高三英语复习非谓语动词考点总结归纳讲义

1、非谓语动词考点总结归纳非谓语动词包括不定式,动名词和分词；它们是高中所学的基础语法,也是高考必考内容；既是高考的难点又是高考的热点；真正领会非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础学问：具有句子结构的学问,会分析句子成分；具有简洁句最基本的五种句型的学问,要分得清双宾语和复合宾语；具有扎实而丰富的动词学问,要分得清及物动词和不及物动词；具备各种复合句的学问,能够拆析复合句和长难句；1 三种非谓语动词的构成及变化形式；不定式To do 主动被动一般形式（本身包含将去做To be done 的含义）进行形式To be doing - 完成形式To have done To have been done 动词

2、的 ING 形式主动被动一般形式（本身包含正在进 Ving Being Ved 行的含义）完成形式Having Ved Having been Ved 过去分词 done （无变化） 全部非谓语动词的否定形式都是把否定副词not,never放在非谓语动词的前面；2. 三种非谓语动词形式句法功能比较功能主宾表定状补种类不定式动名词 分词1 考点一 ：非谓语作主语 ；1. 在许多情形下没有明显的不同. Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe. 2. 不定式做主语表示某一次具体的, 特定的或有待实现的动作, 而动名词就表示通常的情形. eg:To tell

3、 him the truth would be the best. / Painting is an art. 动词不定式 （短语） 作主语时, 另一种形式是在句首用先行代词it作形式主语, 而将动词不定式 （短语）移到谓语之后作真正主语；用于这种形式是一些特定形容词,动词和名词1 形 容 词 作 表 语 It is adj/n.for sb. to do sth. （ 常 见 的 形 容 词 是 ：necessary,important,possible 等） It is adj./n.of sb. to do sth. 常 见 的 形 容 词 是clever,stupid,foolish,

4、wise,cruel 等 2 常见的动词有：require, cost, amuse, delight, annoy 等eg: It takes much time to do sth./ It didnt occur to me to ask him to help me. 3 一些名词作表语eg: It seems a pity to waste them./It is a great pleasure to do this./It is a good idea to think this way 动名词做主语时常用的句型有：s a waste of It is nice doing st

5、h./Its foolish doing sth./It is useless doing that/Ittime doing this. /It s worth one s while doing sth./ Its no good use doing that. It s an awful job doing this. /Its fun doing this. There is/ was no sense in doing/no point in doing 考点二：非谓语动词作宾语 具体见 5+3 P70-72 页补充 :1.begin 和 start 在以下三种情形下 , 通常跟不定

6、式 , 不跟动名词1 当 begin 和 start 的主语是无生命之物时 . eg: Snow began to melt. 2 当 begin 和 start 用于进行时时 . eg: He is beginning to study English. 3 当 begin和 start后面跟着一些表示心理状态的词时. eg: I began to believe his story. 2. be afraid to do 不敢去做 be afraid of doing 可怕发生某事2 3. be sure to do 肯定会 be sure of doing 确信会 eg: Tom is

7、sure to pass the exam. 说话人的看法 , 认为 Tom 肯定会考试通过 . Tom is sure of passing the exam. Tom 对自己通过考试很有把握 . 考点三：非谓语动词作表语不定式、动名词、分词做表语：1.不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作；不定式一般紧跟在系动词如: be, seem, remain, appear 等后面 , 用来说明主语的内容； 这类结构中的主语一般为名词,如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention,wish, dream, etc. eg. My purpose is 有

8、时句子主语也可以是不定式或名词性从句； to teach them a lesson. eg:To be strict with students is to be responsible for them. What I want to do is to tell you the truth. 假如主语中含有do 的任何形式 , 那么不定式可以省去to. 2. 动名词做表语是对主语内容的说明,这时主语与表语位置可互换,动名词常用于口语中；Its full-time job is laying eggs. 3. 分词做表语 : 现在分词作表语 : 一般表示主动或主语的性质和特点 , “ 令人

9、” 的 , 主语多数情形是 sth. 过去分词作表语 : 一般表示被动或说明主语情感心理上的感受 , “ 感到 的”, 主语多数是 sb. exciting, excited/annoying, annoyed /amazing, amazed /boring, bored/confusing, confused/ encouraging, encouraged /embarrassing, embarrassed /frightening, frightened 等考点四：非谓语动词作宾语补足语 具体见 5+3 P68-70 页补 充： 1. 动词 +宾语 +不带 to 的不定式 : 常用动

10、词 : feel 一感 ; hear, listen to 二听 ; make, let, have 三让 ; see, watch, observe, notice, look at 五看 ;help 半帮忙 , 可带 to 或不带 toetc. 留意一：但改为被动语态时,不定式要加 to. 留意二：肯定要留意动词与宾语直接的主动仍是被动关系 make oneself understood/heard解题技巧：牢记固定搭配,辩规律关系；不定式和分词作宾语补足语是考察的重点仍要认真分析3 非谓语所表示的动作与谓语动作发生的先后问题；固定句型 sb/sth be said/believed/ r

11、eported/ considered/ thought to do /to be doing /to have done 要分清eg. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying 考点五：非谓语动词作定语 具体见 5+3 P67-68 页解题诀窍：找所修饰的词,辩规律关系,析动作先后与被修饰的名词或代词是主动关系 与被修饰的名词或代词是被动关系正在进行 d

