中小企业外文翻译

1、InternationalBusinessReview13(2004)383Sourcesofexportsuccessinsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises:theimpactofpublicprogramsRobertoAlvarezEDepartmentofEconomics,UniversityofChile,Santiago,ChileAbstractThispaperanalyzesdifferencesinfirmexporterperformanceforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs).Traditiona

2、lly,itisarguedthatthesefirmsfaceseveraldisadvantagesforcompetingininternationalmarkets.Fewstudies,however,exploitthefactthatsuccessfulexportersexistwithinthisgroup.UsingdataforChileanfirms,westudyvariousexplanationsfordifferencesbetweensporadicandpermanentexporters.Ourresultssuggestthatgreatereffort

3、ininternationalbusiness,processinnovation,andtheutilizationofexportpromotionprogramscontributepositivelytoexportperformanceinSMEs.Inaddition,wefindthatsomeformsofinterventionarebetterthanothers:tradeshowsandtrademissionsdonotaffecttheprobabilityofexportingpermanently,butexportercommitteesshowapositi

4、veandsignificantimpact.Keywords:Exportperformance;Exportpromotion;Small-andmedium-sizedenterprisesAppendix-4001IntroductionInternationalevidencesuggeststhatfirmsizemattersforexporterperformance.SeveralreasonshavebeenprovidedtoexplainwhylargerfirmsperformbetterinInternationalmarkets.Advantagesassocia

5、tedwithscaleeconomiesandspecialization,betteraccesstofinancialresourcesincapitalmarkets,andimprovedcapabilitiestotakerisksareamongthesereasons.Also,evidenceinRobertsandTybout(1997)andBernardandJensen(1999)regardingtheexistenceofsunkcoststoenteringinternationalmarketsimpliesthatsmall-andmediumsizeden

6、terprises(SMEs)facegreaterlimitationsthanlargerfirmstobesuccessfulexporters.Thereare,however,firmswithinthegroupofSMEsthathavebeenabletocompetesuccessfullyininternationalmarkets.Yet,fewempiricalstudiesexploitthisfact.Thispapercontributestothediscussionoffirmexporterperformanceinfourways.First,wecomp

7、areexporterperformanceamongfirmsofsimilarsize.Second,focusingonlyonexporters,wedistinguishbetweensporadicandpermanentexporters.Third,weemployadetailedsurveyof295sporadicandpermanentexporters.Thissurveycollectsinformationaboutfirmactivitiesnottraditionallyincludedinotherempiricalstudies.Fourth,westud

8、yevidenceinChile,acountrythathasexperiencedahugeincreaseinexportdiversificationoverthelastseveraldecades.TheChileanexperienceisusefulforotherdevelopingcountriestryingtoimprovetheinternationalcompetitivenessofSMEs.Therearetwoempiricalfactsthatmotivatethispaper.First,theprobabilityofexportingislowerfo

9、rSMEsthanitisforlargerfirms.Thisresemblesevidencefoundinothernationaleconomies.IntheChileanmanufacturingindustry,forinstance,only14%ofSMEshaveexportedgoodsovertheperiod1990-1996.However,morethan74%oflargefirmshaveexportedgoodsoverthesameperiod.Second,areducednumberoffirmsareabletoremainasexporters.A

10、mongallexporterfirms,onlyabout20%haveexportedeveryyearoftheperiod.ThepercentageofsuccessfulexportersforSMEs,however,isevenlower:onlyabouta7%canbeclassifiedaspermanentexporters.Contrastthiswithlarge-sizedfirms,wheresuccessfulexportersrepresentmorethan40%ofthefirmsinthisgroup(Table1).Themainquestionwe

11、askhereiswhysomeSMEsaremoresuccessfulexportersthanothersfirmsofasimilarsize.Inthenextsection,weexplorevariousexplanationsthroughtheuseofspecialsurveydirectedatsporadicandpermanentexporterfirms.Inthethirdsection,aProbitmodelisestimatedtoidentifyempiricallythemostimportantdeterminantsofexportperforman

12、ce.Thefourthsectionconcludes.Table1ExportstatusSmallMediumLarge2Possibleexplanationspresentthedatasource.Second,wetestfortheexistenceofstatisticaldifferencesoverfouraspects:(i)technologicalinnovation,(ii)internationalbusinessmanagement,managerperceptionsaboutobstaclestoexporterperformance,and(iv)uti

13、lizationofpublicinstrumentsavailabletoSMEsforenhancingproductivityandtechnologicalcapabilities,increasingexports,andimprovingaccesstocapitalmarkets.2.2.1TechnologicalinnovationTechnologicalinnovationmayaffecttheexportstatusofafirmbyincreasingupgradetotechnologiesthatproducehigh-qualitygoodsiftheywis

