曾经翻译东西-刘老板green

GreenCoffeeProfessionalLevel咖啡生豆高级水平发展文MinimumCourseTime:4x3Hourblocksor2½dayscontentreviewandcertificationonly)课程最短时间：每次上间为三个小时，分四次上完；或者两天半上完（仅限于内容mendedCourseTime:3to4建议课程时间：三到四WrittenAssessment:75minutes笔试时间：75分GreenCoffeeWritten咖啡生豆笔Whatarethepotentialbenefitsofcreatingnewcultivarsfromthesub-spontaneousaccessionsofthe1960sfromEthiopiaandtraditionalcultivars?WhereverthesesubspontaneousaccessionsfromwesternEthiopiahavebeencrossedwithcommercialcultivars,inparticular,bourboncultivars,benefitsbothintermsofyield,diseaseandcupprofilehavebeenseenForeachofthetwoArabicavarietiesbelowoutlineanadvantageandalimitationofcultivatingeach(2points):分别概括出以下两种阿拉比卡咖啡的优势和栽培限制（2分）Variety变Bourbon波旁咖Accept可接受答案GoodcupStableAccept可接受答案LowDisease易病Catimor卡蒂姆咖Accept可接受答案GoodRustAccept可接受答案QuestionableNeedsfurtherMinus½pointforanyincorrectanswer.Musthaveminimumtwopartscorrectfora½任何错误答案扣0.5分。最少必须答出两处正确答案得2WhichofthesestatementsistrueabouttheselectionoftreesgrownforshadingTreesshouldbenitrogenfixinganddefoliateinthroughthedryseasontoallowmorelightinforthecoffeeplants要选择能够固氮而且在干燥季节能够落叶，从而使咖啡植物得到的光线照Treesshouldbedeeprootedtoavoidwatercompetitioninthetopsoilandconstantlyinterceptbetween30–70%ofsunlightTreesshouldtakemoistureawayfromthecoffeeplantsandsupporttheindigenousfloraandfaunaListtwobenefitsofafarmusinggroundcoveraroundit’scoffee列出两种农场对咖啡植物生长冲进行地面覆盖的好AccepttwoSoilisLeguminousnitrogenfixingplantscanbeWhatistheumtemperatureredcherryshouldbesubjectedtoafterpickingandumlengthoftimeitshouldbeleftpriortopultopreventtheriskofoverfermented‘stinker’cups?umtemperatureof40-最高温度在40-42摄氏度的区间内Processingshouldtakeplace8hoursafter加工必须在采摘之后8小时内完成½pointfor每个答案0.5Howdothesolublesolidsdifferbetweennaturalprocessedcoffeesandwashedcoffeesandwhatistheeffectoncupprofile?Duringcherrydryinginthenaturalprocesssugarsmigratefromthemucilageintothebean.Wetprocessedcoffeeshavealowersolublesolidcontent,partlyduetothismigrationnothappening,butalsobecause1.4%solidscanbelostduringfermentationandwashing.在天然处理的过程中，咖啡果干燥的同时，多糖类的物质从胶质层转移到了咖啡豆。湿法处理的咖啡豆可溶性固体的含量相对较低，一部分是因为并没有转移的发生，另一部分是因为在发酵和水洗过程中有1.4的固体损失。Thisaccountsforthefullbodied,sometimesverysweetnatureofexemplarynaturalprocessedspecialitycoffees.这样可以保留完整的醇度，有时候会得到相当甜的典型的天然处理精品咖啡Foreachofthemethodsofremovingmucilagebelowoutlineanadvantageandalimitationofeachmethod(2points):分别概括出以下脱去胶质层方法的优势和限制。（2分Advantage优UnderWaterAccept可接受答案Improved,fruitytocaramelaromaticqualitiesAccept可接受答案HighwaterFermentationprocessisMechanicalMucilage机械脱去胶质Accept可接受答案LesswaterImprovedredcherrytoparentweightyieldTimeefficientAccept可接受答案PooreraromaticqualitiestendingtobitterDamagetoparentduringmucilageremovalispossibleMinus½pointforanyincorrectanswer.Musthaveminimumtwopartscorrectfora½任何错误答案扣0.5分。最少必须答出两处正确答案得2Whichofthefollowingprocessesinwetprocessingcanuserecycledwater(answeryesornoforeach):在湿法处理过程中，下列哪些工序可以用到循环水（回答是或者否PROCESSPROCESSFloatation/WasherSeparator浮力分离器/水洗法分离器 ChannellingSoakingNoNoSomecoffeegrowerssoakcoffeebetween10and24hoursinwaterafterchannellinganddensityseparation.Whichtwoofthefollowingstatementsarereasonsoreffectsofaddingthisstageintothewashedprocess(thosethatapply)?TodoublefermentthecoffeeandremoveanyremainingTopartiallyextractbittercompoundssuchaspolyphenolsand可以部分萃取出苦味的化合物如：多酚类成分和二萜类成TohelpdeveloptheformationofpropionicandbutryricToimprovetheappearanceofgreen改善咖啡生豆的外形WhichtwoofthesestatementsaretrueaboutthedryingofThetemperatureshouldneverdropbelow45ºCforuntil12%moistureisAirtemperaturesinmechanicaldryersshouldbeloweredasthecoffeemoisture机械烘干机气温随咖啡含水量的下降而降低Theumtemperaturestopreservequalityofparentcoffeeis能够保持带壳咖啡豆品质的最高温度是40摄氏度TarpaulinsareusedtocoverparentcoffeetokeeptemperaturesupduringthehottestpartofthedayWhatwouldbethecupcharacteristicsofasampleofcoffeewithastronglyattachedsilverskin,andwhataretwomaincausesofthisdefect?Thisdefectismostlikelydue导致这种缺陷最有可能是

Thecoffeeisimmature咖啡豆未成Fermentationtimewastoo发酵时间过Thecupwill verydryandastringent,andmayhavea‘peasy’note. 杯测特性将 非常干涩，可能有青涩的味Minus½pointforanyincorrectWhatisthisdefect,andnametwopossibleThisisapartialblackbean.PossiblecausesHighdryingtemperatureshavecausedchemicalchangeinimmatureMaturecherrieshavebeensubjectedtoover-fermentationbymouldsand成熟咖啡果因为霉菌和酵母菌二发酵过度Anover-ripecherryhasfallenonthegroundandhasbeenCarbohydratedeficiencyintheThetablebelowdescribesthecausesoftwocupdefectsincoffee.Inthespacesprovidednameeachofthesedefects:CauseofCup杯测缺陷的成CupDefect杯测缺陷描1Coffeestoreddirectlyonthegroundhasabsorbedanaromaintothe将咖啡豆直接放于地面，豆中的脂肪类物质吸收了土壤的味Earthy2Insectdamagehascausedbacteriatoenterthebeanandreleaseapyrazinebasedtoxin虫害导致细菌进入咖啡豆，并出吡嗪类毒素Potato马铃薯½Pointforeachcorrect每一个正确答案得0.5分Which3processingproblemscanleadtosourExcessivetimebetweenharvestingandOverdryingtounder9%ToohighdryingDirtyRewettingafterFermentationofover-ripecherriesinslowIfnaturalprocessedcoffeesarehulledattoolowamoisturecontentwhatcanhappentotheThebeans ebrittleandtherecanbealargeincreaseinthenumberofchippedorbrokenbeansWhatpoorstoragefactorscanleadtothe‘baggy’cupcharacter?(circleanythat是什么样糟糕的储藏因素导致咖啡的杯测特征出现“麻袋味”？（圈出正确的答案Storingfilledcoffeebagsdirectlyonthe将装满咖啡的麻袋直接放于地面上Treatingbagswithhydrocarbon对麻袋进行了碳氢油的处CoffeeExtendedstorageofcoffeewithamoisturecontentover储藏时间过长使得咖啡的含水量超过Storingcoffeebelow低于20HowiswastewaterfrompulstationstreatedandwhyisthisAsetofsedimentation orsoakpitsremovesolublesolidsfromtheprocessingwater.ThiscleansthewaterandreducestheCOD(chemicalOxygenDemand)byupto94%protectingecosystemsinthelocalenvironmentInthespacesbelowoutlinebenefitsandlimitationstodifferentbagmaterialsusedtostoreparentcoffeepriortomillingandexport(2points):在以下空白处分别概括出两种装袋材料的优势和限制，这两种材料用于研磨和Storage封装材优限麻纤Accept可接受答案ExistingAccept可接受答案Reducedcup消耗掉使咖啡的杯测特征Shortquality品质HermeticBigAccep可接受答案SignificantlyimprovedcupImprovedqualityAccept可接受答案IncreasedNeedforspecialistIcount3partialblackbeans,5immature,5broken/cutbeans,1severeinsectdamagedand2witheredbeansina350gsampleofwashedcoffee.Ihave3quakersintheroastedsample.WhatgradeofcoffeeisthesampleundertheSCAAgradingsystem?一粒严重虫害和两粒已经蔫掉。在SCAAExchangeSpecialityNot非精品级InmygreencoffeeportfolioIuse20bagsperweekofaHuilaregionaltypesamplefrom自咖啡生豆组合里面，每周要用到20带的哥伦比亚薇拉地区产的咖啡Howmanycontainersof70kg needtoshipina一年我需要邮寄70公斤的袋装咖啡，需要容器的量是多4fullcontainersof275bagseach IfIneedtocontra hipmentfor1sthalfNovemberdeliverytoHamburg,whatisthelatestmonththatIshouldshiptoguaranteetheboatwillhavearrived?如果我与公司签订合同，要求11月上半月将咖啡豆运到德国汉堡，那么我最迟几月 Whichofthefollowingproblemscouldaffectthequalityofcoffeewhenithasalreadybeenfullypreparedforexportbyalongstayinhothumidportsatorigin?(asmanyasapply)完全准备好出口的咖啡豆长时间在原产地闷热潮湿的港口，下列哪些问题会影响Oxidation氧化作LossinRioMould霉菌滋StinkersMinus½pointifmorethantwoare选出两个以上答案扣0.5Afarmer/exporterinNicaraguahasquotedapriceinquintals.Whatweightis45.38kgorIfIwanttherighttobuythemarket,butwithouttheobligationto,Ibuy如果我利去投资市场，但是不用履行义务，我应该买FuturePutoption看跌Calloption看Lookatthedottedlinesonthechartbelow:观察下图中的虚线部分NYNYArabicaMarket-October2012toNovemberDateWhatarethedottedlines虚线部分称作 TheUpperandLowerBollingerBands上下布林带Whatdotheyshow?它们表示什么Abandplottedtwostandarddeviationsawayfromasimpleaverage,typically20 Whatcanyouinterpretfromthemintechnical ysis?

Whenpricesmoveclosetotheupperband,themoreoverboughtthemarket,andwhenpricesmoveclosetothelowerband,themoreoversoldthe Minus½foranyincorrectsection.Minimumtwopartsrightforonlya½任何答案错误扣0.5分。最少要有两处正确得0.5IfIbuycoffeeatadifferentialofplus20whenthemarketwastrading80cts/lbandhedgedit,whatoutrightpriceneedtosellitfortomakea5centmarginwiththemarketat270Inthespacesbelowoutlineabenefitandlimitationtotwodifferentdecaffeinationmethods(2points):在下面表格的空白处概括出两桌脱方法的优势和限制脱的方优限Accept可接受答案ExistingAccept可接受答案SolventNegativeMedia形Accept可接受答案ChemicalaniccoffeecanbeAccept可接受答案MostCoffeesolidlosscanbeCouldadecaffeinatedcoffeebelabelledas脱的咖啡可以贴上“天然的”吗Yes,ifprocessedwithwaterorcarbon可以，如果处理过程中用到水或者No,allmethodsareabsoluyfoodsafebutclassifiedasindustrial不可以，虽然所用的方式绝对符合食品安全但是仍归类于工业方法Yes,whenthecoffeecomesdecaffeinatedfromthe可以，脱所用的咖啡来自于植物YourmaincustomerhasaskedthatyouvisitaspecificgrowerinHondurastoseeifyoucanselectamicro-lotofasinglevarietyforthem.Theyneedthemicro-lottobeatleast15bagsofcleanexportablecoffeeinsize.Whatistheminimumweightinkgofredcherrylikelytoproducethis你的主要客户要求参观位于洪都拉斯的种植园，并希望得到单个品种的微批次咖啡豆。他们要求该微批次的咖啡豆要尺寸一样，至少要15袋的纯净可出口的咖啡豆。要生产这样数量的咖啡豆，要用到的咖啡果至少需要多重？5100-5700kgredcherryListtwopossibleeffectsofclimatechangeonglobalcoffeeproductionandoutlinethereasonwhytheywilleffectcoffeeproduction(2points):列出两种全球气候变化对咖啡生产的影响并概括产生这种影响的原因（2分ImpactonCoffee对咖啡的影12Accepttwo品

Iftemperaturesrisecoffeewillripenquickerleadingtoafallininherent产

YieldscouldbereducedfromhottemperaturesduringflowerPestandWaterErratic

Highertemperaturesmeanscertainpestsanddiseases(suchasberryborerandrust)willincreaseGrowersmayseeshiftingwaterneedsandanincreaseinevapotranspirationmeaningirrigationmaybeneededUnseasonalraincouldimpactonfloweringandcausecherryNamethreeaccreditationstandardsthatarecommontotheFairtrade,UtzandRainforestAlliancethirdpartyaccreditationschemes列出三种公认的认证标准，例如公平贸易，Utz和雨林等第认证机构123AcceptanyoftheILOILONopermanentchildNouseofbondedDirtyDozenbannedPPEmustbeusedwhen在喷洒过程中使用Mustnametwoforpoint.Minus½pointforanywrong必须列出两种原因彩壳的风。任何错误答案扣0.5KeyWordor单词或者词描来Agroupofinterbreedingindividualshavingsomecommoncharacteristicsnotnormallyabletointerbreedwithothersuche.g.ArabicaorCanephora例：阿拉比卡咖啡或者中果咖Coffee:Growing,J.N.Wintgens变Ataxonomicrankbelowthatofspecies.Aplantgrouwithinaspecieswhichcanbe:definedbyparticularcharacteristicsresultingfromagivengenotypeorcombinationofgenotypes具有某一特定型或者组，引起的特征distinguishedfromotherplantgrou sbyatleastone至少有一处区别于其他品种的特征e.g.BourbonorSpecialityCoffee2012)EditedbyOberthüret栽培变Acultivarisanassemblageofplantsthat(a)hasbeenselectedforaparticularcharacterorcombinationofcharacters,(b)isdistinct,uniformandstableinthosecharacters,and(c)whenpropagatedbyappropriatemeans,retainsthosecharacters.Specificallyitisahumandevelopedcultivatedvariety百扩增片断长度多态Lasmeresetal覆盖处Thepracticeofspreadingfreshordecayedplantmaterialonthesurfaceofthesoilwithaviewtodecreasingweedgrowth,reducingevaporationlossesfromthesoilsurfaceandultimayincreasingsoilanicmatter将新鲜的或者已的植物材料覆盖于土壤表层，能顾抑制Coffee:Growing,J.N.WintgensStum平茬复Amethodofrejuvenatingoldcoffeetreeswhenyieldsdecline.Stumconsistsofcuttingthetreeswithasharpmacheteorsaw25–30cmabovethelevelofthesoil.Treesthestarttoproduceaftertwoyears当减产时，使较老树龄的咖啡树恢力的方法。利锋利的或者锯子将高于土壤25-30cm以上的去掉。ParaphrasedfromSpecialityCoffee(2012)EditedbyOberthüretCoffeeCherryThefleshfruitofthecoffeeCoffee:J.N.Aslimyjellylikeandslightlystickylayerthatadherestoparent.Itis0.5–2.0mmthickandcomposedofpectinsandEspressoCoffeeA.Illy&R.Viani(2005)andSpecialityetalocarpofthecoffeefruit.Itliesbetweenthefleshypart(orpulp)ofthecherryandthesilverskin.Alsoreferstothethin,crumblyp r-likecoveringthatisleftonwetprocessedcoffeebeansafterpulandfermentationUtzCertificationListofDefinitions银TheIntegumentofthecoffeefruit.Thedriedseedcoatofthecoffeebean.Itisusuallysilverorcoppercoloured.(Note:It eschaffwhencoffeeisroasted)咖啡果实的珠被。是咖啡豆干燥后的外衣。