CollegeEnglish

1、 College EnglishThe Making of a SurgeonUnit 6: Pre-reading ActivitiesBackground InformationExpressions & PatternsExercisesPre-reading Questions This article is written by Dr. William Nolen, a well-known American Surgeon and author. Dr. Nolen reveals to us in his article that, as a doctor, had go

2、ne a long way before he became a surgeon. Then, what quality, according to Dr. Nolen, is essential in the making of a surgeon and at what point of time does a doctor finally became a surgeon?Suggestions for pre-reading QsAlbert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. In his early childhood he was

3、 slow to learn to talk and did not seem to be very bright. But by the time he was 14, he had taught himself advanced mathematics from textbooks. After his graduation from a technical school in Switzerland, he went to work first as a teacher, then in a government office.Background informationThree ty

4、pes of doctors1) General practitioners A general practitioner cares for patients with all kinds of illness. He may not have any special training in any field of medicine, but develops a wide knowledge of all kinds of illness. He delivers babies, diagnoses diseases, perform surgery, and sets broken b

5、ones. The general practitioner often becomes extremely skillful in the art of medical practice.Three types of doctors2) Specialists Certain fields of medicine require advanced training and skill. One specialist is the surgeon, who treats diseases by means of surgical operations. Some doctors prefer

6、to treat only certain kinds of illness, thus becoming specialists in their chosen fields. Other doctors often consult them when a patient needs their special skill and knowledge. For example, a general practitioner may refer a pregnant woman to an obstetrician. The obstetrician cares for her and del

7、ivers her baby. A pediatrician, who specialize in childhood diseases, then take over the care of the infant.Three types of doctors3) Researchers Some doctors do not practise medicine after they complete medical training. They prefer to devote their time to medical research. These doctors often help

8、teach future physicians in medical schools. At the same time, they use the laboratories and hospital facilities of the medical schools to conduct research programs. Many medical researchers work in large hospital centers, while many physicians conduct research programs in addition to their private p

9、ractices. Careers in medicine in the US To become a medical doctor in the US, one must attend four years of college and receives a bachelors degree, followed by four years of medical school. Then he becomes an intern in a hospital and receives supervised practical training. As an intern, he has to “

10、make rounds” with other doctors, visiting hospital patients. He is supposed to help give special treatment and answer emergency calls in the hospital at any time of day or night. Finally he becomes a resident at a hospital. Like the intern, he learns by observing the work of others. Careers in medic

11、ine in the US But the resident has much more responsibility than the intern. He often assist experienced surgeons during operations. In an emergency, he may take over the work of the staff surgeon. Internship and residency combined take three to five years, depending on ones area of specialization.

12、Hospitals have several interns and many residents on their staff. A resident who is completing his/her residency period and who has thereby distinguished himself/herself is selected to be chief resident, a position of greater responsibility. Expressions and Patternsl the making of a surgeon How a su

13、rgeon comes into being. making the process of being made or coming into being -The making of the English language is an interesting subject. Expressions and PatternslDraw to a close come to an end -This semester is drawing to a close. -The year soon drew to its close.Expressions and Patternsl conclu

14、de1) Arrives at a belief or opinion by reasoning -The commander concluded, from the evidence, that the enemy fled north. -The surgeons concluded that the patient was too weak to be operated on.2) Come or bring to an end -The Olympic Games is scheduled to conclude on August 23. Expressions and Patter

15、nsl conclude -The professor concluded his lecture by summing up the main points he had previously mentioned.3) arrange; bring about -The two countries concluded a peace treaty. -Jim was all smiles since he had just concluded a large contract with the local builder. Expressions and Patternsl surgical

16、 of, by, or for surgery -Surgical masks and gloves prevent infection. -The surgical patient was attended by two nurses. Expressions and Patternsl treat, cure:To treat someone medically is to accept him as a patient,to diagnose his illness to help relieve it. To curesomeone( of an illness), on the ot

17、her hand, is to bring himback to health, stressing the positive result of medicaltreatment. We can also say “to cure a disease”meaning“ to get rid of a disease”. Compare the following examples: Expressions and PatternslTreat, cure:-Which doctors are treating her for her illness?-The bone fracture in