14、htosellabroadthen.Wetestfordifferencesinthreetypesofinnovativeactivities:productinnovation,processinnovation,andorganizationalinnovation.TheresultsareshowninTable2,andsuggestthattherearedifferencesbetweenbothgroupsofexporters.Thoughpermanentexportersengageproductinnovationingreaterintensitythandospo

15、radicexporters,thisdifferenceisnotsignificant.However,significantdifferencesexistforprocessandorganizationalinnovation.Theresultsshowthatpermanentexportersinnovatemorethansporadicexportersinoutsourcingandthecomputer-basedmodernizationofproductiveN%N%N%Non-exporter428486.078048.013225.6Sporadicexport

16、er65013.165940.622042.6Permanentexporter470.918511.416431.8Total4981100.01624100.0516100.0Sporadic/totalexporters93.378.157.3NationwideSurveyofManufacturingcalculationbasedonSource:OwnEstablishments(ENIA).Inthissection,weexplorepossibleexplanationsfordifferencesinfirmexporterperformance.Theapproacha

17、imstoestablishiftherearesignificantdifferencesinfirmactivitiesthatwouldexplainwhysomeSMEsaremoresuccessfulthanothers.First,we(iii)productivity(andreducingcosts)and/orbydevelopingnewgoodsforinternationalmarkets.Thismaybeanalyzedinthecontextoffirmsthatcompeteindifferentiatedproductmarkets.Firmsmaysell

18、low-qualitygoodsindomesticmarkets,buttheymustprocesses.Withrespecttotheintroductionoforganizationalinnovation,permanentexportersaremoreinnovativeintermsofintroducingre-engineeringintoadministrativeprocessesandfortotalqualitydevelopment.Table2TechnologicalinnovationTypeofinnovationrraDifferenceDiffer

19、encebysectorProductinnovationTechnologicalimprovements0.110.15Newproducts0.51-0.16Changesindesign0.100.10Changesinpackaging0.43-0.11ProcessinnovationPurchasesofspecializedmachinery0.170.09Introductionofqualitycontrol0.380.05Outsourcing0.93-0.22Introductionofinformationtechnologies0.77-0.28Innovation

20、inmanagementIntroductionofstrategicplanning0.60-0.16Introductionofre-engineering0.90-0.38Introductionoftotalquality0.69-0.27Introductionofspecializationandroledefinition0.54-0.092.2.2.EffortininternationalbusinessDifferencesinexportperformancemaybeexplainedbydifferentdegreesofeffortbyinternationaliz

21、ingfirms.Thesedifferencesareattributabletofirmheterogeneityinaccesstoinformationandmanagementcapability,amongotherpossibilities.Kumcu,Harcar,andKumcu(1995)showthat,forTurkishcompanies,managermotivationhelpstoexplainawarenessofexportincentives.Moreover,Spence(2003)showsthatthesuccessofUKoverseastrade

22、missionsispositivelyaffectedbymanagerlanguageproficiency.Inthesurvey,managerswereaskedabouttheactionintensityofseveralactivities,suchasstrategicallianceswithforeignanddomesticfirms,trainingofworkersinexportoperations,andpromotionofgoodsabroad.TheresultsareshowninTable3.Theestimatessuggestthatpermane

23、ntexportersaremoreactivethansporadicexportersinonlytwoactivities:personneltraininginexportsoperationsandobtainingfundsforworkingcapitalinactivity-relatedexports.2.2.3.ManagerperceptionregardingobstaclestoexportingOnepossibleexplanationfordifferencesinexporterperformanceisthatsporadicexportersfacegre

24、aterdifficultiesintheirinternationaloperations.Somefirmsmayhavegoodexportprojects,forinstance,butiftheyfacecreditaccessproblemsinthefinancialmarket,thenitismorelikelythattheywillleaveinternationalmarkets.Inaddition,somefirmsmayexitduetoprotectionistbarriersestablishedinforeignmarkets.Thesekindsofobs

25、tacleshavebeendividedintothreetypes:internaltofirms,internaltocountry,andexternal.ResultsareshowninTable4.Eventhesignofthedifferenceindicatesthatpermanentexportersassignsmallerimportancetofirm-internalobstacles;thedifferencebetweenbothgroupsoffirmsisnotstatisticallysignificant.Significantdifferences

26、regardingtheevolutionoftherealexchangerateanddifficultiesinaccesstofinancialresourcesexist,however,forthecaseofcountry-internalobstacles.Thisimpliesthatalowerand/orunstablerealexchangeratemoregreatlyaffectssporadicexportersthanpermanentexporters.Oneinterestingresultisthattheinteractivevariablebetwee

27、nstatusandsectorispositiveandsignificant.Thisrevealsthatinsectorsoftheeconomywithoutacomparativeadvantage,realexchangefluctuationstendtobeamoreimportantobstacleforsporadicexporters.Withregardtocreditaccess,theevidenceindicatesthatliquidityconstraintsaremorerelevantforsporadicexporters.Thisfindingina

28、ndofitself,however,isnotconclusivewithrespecttoacausalityrelationship.Oneinterpretationisthatcreditconstraintslimitthepossibilitytoremainasanexporter.Thisisplausibleforsmallfirmsthataretraditionallymorerestrictedthanlargerfirms.Analternativeinterpretationisthatcapitalmarketsassociategreaterbusinessr

29、iskwithsporadicexporters,andloweraccesstocreditmaybeduetopoorexportperformanceinthepast.Withrespecttoexternalobstacles,therearenotimportantdifferencesbetweenpermanentandsporadicexporters.Permanentexportersassociatelowerlevelsofincidencewithalmosteveryobstacle,especiallyfortariffandno-tariffbarriers,

30、butdifferenceswithsporadicexportersarenotstatisticallysignificant.Thisimpliesthatexplanationsaboutwhysomefirmsarenotabletoexportpermanentlyarenotassociatedwiththeexistenceoftradebarriersinforeignmarkets.2.2.4.UtilizationofpublicinstrumentsThereareseveralpublicinstrumentsthatChileanfirmscanusetoenhan

31、cetheirproductivityandinternationalcompetitiveness.Itcanbearguedthatdifferencesinexportperformanceareassociatedwiththefactthatpermanentexporterfirmshaveusedtheseinstrumentswithgreaterintensitythanhavesporadicexporters.TheChileanpublicinstrumentsareclassifiedintothreegroups.First,thereareinstrumentsd

32、esignedtoenhanceproductivityandtechnologicalcapabilityinsmallfirms.Second,thereareexportpromotioninstrumentswhoseobjectiveistoincreaseinternationalcompetitiveness.Third,therearefinancialinstrumentsestablishedtoimprovecreditaccessforsmallfirms.InFig.1,weshowtheresultsfordifferencesintheutilizationoft

33、heseinstrumentsbyfirmgroup.Theevidenceshowsthatpermanentexportershaveusedeverypublicinstrumentmoreintensively.ThemostusedpublicinstrumentshavebeentheexportpromotioninstrumentsandthosespecificallyadministeredbytheNationalExportPromotionAgency(ProChile).Inthecaseofexportpromotion,about35%ofpermanentex

34、portershaveusedthiskindofpublicsupport.Thispercentageisonlyabout19%forsporadicexporters.WithregardtoProChileinstruments,firmparticipationhasbeen26.9%forpermanentexporters,and14.5%forsporadicexporters.Theevidenceintheprevioussectionsuggeststhattherearesignificantdifferencesinthefirmbehavioraccordingt

35、oexporterstatus.Inthissection,westudywhetherthesefactorsdoinfactexplainthedifferencesinexporterstatus.Todoso,wedefineadependentvariablethattakesthevalue1ifthefirmhasbeenapermanentexporterovertheperiod1996-1999and0ifthefirmhasbeenasporadicexporter.Fortheeconometricestimation,thefollowingProbitmodelis

36、used:Therearetwopotentialmethodologicalproblemsassociatedwiththisapproach.First,inourcase,itmaybearguedthatsomeoftheexplanatoryvariablesarealsoaffectedbythefirmsexportstatus.Infact,firmsthatexportpermanentlymayebnotonlymorelikelytocarryouttechnologicalinnovation,butalsotoputgreatereffortintointernat

37、ionalbusiness.Ourdatasetisnotdetailedenoughtoexplorethisbi-causalityphenomenon.Instead,firmpaneldatawouldilluminatetheimpactofexportperformanceonfirmbehavior.Ourapproach,however,explorestheimpactofafirmdecisionsonexportperformance.Thisisconsistentwithrelatedinter-nationaltradeliteraturethatsuggestsa

38、positiverelationshipbetweenexportsandfirmperformanceisbetterexplainedinanempiricalsensebyaself-selectionphenomenon(i.e.betterfirmsareabletoexport),andnotbytheeffectoflearning-by-exporting(i.e.theideathatexportersimprovetheirperformancebyaccessing附录：国际商业评论13期（2004）383-400中小企业出口成功的根源探究：公共服务的影响罗伯特-艾薇儿智