常常呈现出银色Coffee:Growing,J.N.WintgensCentre线 rooveontheflatsideofthe咖啡豆扁平一侧的裂缝或者凹槽Coffee:Growing,咖啡：培育，加工，持续生Theremovalofthepulpbyapulperfollowedbytheremovalofthemucilagefromthepar entwhichcanbe plishedeithermechanically,bytheuseofchemicalproducts,orbyfermentation用果肉去除咖啡的果肉，也就是将胶质层从内果皮A.IllyR.VianiThewholecherriesaredriedonpatiosorracksunderthesunorinmechanicaldriersA.IllyR.Viani去果肉天然处Thecherriesarepulpedandthebeansinparentdriedwhilesurroundedbythemucilage咖啡果实去果肉，此时还有胶质层，对内果皮中的A.IllyR.VianiAspeciallydesigned,usuallymadeofconcrete,andoftenvaryinginshandsizewithaslopedbottom.TheyarebuiltforthenaturalfermentationanddegradationofmucilagefromcoffeeDryinggroundsforparentcoffeeandcherries,usuallymadeofconcreteorasphaltandbuiltonaslightinclinetohelpdrain(AfricanBedFlatwireorplasticmeshtraysassembledontablelegs…usedtodryparentcoffeeParaphrasedfrom机械烘干Staticormovingmechanicaldriersthatforceheatedairthroughcoffeetoremovemoistureuntilitreaches12%totalmoisture机械烘干机，可也可移动。作用力在加热后的空气上，Skin果皮干燥处Thestageofdryingparentcoffee.Thismaytakefrom6-12hoursduringwhichtimetheinternalmoisturewillbereducedfrom55-60%to20-25%SpecialityCoffee(2012)EditedbyOberthüretClean纯净咖Awellgradedcoffee,freeof一种优质等级的咖啡，无缺陷Coffee:Growing,JNVisual可见缺Anythingthatdivergesfromanormalbeaninsidethelotandthatcanbeproducedinthefieldorduringtheharvest,processing,transportorstorage”割，加工，或者中产生的。A.IllyR.VianiNonVisual不可见缺Offtastespresentincoffeeonlydetectablebycup咖啡存在的味道缺陷，只能通过杯测来辨别EspressoCoffeeA.IllyR.Screen目CoffeeisgradedbysizeusingrotatingorshakingScreensizesareexpressedasnumberse.gScreen16orasletters目数用数字（例：16目）或者字母（例：AAA）来表示ParaphrasedfromITCExportersGuide(2011)Screensizesareeithermeasuredin64thsofoneinche.g.screen18(18/64inch)orbymmagainstacomparableISOscale(7.10mm)Slottedscreenswithoblongslits(usually4.5mmor5mm)areusedtoremovepeaberries筛网有椭圆形的网眼（通常为4.5mm或者5mm）可用于去除公豆。发Chemicalflavourcausedbyenzymesonthegreencoffeesugars.Veryunpleasantodourandtaste.ITCExportersGuideITC出口指南（2011年瑕疵Blightedandunderdevelopedbeans–showupasroastdefects.Apeanuttytaste.浅色的，未成咖啡豆-是烘焙缺陷。有花生的味ITCExportersGuideITC出口指南（2011年RioyorAtastewithmedicinalodourandofnotes,slightlyiodizedphenolicorcarbolic.RioflavouristypicallyassociatedwithcertainBraziliancoffee(butisalsoencounteredelsewhere).InsomecountriesRioflavourisconsideredequivalenttophenolicbutthereisanimportantdifference.Truephenolicbeanscanoccursporadicallyinaparcel.However,Rioisusuallyencounteredmoregenerally.里约风味是典型西咖啡的味道（其他地方也有）。在ITCExportersGuideITC出口指南（2011年Acoarsecommonflavourpeculiartooldcropcoffee.Coffeestoredatlowaltitudeswithhightemperaturesandhumidity(asinmanyportsofshipment)tendsto ewoodyratherquickly.ITCExportersGuideITC出口指南（2011年MustyorCausedbypilingorbaggingverywetparentorbydryparentgettingwetITCExportersGuideITC出口指南（2011年Asubstancethatabsorbsandretainsmoisture.Withreferencetocoffeehumectantsareusedtopreventtheairinthestoragespacereachingdewpoint(100%RH)一种吸收并保持湿度的物质。