高中定语从句汇总讲解学案

定语从句汇总讲解学案♦英语谚语欣赏Hewhoknowsnothingbutpretendstoknoweverythingisindeedagood-for nothing.不懂装懂，一事无成 .It’sthefirststepthatcosts. 千里之行，始于足下Hethatmakeshimselfasheepshallbeeatenbythewolf. 甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼 .I.概念：定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用：引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语)常用的关系代词：that、which、who、whomwhose、as、but(文语，置于否定词之后=that/who…not…，”没有……不……",在从句中作主语，宾语)常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语):when、why、whereThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。n.几个关系代词的基本用法：•that：可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。（指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which）（一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语 ）如：Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.（ 主语）Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnowYoucantakeanything（that）youlike.（宾语）Whatisthequestion（that/which）theyaretalkingaboutHereistheman（who/whom/that）youwanttosee.She'snolongerthegirl（that）sheusedtobebefore.（表语）Ourhometownisnolongertheone（that）itusedtobe.=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe 。=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.•which:指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如：Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.（主语）Thebook（which/that）Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.（宾语）Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.（表语）（定语）Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench.（定语）Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.•who,whom,whose:who:主格,在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人whom:宾格，在从句中作宾语;只可指人whose:属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.（主语）Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.（ 代词如he,they,any,those,all,one 等后多用 who.）Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasasuccessasanactor.（宾语）He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman（whom/who/that）weshouldlearnfrom.比较：Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyourpraise.Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.（指人）I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.（指物）=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhosemouthteaissupposedtocome关系代词作介词宾语:关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时 ,介词可放于从句之首 ,也可放于从句之末 .但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时 ,介词必须放在句末 .）Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands？=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)IshookhandswithThebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhumanprogresswithwhichnothingcouldcompareuntilourinformationage.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.IsthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweekIsthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweekThisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter. (介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof 等)•as的用法:(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)①如为限制性的，多用于thesame•••as;thesameas；such•••as…；asmany/muchas；so•••as等结构中。如：※Ihavethesamebookasyou(have). 我有一本和你的一样的书。Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.( 关系代词as和指示代词 same连用,在从句中用作表语,先行词是same.)※.---Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.比较：Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.（定语从句）比较：Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.（定语从句）Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.（结果状语从句）"Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.（结果状语从句）"正如，②如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为））作宾语）（as作主语）（as作宾语）宾语,先行词是前面整个句子 ）这一点"。（动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.※Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.（as=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.※Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.（m.关系副词引导的定语从句 ：•When指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time,day,week,tear,month,etc.）HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.注意：先行词为 "时间名词"，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.（作状语）Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,isjustaroundthecorner.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.（作宾语）Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,I'msure,willbeexciting.IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhou Vwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.Where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place,school,factory,room,etc.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.注意：先行词是 "地点名词"，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:※Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.（作状语）Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.Governmentreports,legalpapersandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituationswhereEnglishisused.He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikelytolosecontroloftheplane.Thesmallmountainvillagewherewespentourholidaylastmonthliesinwhat/theplacewhichisnowpartofHubei.※Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.（作宾语）Nothavingbeentherebefore,hesimplyhadnoideaabouttheplace,whicheveryonesaysisworthvisiting.Why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为 reason时，可用forwhich指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。如：Thereasonwhy/forwhich/（that）hedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.Idon'tbelievethereason（that/which）hegaveme.（作宾语）（作主语）Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess（作主语）Ex.)Hewaslate.That'sbecausehegotuplate..Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.（ 表语从句 ）（thereason）why/forwhichhewaslate.（ 定语从句 ）当先行词为 way时，定语从句常用that,inwhich,或how引导，that常可以省略。way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。如:Thisistheway（that）/inwhichIdosuchthings.比较:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway （that/which）Ihaveshownyou.IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。ThisisthebookIlikebest. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为 "的"字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译）比较:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用词when，where,why,etc.who,whom,whose,指物时用引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用词when，where,why,etc.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.V.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较 ：•that&which:在定语从句中，which和that在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样，这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.①先行词为不定代词 ,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople..There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit..Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday等词修饰时。②先行词被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等词修饰时。.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait..That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.Youcantakeany(=whichever)seatthatisfree.IhopethelittlethatIcanwillbeofsomehelptothem.比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake..Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow..Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.⑤先行词既有人又有物，用 which和who都不适合，这时宜用 that.如：.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown..Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.⑥被修饰词为数词时 .1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.⑦如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用 which，另一个关系代词宜用 that,以避免语言的单调或重复。Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.⑧疑问词是who或which,关系代词宜用that,以避免重复。WhichisthebookthatyoulikebestWhoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate⑨主句是Therebe结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词 .如：Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.⑩被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时 ，该关系代词宜用that.That'sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况:①当关系代词的前面有介词时1.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives②在非限制性定语从句中..Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied..MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry.(which指代主句)which.③在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了 that,which.Letmeshowyouthenovel，thatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelpmetopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassontootherswhenIfinishedthem.④当关系代词后面带有插入语时 .1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.⑤先行词本身是 that,宜用which.What'sthatwhichsheislookingat⑥先行词是 those+复数名词.Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.who&that:who和that指代人时，有些情况宜用who,而不宜用that①先行词为 anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people 时.如：.ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkswell..Anyonewho(=Whoever)failedtocometothemeetingyesterdaymustgivehisreason..Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeatonce4.Idon'tliketheones(=those)whotalkbig.5.Personswhoarequarrelsomearedespised.②在Therebe结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词 who指代人.如：.Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou..Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnotsureabouttheuseofattributiveclauses.③当先行词有较长的后置定语时 .如：1.ImetaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwhocouldspeakChineseverywell.④一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是 that,另一个则宜用who,以免重复如：1.Thestudentthatwaspraisedatyesterday'smeetingisthemonitorwhoisverymodestandworksveryhard.•as&which:as&which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：①位置的不同：which引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后；as位置较灵活，也就是说 as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman. 或Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.或Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.②先行词的不同：as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。※Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.（先行词是一个词）Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.（先行词是一个句子）※Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.③as一般译为"正如""就像"，"这一点"asweallknow；asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.训练题汇总♦EX1.用定语从句完成下列句子。Thisisthemostbeautifulforest___（ 我所见过的）.DouPoTang（陡坡塘）Waterfall,___（ 位于贵州省的）,is105meterswideand21metershigh.♦EX2用适当的关系词填空.Haveatry!!!Iwillneverforgettheday Ifirstwenttoschool.Iwillneverforgettheday wespentinBeijing.Thehouse wevisitedisbeingrepairednow.Thehouse Luxunoncelivedisbeingrepairednow.♦Ex3选择适当的代词填空，注意非限制性定语从句和单句的比较。amreadingHarryPorter, isaninterestingbook..Hefailedintheexam. madehisparentsangry..Hefailedintheexam, madehisparentsangry..Hehastwosons.Bothof areteachers..Hehastwosons,bothof areteachers.♦EX4思考：用五种方式（定语从句）翻译句子这是他工作的工厂。1.Thisisthefactoryheworks.2.Thisisthefactoryheworks.3.Thisisthefactoryheworksin.4.Thisisthefactoryheworksin.Thisisthefactoryheworksin.EX5思考：介词+关系代词的情况介词+关系代词的情况 （1）Themanwhomyouspokewasascientist.Thecityshelivesinisfaraway.介词+关系代词的情况（ 2）ArethesetwosentencesrightThemanwho/whomyouspoketowasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesinisfaraway.介词+关系代词的情况（ 3）Arethesetwose