2022年高考英语阅读理解技巧 专题04阅读主旨大意探究（含解析）

1、主旨大意专题探究高考阅读理解专题之主旨大意的解题技巧主旨大意解题策略(1)主旨大意题。考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文 章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。(2)它既考查细节理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，难度较大。(3)有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义；有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文 章的字里行间进行推断。考查特点一、把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式(1 )What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?(2) The

2、main idea/The general idea/The main theme of this passage is.(3)The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on.(4)What is mainly discussed in the text?(5)What's the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?(6)Which of the following statements is best supported by th

3、e text?(7)The passage mainly focuses on.二、掌握主旨大意题的考查角度(1)主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；(2)标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。三、选项特征最佳选项1 .涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2 .确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3 .精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。干扰选项1 .过于笼统，不知所云：所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。2 .以偏概全，主次不分：所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选 项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。3 .移花接木，偷换概念：所给选

4、项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选 错答案。4 .无中生有，生搬硬套：所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选 项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。四、段落大意题(同样适用于选标题)解题技巧1 .寻找主题句。有的文章主题句在段首或段尾。这类文章一般段内层次较为分明，绝大部分遵守:一般一具体 模式，即:先概括说明,然后具体解释，写作手法某本是:因果解释;比较或对比;举例等。类似我们通常所说的先总 后分，但先分后总的结构也较为常见。偶尔主题句有时会出现在段落的中间。要把握住段落的逻辑结构，就要 特别关注段内的过渡词，如:however, but, a

5、nd, also, for example, in conclusion, on the contrary 等。2 .抓住关键词。有些段落没有明显的主题句，这时可通过略读把注意力集中在关键词上。关键词都是实词，如 名词、动词、形容词、副词或数词等。请记住，关键词不要超过四个。最后，对所收集到的关键词进行加工, 概括总结。3 .根据结构特点。由于文章的结构不同，主题句出现的位置通常有三种情况：(1)采用归纳法撰写的段落，表述的事例在前，概括性的观点居后，主题句则位于段末。(2)运用演绎法撰写的段落,先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首。(3)如果作者采用由事例观点事例的写作方式，则主题句出

6、现在段落的中间。(4)如果文章没有明显的主题句，则根据内容的提示，通过逻辑推理，概括出段落大意。在找出主题句的基础上, 时各段落主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。五、全文大意题解题技巧全文大意题考查考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否具有提纲挚领的能力。做这类题时，要求考生能理解全文细节, 然后运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结。1 .寻找主题句。主题句通常出现在文章第一段或最后一段，有些文章的主题句需要归纳总结每段的段落大意。2 .串联关键词或高频词。把每一段的关键词串联起来，往往形成一个完整的情节链。或者选项形式为一两个 单词或一个短语时,贯穿全文始终的单词或短语(即高

7、频词)应是正确选项。也有的文章有小标题，考生可以把 这些小标题作为关键词去概括全文大意。六、寻找主题句的通用方法：1 .转折连接词。尤其是在第二段、第三段中，含有转折连接词的句子大部分都是主题句。例如:however, but, while2 .出现在新使用法或表示"应该、有必要”的应当性情态动词，以及动词(短语)后的内容,大部分都是主题句。此 类词有:must, have to, should, ought to, had better, need, be forced/bound to, it is important/ necessary / essential3 .表示举例的

8、连接词之前的部分，大多是主题句。表示举例的连接词:for example, such as, for instance, as follows七、选标题的两个注意标题能高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题的文字,往往短小精悍，言简意败。它既可以是单词、短语，也可以是 简短句子，甚至可以是疑问词加不定式结构或名词加同位语结构。除有介绍功能外，不少标题情感浓烈，可以表 示鼓励、劝告、建议、批评、讽刺、赞美、表扬等感情，教育意义强，感染度高。1 .标题需要一定的概括度。所选标题必须能概括全文中心内容。2 .标题尽可能的切合、新颖。所谓切合,即能和文章的高频词对应;所谓新颖，即用简洁的语言和一些修辞手法 (

9、例如双关)来表达主题。3 .标题一般都包含高频词。即反复出现的词,应该包含在标题里。2016（新课标1 ）DThe meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cu

10、ltural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be m ade to fill every gap（l诃隙）with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person's needs.Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communi

11、cating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied （暗示）is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is

12、 a call for reflection.Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topi

13、c under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in aut

14、hority.Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient's silence is not interrupted t

15、oo early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing（治愈）value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.35. What may be the best title for the text?A. Sound and SilenceB. What It Means to Be SilentC. Sile

16、nce to Native Americans D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold2016全国课标卷II CReading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookC turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.Members go

17、on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.Bruce Peder

18、son, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, "The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.'1Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site an

19、d record where they found it.People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book

20、 to gather dust on a shelf at home.BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the "real" and not the virtual（虚拟）.The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.12. What is the best title for the text?A. Online Reading

21、: A Virtual TourB. Electronic Books: A New TrendC. A Book Group Brings Tradition BackD.A Website Links People through Books2016年全国卷III DBad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning paper

22、s. But now that information is being spread and monitored（监控）in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people's e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories."The 'if it bleeds'

23、 rule works fbr mass media, " says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University ofPennsylvania. " They want your eyeballs and don't care how you're feeling. But when you share a story with yourfriends, you care a lot more how they react. You don't want them to think of you as a De