39、利圣地亚哥经济系摘要本文分析了中小企业中公司出口的不同点。普遍认为，这些中小企业在国际市场竞争中存在一些弱点。然而，也有研究表明，这些公司中也存在非常成功的，通过分析来自智利公司的数据，我们研究了小型和大型出口商之间的不同，研究结果显示，在国际商务中更多要做的就是良好的服务，过程的创新，以及在出口中积极地做好推广都会对中小企业的发展起到促进作用。另外，我们发现有些形式的干预比其他的要好：交易会和贸易代表团不会影响长久出口的可能性，但是，出口国委员会会起到积极地影响作用。关键词：出口实绩；出口促进；中小企业1.概述国际贸易实际表明公司的规模会影响出口实绩，我们已经发现一些原因来解释为什么大型企业

40、在国际市场更占优势。经济规模越大，专业化程度越高，更容易在资本市场获得财富，更能够提高其抵御风险的能力。并且，从来自罗伯特、波特、伯纳多和杰森的研究可以得出中小企业在走向成功出口商的道路上比大型企业面临更多的限制。然而，一些实证证实，在中小企业中已经有些公司能够成功的在国际市场上进行竞争。本文从四个方面对出口公司进行分析。第一，比较相同规模公司的出口实绩；第二，仅对于出口公司，区别小型和大型专业化出口企业；第三，对295家出口商进行详细的调查，这个调查收集信息公司活动不是传统上包括在其他的实证研究。第四,我们对一个最近几年出口多样化大幅提升的国家智利进行研究取证，智利的发展对于世界其他发展中国

41、家的中小企业提高国际竞争力具有积极地作用。本文基于两个很明显的事实，首先，通过对其他国家经济现状的分析，得出出口可能性中小企业比大型企业低。例如，在智利的加工企业，在1990年到1996年期间，仅有14%的中小企业实现了产品出口。然而，在相同时期，74%的大型企业已经实现了出口。另外，出口商的数量正在持续减少。在这些出口公司中，仅有20%能够在这期间实现连续出口，中小企业的成功出口商比例就更低了，仅仅7%能够实现长久出口。和那些大型企业相比，成功出口商占据了大约40%。表11990-1996年智利制造业出口现状出口现状小型中型数量百分比数量百分比数量百分比非出口商428486.078048.0

42、13225.6零星出口商65013.165940.622042.6永久出口商470.918511.416431.8合计4981100.01624100.0516100.0数据来源：全国范围制造业调查数据在此我们关键要分析的是为什么有些中小企业会比和他规模相同企业做的成功。接下来第二部分，我们对零星的和长久的出口公司进行专业调查。第三部分，通过建立Probit模型来分析影响出口实绩的决定性因素。第四部分得出结论进行总结。2 可能的解释这一部分，我们探讨关于出口商的不同点。这一步的目的是证实，公司活动的差异，能否解释为何有些中小企业会比其他同类企业更加成功。首先，我们利用数据来分析。再者我们从四个

43、方面测试存在的问题：技术革新国际企业管理管理者对出口障碍的预见中小企业利用公共工具提高生产效率和科研能力，增加出口,进入资本市场。1.1.1科技创新科技创新会通过提高生产效率或研制国际市场新产品来影响出口现状。这可能是分析的背景下，企业之间的竞争在分化的产品市场。企业或许会在国内市场出售低质量的产品，但是如果他们想把自己的商品出售到国外，就必须提高他们的科学技术进而生产出高质量的商品。我们从三种不同的创新方式进行探究：产品创新、过程创新和组织创新。我们将研究结果通过表二呈现，它显示出在所有出口商之间都存在不同。长久出口商比零星出口商更重视科技创新，这个不同点还不是最主要的。然而，主要不同点在于

44、过程和组织的创新方面。结果显示，长久出口商比中小企业在生产过程中更多的采用专业化地电脑科技，长久出口商更加具有创新性，为产品质量的提高投入比较大。表2科技创新创新种类不同行业差异产品创新技术改良0.110.15新产品0.51-0.16设计上的革新0.100.10包装的改良0.43-0.11过程创新专业机械的数量0.170.09引入质量监测0.380.05外包0.93-0.221引入信息技术0.77-0.28管理创新引进发展战略0.60-0.16重组0.90-0.38引入全面质量0.69-0.271.1.2国际商务中的努力出口表现上的差异可以解释为对国际化公司不同程度的努力，这些差异是由于公司中的异质性获取信息和管理能力，还有其他的可能性。Kumcu和Harcar表明，对于土耳其公司，管理者们的积极性有助于解释越来越多的人意识到出口激励机制。止匕外,史宾塞(2003)表明，英国海外贸易的成功受