18、 the truck drivers left leg was being carefully treated.-This medicine should cure you of your cold.- Doctors and scientists may discover at any moment now how to cure cancer.Expressions and Patternslemergency sudden and dangerous happening needing immediate action -an emergency exit/ door/ bell/ la

19、nding -The president declared a state of emergency after the earthquake.Expressions and Patternsl Encounter, meet:Encounter is a synonym for meet. it is amore formal word and strongly implies acasual and unexpected meeting. Compare the following examples: Expressions and PatternslEncounter, meet:-He

20、 promised to meet her at the airport.-On the train I encountered ( or: chanced to meet) an old friend of mine who I hadnt seen for years.-He encountered many difficulties on his journey around the world.Expressions and Patternsl Critical(1) Important at a time of danger or difficulty -Millions of pe

21、ople watch TV that night to learn the critical decision. -Heroes emerge at critical times in history. (2) fault-finding -She blushed upon hearing those critical remarks. -My boss is always critical of me/ my carelessness. Expressions and Patternsl particular (a.) (1) belonging to some person, thing,

22、 or occasion. -Scientists are now interested in this particular planet since there seem to be some signs of life on it. -The bus driver is usually polite, but in this particular case, he lost his temper. Expressions and Patterns(2) Special -The particular nature of this job keeps him on guard all th

23、e time. -Particular attention was given to the orphan girl.(3) Hard to satisfy -Women are usually particular as to what they wear. -British people are said to be very particular about their food when they travel abroad. Expressions and Patternsl particular (n.) detail -The design of a spaceship must

24、 be correct in every particular. -Time is limited so dont go into particulars now. Expressions and PatternslHave trouble doing sth. have difficulty doing sth. -Such a pleasant girl as she has no trouble making friends with people. -The boy has a lot of trouble getting up early in winter.Expressions

25、and Patternsl Case(1) Instance of disease or injury -There have been several cases of yellow fever in the past month. -Emergency cases must be treated first.(2) Actual state of affairs; instance of the occurrence of sth. -That being the case, she has to cancel her appointment. Expressions and Patter

26、nsl Case(3) Question to be decided in a law court -The jury will hear the case soon. -The case is still under police investigation. Expressions and Patternsl relax become less tense -His face relaxed in a smile. -Hot bath helps people relax. -Slowly he relaxed his grip on his murderer and fell to th

27、e ground. Expressions and Patternsl constant (a.) (1) happening all the time -The rent is low because of the constant noise from the mill. -Headache is her constant complaint. Expressions and Patternsl Constant (a.)(2) Remaining the same -Temperature is at a constant 26 degrees in this hotel. -I won

28、der if love is constant.(3) faithful -a constant friend/ company -He alone remained constant to the quick-tempered musician. Expressions and Patternsl constant (n.) number or quantity that does not vary -”G” is a gravitational constant in physics. Expressions and Patternsl resolve (v.) (1) solve -Th

29、e dispute was resolved through mediation.(2) decide -He resolved that nothing would hold him back. Expressions and Patternsl resolve (n.) sth. that has been decided; decision -On New Years Day, he made a resolve to go jogging twice a week. By March his resolve was so weakened that he jogged twice a

30、month. Expressions and Patternsl live with accept( sth. unpleasant) -Most of us dont like the new regulations, but we have to learn to live with them. -You must live with the fact that you are no longer as healthy as you were. Expressions and Patternsl dwell on think about; speak or write a lot abou

31、t -Let bygones be bygones. Dont dwell so much on the past. -The speaker dwelt on that point for more than one hour. Expressions and Patternsl be bound to be certain to; be sure to -You are bound to succeed if you keep trying. -Its bound to rain. Look! The clouds are gathering quickly. Expressions an

32、d Patternsl sound (1) correct; based on good judgment -you can depend on her for a sound judgment/ choice.(2) healthy; in good condition -Her heart is as sound as a drum. -I doubt if he is sound in his mind. Expressions and Patternsl confident sure of oneself and ones abilities -The applicant felt c

33、onfident that he would be accepted. -During the interview, the coach said he was confident of his teams winning the game. Expressions and Patternsl handle (v.) (1) manage; deal with -A manager must know how to handle his men.(2) touch; take up -Glass-handle with care. Expressions and Patternsl handl

34、e( v.)(3) operate; direct; train -After two months training, the worker now handles the medicine with ease. -Napoleon is very good at handling troops Expressions and Patternsl handle( n.) Part of a tool, cup, bucket, door, drawer, etc. by which it may be held in the hand -the handle of a cup -the ha

35、ndlebar of a bicycle -a door handle Expressions and Patternsl butterflies in ones stomach a feeling of fear or anxiety -When the young man walked into the office to see the headmaster, he had butterflies in his stomach. -Whenever he gets up in front of his audience, he has butterflies in his stomach

36、. Expressions and Patternsl anticipate see beforehand-Analysts are anticipating a bull market.-I anticipate having an enjoyable working relationship with you all. Expressions and PatternslIn advance ahead of time; beforehand-You have to pay the rent in advance.-Children with bad hearts must be studi

37、ed carefully so that the surgeon will know in advance what type of operation he will have to perform on them. Expressions and Patternsl sweat (v.) ( the body) give off moisture through the skin; perspire-He sweated heavily during the marathon race.-Lets eat out. I dont want to sweat over the stove.

38、Expressions and Patternsl sweat (n.) perspiration-The sweat broke out on his forehead.-We were all in a cold sweat over the test. Expressions and Patternsl inevitably unavoidably-Death comes inevitably.-Any toy the boy takes apart comes inevitably to a bad end. Expressions and Patternsl sit on negle

39、ct; do nothing about-I sent in my application in good time, but the secretary sat on it for a month.-We should not sit on those who need help. Expressions and Patternsl responsibility(1) Being responsible-A terrorist group claimed responsibility for the suicide bomb.-The architect assumes responsibi

40、lity for designing the museum.-He shirks all responsibilities for the accident. Expressions and Patternsl responsibility(2) duty-His hair turned grey at the age of 40 as a result of his heavy official responsibilities.-Every one of us should meet our parent-supporting responsibilities. Expressions a

41、nd Patternsl avoidEscape; keep or get away from-For fear of kidnappers, parents tell their children to avoid speaking to strangers in the street.-Nurses speak in a low voice to avoid wakening the patient. Expressions and Patternsl chances are/ were( that)It is/ was likely that-Chances are that he ha

42、d already heard the news.-Chances are that we will win the game. Expressions and Patternsl conceitedFull of pride in ones power, abilities, etc.-The conceited doctor behaved as if he were the greatest man in the world.-The conceited rabbit was beaten by the turtle in their race. Expressions and Patt

43、ernsl bother(vt.) annoy; trouble-I am sorry for bothering you with so many questions.-Those flies bother me.(vi.) worry-That will be way out. Dont bother about it.-I dont see any reason for bothering with such a petty matter. Expressions and Patternsl bother(n.) worry; trouble-Did you have much both

44、er in finding this address?-What a lot of bother about nothing! Exercises Fill the blanks with the words or expressions given below.Change the form where necessary. operate on critical live with emergency constant particular in advance sweat open up avoid relax conclude case1. In order to _his credi

45、tors, he went into hiding. avoid2. The doctors decided to _Toms stomach to remove the tumor. open up Exercises 3. The restless young patient _ after being told there was really nothing seriously wrong with him. relaxed4. It is advisable to place important telephone numbers next to the phone in case

46、of an _. emergency5. From what Id heard I _Miss Noble must be very popular with her pupils. concluded6. I dont enjoy hot weather in summer, but we have to _ it, dont we? live with Exercises 7. After an X-Ray was taken, I was told by the doctor that I had a _ of pneumonia. case8. Help arrived at the

47、_ moment when the flood was about to drown the houses. critical9. Shall I just order beer, or is there some _ drink you prefer? particular10. I could not tell whether he _from heat or from fear. was sweating Exercises 11. The doctor _ the injured man, removed his damaged lung. operated on12. The unpopular mayor was under _ attack in the newspaper. constant13. We should make our reserv