24、bbie Downer."Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations found that it tended to be more positive than negative（消极的），but that didn't necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply b

25、ecause people experienced more good things than bad things? To test fbr that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times' website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the " most e-mailed " list for six m

26、onths. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times' readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were ex

27、citing or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused（激发）one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in

28、his new book, " Contagious: Why Things Catch On."35. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide.B. Online News Attracts More People.C. Reading Habits Change with the Times.D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks.2016浙江卷DTwo things changed my life: my mot

29、her and a white plastic bike basket. I have thought long and hard about it and it's true. I would be a different person if my mom hadn't turned a silly bicycle accessory into a life lesson I carry with me today.My mother and father were united in their way of raising children, but it mostly

30、fell to my mother to actually carry it out. Looking back, I honestly don't know how she did it. Managing the family budget must have been a very hard task, but she made it look effortless. If we complained about not having what another kid did, we'd hear something like, "I don't car

31、e what so-and-so got fbr his birthday, you are not getting a TV in your room/a car for your birthday/a lavish sweet-16 party." We had to earn our allowance（零用钱）by doing chores around the house. I can still remember how long it took to polish the legs of our coffee table. My brothers can no doub

32、t remember hours spent cleaning the house. Like the two little girls growing up at the White House, we made our own beds （no one left the house until that was done） and picked up after ourselves. We had to keep track of our belongings, and if something was lost, it was not replaced.It was summer and

33、, one day, my mother drove me to the bike shop to get a tire fixed and there it was in the window. White, shiny, plastic and decorated with flowers, the basket winked at me and 1 knew I knew I had to have it."It's beautiful,'* my mother said when I pointed it out to her. MWhat a neat ba

34、sket.HI tried to hold off at first. I played it cool for a short while. But then I guess I couldn't stand it any longer: "Mom, please can I please, please get it? I'll do extra chores for as long as you say. I'll do anything, but I need that basket. I love that basket. Please, Mom.

35、Please?nI was desperate."You know,'* she said, gently rubbing my back while we both stared at what I believed was the coolest thing ever, "If you save up you could buy this yourself.u"By the time I make enough it'll be gone!""Maybe Roger here could hold it for you,*&

36、#39; she smiled at Roger, the bike guy."He can't hold it for that long, Mom. Someone else will buy it. Please, Mom, please?*'"There might be another way," she said.And so our paying plan unfolded. My mother bought the beautiful basket and put it safely in some hiding place I c

37、ouldn't find. Each week I eagerly counted my growing savings increased by extra work here and there (washing the car, helping my mother make dinner, delivering or collecting things on my bike that already looked naked without the basket in front). And then, weeks later, I counted, re-counted and

38、 jumped for joy. Oh, happy day! I made it! I finally had the exact amount we'd agreed upon.Days later the unthinkable happened. A neighborhood girl I'd played with millions of times appeared with the exact same basket fixed to her shiny, new bike that already had all the bells and whistles.

39、I rode hard and fast home to tell my mother about this disaster. This horrible tum of events.And then came the lesson I've taken with me through my life:HHoney, your basket is extra-special," Mom said, gently wiping away my hot tears. nYour basket is special because you paid for it yourself

40、.'*60.What is the life lesson the author learned from her mother?A. Save money for a rainy day.B. Good advice is beyond all price.C. Earn your bread with your sweat.D. God helps those who help themselves.2016天津卷DFailure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothi

41、ng more tiring than not succeeding.We experience this tiredness in two ways: as start-up fatigue（疲惫）and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it is either too boring or too difficult. And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel.Such start-up fatigue is ve

42、ry real, even if not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job first.Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my own rule, I determine

43、d to write them in alphabetical order（按字母顺序），never letting myself leave out a tough idea. And I always started the day's work with the difficult task of essay-writing. Experience proved that the rule works.Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Though willing to get started, we cannot

44、seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can - then let the unconscious take over.When planning Encyclopedia Britannica 大英百科全书,I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of it

45、s articles. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I kept coming up with solutions, but none of them worked. My fatigue became almost unbearable.One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the

46、 trouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind. In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step. Though I worke

47、d as hard as before, 1 felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.Human beings, I believe must try to succeed. Success, then, means never feeling tired.55. What could be the best title for the passage?A. Success Is Built upon FailureB. How to Handle Performance Fatig

48、ueC. Getting over Fatigue: A Way to SuccessD. Fatigue: An Early Sign of Health Problems2016四川卷DA warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night's sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off if it is milked from a cow at night.Re

49、searchers have discovered that Mnight milk" contains more melatonin （褪黑激素）,which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night

50、.Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep l

51、onger.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calc

52、ium content, which helps people to relax.Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.3.What can be a s

53、uitable title for the text?A. Night Milk and Sleep B. Fat, Sugar and HealthC. An Experiment on Mice D. Milk Drinking and Health2016上海卷CEnough " meaningless drivel " . That's the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like Lin

54、kedln gather and use social media data.The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee's report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark （认证标记）to identify sites that have cle

55、ar terms and conditions."The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone, M says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by

56、 a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original.It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis. " we need to think through how we make that work in practice, " says Miller.Wo

57、uld we pay any more attention to a kitemark? " I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would, " says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. " We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their informa

58、tion. " But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says.Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. " We still don't know how signi

59、ficant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years' time, " he says.Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don't know how companies will use our data because their business

60、 models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information have become valuable only recently, he says.The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don't expect, even if users have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn't working. If properly