12、oing being + done 将要去做 to do to be done 已经完成 无 done 考点六 ：非谓语作状语 具体见 5+3 P66-67 页非谓语动词作状语 1 多表示相伴状态,或事情发生的缘由,结果,时间,条件等；作状语2 分词要和句子主语 关系保持一样1不定式 1 ）表示目的,很常用；作目的状语只能是不定式,也可用 动词原形 不能放句首 2）表示结果,很常用；不定式做结果状语的固定搭配 only to do too +adj/adv to do so +adj/adv as to do ,such +n as to do adj/ adv enough to do on

13、ly （just ） to do 常表示意想不到或不开心的结果；in order to / so as to + 3 ）表示缘由 eg.He laughed to see them fall down./He wept to hear the news. 4）表示挑选和比较 eg.She opened her lips as through to speak./ He would die rather than give in. 2. 分词 解题诀窍：找规律主语,辨规律关系,析动作先后语法作用：1）表示时间,相当于表示时间,相当于状语从句when, while ；常用于连词When, befo

14、re, 4 while, after, since 等后面；也可以省略连词eg. When allowed, we are supposed to come into the room. Having finished his work, he had a walk. 2 表示缘由相当于缘由状语从句because, since, for 和 as ； eg. Not understanding this, he asked the teacher about it. 3）表示条件,相当于条件状语从句if eg. Given more time, I can finish the work. 4

15、 表示让步,相当于让步状语从句 though, although； eg. Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. 5 表示结果,相当于结果状语从句,这种分词前通常有thus 或 thereby ； eg. Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. 6 表示方式或相伴情形,分词短语没有相当的状语从句,汉译时一般译成并列复合句 eg. They shook hands, smiling at each other. T

16、he children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. 7）表示方式 eg. He sat there, as though waiting. 考点七：非谓语动词的独立主格结构 具体见 5+3 P67 页1 独立主格结构的句法功能在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、缘由、相伴状况等; 有时仍可以做定语1 作时间状语 Spring coming ,the fields are full of life . 2 作条件状语 Weather permitting ,we will have a picnic this Sunday

17、. 3 作缘由状语 There being no bus ,they had no choice but to take a taxi . 4 作相伴状语或补充说明 The prisoner stood there ,his hands raised . 相伴状语 We met many guests ,most of them Americans.补充说明 5 作定语,其功能相当于一个定语从句；like the sky. Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue 留意一：“ 规律主语+being+ 其他” 是独立主格结构中的“ 规律

18、主语+动词 -ing形式” 的一种形式；在这种结构中, being 往往可以被省去,这种省去being 的结构,称之为无动词“ 独立主格结构” ；2动词独立主格结构构成 独立主格结构可分为两部分：一部分是 名词或代词（主格） ,起着规律主语的作用5 另一部分由 形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语 状况或动作等构成,表示前面名词或代词的状态、1 动名词的复合结构 : 如动名词的规律主语为无生命的东西 , 只用一般格 物主代词或名词全部格 + 动名 词 作主语、宾语、表语 代词宾格或名词一般格 + 动名词 作宾语、表语 2 不定式“ 独立主格结构” 构成为：名词代词（主格）不定式,动词不定

19、式和它前面的名词或代词存在着规律上的主谓关系； eg: His mother to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner. （= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）3-ing 形式“ 独立主格结构” 动词的-ing 形式作状语时,其规律主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致；可以表示时间,缘由,条件,方式状语eg: Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. When everyone was

20、ready）（=时间状语从句The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.（=缘由状语从句 Because the boy led the way）My health allowing, I will work far into the night. If my health allows）4-ed 形式“ 独立主格结构”（=条件状语从句与规律主语 +动词的 -ing一样,如 -ed 形式的规律主语和句子的主语不一样的话,就需要用-ed 形式的独立主格结构； eg:The workers worked s

21、till harder, their living conditions greatly improved. = As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder. 留意二：动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed 形式表示动作已经终止,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行； eg:1.The manager looks worried,many things to settle.（事情仍没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式 to settle） The manage

22、r looks relaxed , many things settled.（事情已经处理好了,用动词-ed 形式settled 表示动作已经终止）2The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭,一边看电视；（两个动6 作同时进行） The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 做好,小孩才去睡觉的）饭做好了,小孩去睡了； （两个动作有先后,饭已留意三： 独立主格结构中的being 在以下两种情形下一般不能省略,一是在“There being + 名词”结构中,二是在规律主语是代词的情形下; 其他情形

23、可以省略 eg: There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家； 作宾语时 , 通常用 there to be 结构； Members like there to be plenty of choice. eg: It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 由于是星期日,全部办公室都关门；eg: He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. （his eyes 和 sleepy 之间省去了 being ）= He turned to me, and his

24、eyes were sleepy. eg: School over, we all went home.（school 和 over 之间省去了 being ）= School was over, and we all went home. eg: He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us. 留意四：在“ 规律主语 +介词短语” 构成的独立主格结构里,假如名词用单

25、数,可以不用冠词,同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略；eg:The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.the door, a violin in his hand.）6、 with、without 引导的独立主格结构（= The musi c teacher stood at 介词 withwithout + 宾语 +宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构,上面争论过的独立主格结构的几种情形在此结构中都能表达；A with+ 名词代词 +形容词eg.He doesn t like to sleep with the windows open. B with+ 名词代词 +副词 eg.Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. C with+ 名词代词 +介词短语 eg.He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood