非谓语动词v-ed_form

1、Grammar The Past Participle 1. 过去分词具有动词的性质，同时兼有形容词或副词的性质，可以拥有自己的逻辑主语，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。Explanation2. v-ed表示动作已经完成或被动意义eg: fallen leaves落叶(已落下的叶子)eg: I heard the door closed.我听见门被关上了。3. 否定式：not + v-edeg: He escaped, not seen by anyone.过去分词所充当的成分：一、作表语 (predicative)1. 过去分词作表语，表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，其用法相当于ad

2、j.，放在系动词后面。eg: The door remained locked till 7 oclock.eg: I am pleased with the result of the experiment.(许多v-ed形式已经被当作adj.使用, 如: excited, disappointed, moved, puzzled,lost等)注意区别：2. v-ed作表语时，与系动词一起构成的系表结构与普通的被动语态在形式上相似。系表结构中的v-ed表示：被动语态中的v-ed表示：主语所处的状态一个被动的动作eg: The cup is broken. The cup was broken

3、 by Tom.系表结构表状态被动语态表动作注意比较：3. 过去分词v-ed和v-ing作表语的区别：过去分词v-ed:现在分词v-ing:表主语(人)所处的心理状态，个人的感受. “(人)感到.”表主语(物或人)所具有的特征. “(物或人)令人.”eg: surprised/ surprising; encouraged/ encouraging; moved/ moving.二、作定语 (attribute)1. 前置定语：单个的v-ed作定语，一般放在被修饰的n.之前；后置定语：v-ed短语作定语时，常被放在被修饰的n.之后，相当于一个定语从句。eg: an honored guest

4、一位受尊敬的客人eg: The injured bird lay on the ground.eg: The boy named Tom is my brother.eg: a letter written in blue ink注意:如果被修饰的词是复合不定代词或指示代词those等时，即使是一个单一的分词作定语也要放在被修饰的词之后。eg: There was nobody invited here.2. v-ed作定语与定语从句的互换:(1) 若是vt.的过去分词作定语表示已经完成的动作，且含有被动意义，可改成v.用被动形式的定语从句。eg: The letter posted toda

5、y will reach you in a week. =The letter which was posted today will.(2) 若是vi.的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成，不表被动，可改成v.用完成时态的定语从句。eg: a retired teacher = a teacher who has retiredeg: the fallen leaves=the leaves which have fallen注意：分词的完成式一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义常用定语从句。我们一般不说 The girl having won the race is my friend.而常说：Th

6、e girl who has won the race is my friend.3. v-ed形式与其他非谓语动词作定语时区别：（1）doing作定语- 主动，动作正在进行（3）done作定语- 被动，动作已完成（2）being done作定语- 被动，动作正在进行（4）to do作定语- 将来要发生的动作（5）having done- 不能作定语，用定语从句代替注意比较：eg: a broken cup ; some singing birdsExercise:1. Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than s

7、tore prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buyingB2. With a lot of different problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settledC3. Dont use words, expressions or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being kn

8、own B. having been known C. to be known D. knownD4. When I got back, I saw a message _ to the door_ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.” A. pin, read B. pinning, reading C. pinned, reading D. pinned, read C. pinned, reading5. Ex:书P13/1三、作宾补 (Object Complement)v-ed作宾补，表示被动意义或已完成意义，或两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分

9、词与宾语有逻辑上的被动关系。v-ed作宾补的几大类型的v. :1. 在make, get, have, keep, leave等使役动词后面作宾补：eg: Please keep us informed of the latest news. 请随时把最新消息告诉我们。eg: When you speak, you have to make yourself understood.说话时要让人听得懂。注意：在have + n./ pron. + 过去分词，即have sth. done这一结构中，have通常有三种意义。eg: I usually have my clothes washed

10、on Sundays, but I dont wash my clothes myself.(1) 表示“让某人做某事”，v-ed动作的执行者通常不是句子的主语。eg: The museum had everything robbed of in the war.eg: I have had my bike repaired.(2) 表示“遭遇到某种不幸，受到打击”，v-ed动作的执行者不是句子的主语，而是主语受到这种动作的影响。eg: The old man had his leg broken in the accident.(3) 表示通常意义的“有”。eg: We had a lot

11、of books left in the classroom.2. 在see, hear, watch, notice, feel, find, think等感官动词或表示心理状态的动词后面作宾补：eg: I saw the thief caught by the policeman.eg: We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops. 3. 在would like, want, like, wish, order, expect, request等表示“希望，想要、要求”的v.后面作宾补：eg: The boss wouldn

12、t like the problem discussed at the moment.eg: We wished the problem settled at once.4. 在介词with/ without + n./ pron. + v-ed结构中。宾语宾补(宾语和宾补之间有被动关系)eg: The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.eg: They left without a plate untouched.他们走了，没有一盘菜没动过。注意： with/ without + n./ pron. + v-ed

13、这一结构在整句话中是作状语的，表原因，结果，方式或伴随情况。注意比较：v-ed, v-ing和to do作宾补的不同：v. + 宾 + v-ed:v. + 宾 + v-ing:v. + 宾 + (to) do:表动作已完成，与宾语之间是被动关系。表动作正在进行或持续动作，与宾语之间是主动关系。表动作将要发生或表动作全过程，与宾语之间是主动关系。1. We found the trees _(plant) already.We found many people _ trees there.plantedplantingExercise:2. Mrs. White found her husba

14、nd _ by letters and papers and _ very worried. A. surrounding; looking B. surrounded; looked C. surrounding; looked D. surrounded; looking四、作状语 (Adverbial)v-ed作状语，它与主句的主语构成被动关系，表示被动的或已完成的动作。此时可以表示原因、时间、条件、让步、伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句。v-ed作状语的几大类型:(1) 作原因状语，相当于as, since, because引导的原因状语从句.eg: Deeply moved by th

15、e film, we all cried. =As we were deeply moved by the film, we all cried.(2) 作时间状语，相当于when, while, before, after引导的时间状语从句.Asked how he broke into the room, he made no answer.=When he was asked how he broke into the room, he made no answer.(3) 作条件状语，相当于if, unless, once引导的条件状语从句.eg: Given more time, w

16、e would do the work better.=eg: If we were given more time, we would do the work better(4) 作方式或伴随状语，可位于句首或句末，可扩充为并列句。eg: The actress came in, followed by her fans.=The actress came in, and was followed by her fans.(5) 作让步状语，有时可以与although, though, even if, even though等连用eg: Much tired, my parents sti

17、ll kept on working.=Although they were much tired, my parents still kept on working.eg: Though beaten by them, we were not discouraged.=eg: Though we were beaten by them, we were not discouraged.注意： 过去分词作状语，有时无被动意味，只表示状态, 或是固定搭配。1. _ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. A. Dr

18、essed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed解析：be dressed in sth. 穿着.，表状态2. _ with a bill for $10,000, he has taken an extra job. A. Facing B. Having faced C. To face D. Faced解析：be faced with sth. 面对.，是固定搭配比较： v-ed, v-ing, to do作状语的用法(1) v-ed作状语表示:被动的或已完成的动作(2) v-ing作状语表示:主动的和正在进行的动作，即动作由句子的主语发出，并和谓v.的动作同时发生(3) to do作状语表示:主动的动作，常作“目的，原