C. that once grew  D. once grew29. (1999) Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally  I doubt very much. 30(1993上海) I dont like _ you speak to her. 29）A.

56、it B. that C. when D. which A. the way   B. the in that  C. the way which   D. the way of which        【专项训练】 1Football is a very interesting game ,    is played all over the world Athat Bwhich  Cit Dwho 2Is there a

57、nything else    you require? Awhich Bthat  Cwho Dwhat 3The last place    we visited was the Great Wall Awhich Bthat  Cwhere Dit 4He talked happily about the men and books   interested him greatly in the school Awhich Bwho  Cit Dthat 5The railway

58、 tunnel, though the train goes,   will be completed soon Awhich Bthat  Cit Dwhom 6His uncle works in a factory    bicycles are made Athat Bwhich  Cwhere Dthere 7There is no dictionary   you can find everything Athat Bwhich  Cwhere Din that 8Next mont

59、h,   youll spend in your hometown is coming Awhich Bthat  Cwhen Dwhere 9Next month,   youll be in your hometown is coming Awhich Bthat  Cwhen Dwhere 10I often thought of my childhood ,   I lived on a farm Awhich Bwhere  Cwhen Dwho 11He wanted to know the

60、time   he needed to know Athat Bwhen  Cwhere Dwhat 12There  isnt  so much noise in the country in big cities Athat Bwhich  Cwhere Das 13They could only read such stories  had been rewritten in simple English Athat Bwhich  Cas Dwhat 14The stems of bamboo are ho

61、llow  makes them very light Awhich Bas  Cthat Dit 15Crusoes dog became ill and died ,   made him very lonely Aas Bwhich  Cthat Dthis 16Theyve invited me to their party , is kind of them Aas Bwhich  CThat Dthis 17 we know now ,bats come out only at night AAs BWhich 

62、 C That DWhat 18John got beaten in the game , had been expected Aas Bthat  Cwhat Dwho 19 has been said above ,grammar is a set of dead rules AWhich BWhat  CThat DAs 20Do you know the reason he was late? Athat Bwhich  Cfor what Dfor which 21He built a telescope he could study the skies Ain which Bwith that  Cthrough which Dby it 22I have bought two ballpens , writes well Anone of which Bneither of which