根据咖啡豆的量，润湿剂藏空间湿度保持在结（相对湿度为ParaphrasedfromITCExportersGuide(2011)Total总含水Thecombinedtotaloffreeandboundmoistureincoffeeexpressedasrcentage咖啡豆中的水和化合水的总含量，并用百分比表示WaterActivity水活性WateractivityisameasureoftheenergystatusofthewaterinaWateractivityisdefinedastheratioofthevaporpressureofwaterinamaterial(p)tothevaporpressureofpurewater(po)atthesame水活性是在同等温度下某一物质水的蒸汽压力与纯aw=p/po=ERH(%)/Aseriesofpre-definedthreelettercommercialtermspublishedbytheInternationalChamberofCommerce(ICC)thatarewidelyusedinInternationalcommercialtransactions一系列有三个字母组成的商业术语，由国际商会，ICCWikipediaOchratoxinAisamycotoxinproducedbyspeciesoffungiandisknown赭曲霉毒素A菌类产生的霉菌菌素，是公认的物质赭曲霉毒素RoastingreportedlydestroysbetweenthirtytooverninetypercentofOTApresentingreencoffee-andtheresidualOTAinroastedcoffeeisreadilyextractableinaqueoussolution./ThismeansthatpoorhygienecontrolsintheproductionofgreencoffeeleadingtoOTAcontaminationcanhaveanegativepublichealthimpactontheultimateconsumer管理，造成赭曲霉毒素A的污染，可能导致的公Cash现货市Participantsbuyandsellphysicalgreencoffeethatwillbedeliveredeitherimmedia yorpromptly.Thecashtransactionthereforeinvolvesthetransferofownershipofaspecificlotofaparticularqualityofphysicalcoffee因此现货交易是指定量的某种特定品质咖啡的所的转ITCExportersGuide年市Participantsbuyandsellapriceforastandardqualityofcoffee.Thefuturestransactioncentresaroundtradingafuturescontractbasedonaphysicalcoffeeatapricedeterminedinanopenauction–thefuturesmarket.以标准品质咖啡的价格成交。交易以对合同的交易为，交易的咖啡实物价格由公开拍卖的价认证库ArecordedvolumeofcoffeebagsthathavebeeninspectedbyadesignatedofficialanddeterminedtobeofaqualitythatmeetstheFuturesExchangestandards.Certifiedstocksarekeptindesignated对咖啡装袋数量的记录，并由专门机构进行，符合可交标准的咖啡品质。认证库存有专门的仓库风Avarietyofphysicalandfinancialrisksthatcanaffectthequalityorpriceofcoffee.SeeITCExportersGuide(2011)formoredetailed格。可翻阅《ITC出口指南》（2011）了解详细信息。ITCExportersGuide年Hedgingisatradingoperationthatenablesmanagementofthe对posedbyunforeseenpricemovements.Hedgingallowsonetopriceriskthroughopposingbutmatchingtransactionsinbothphysicalsandfutures.对冲是一种贸易行为，能够对无法预知的价格波动引起风险进行控制。对冲要求人们利用价格发展的来弥ITCExporters年价格风险所带来的损失。适用于实物和交易Acommodityoptiongivestheholdertherighttobuy,butnottheobligation,topurchase(acall)orsell(aput)onanunderlyingfuturescontractataspecificpricewithinaspecifiedperiodoftime商品，给予了持有人（不用履行义务），交易（买进）或者抛售（卖出）其合同的权力，成交价按照具体时间TechnicalysisoftheFuturesMarket(1986)byJ.J.Murphy随机定Apricemomentumindicatorwhereitisdeterminedwherethemostrecentclosingpriceisinrelationtothepricerangeforagiven价格走势的方向灯。由的收盘价决定，并与给定时期内的TechnicalysisoftheFuturesMarket(1986)byJ.J.Murphy格波动范围有关系Bollinger布林BollingerBands®arevolatilitybandsplacedaboveandbelowamovingaverage.Volatilityisbasedonthestandarddeviation,whichchangesasvolatilityincreasesanddecreases.Thebandsautomaticallywidenwhenvolatilityincreasesandnarrowwhenvolatilitydecreases.布林带是关于价格波动的带子，位于平滑移动平均线的上下 端。价格波动依据的是标准偏差的计算，并随着波动的升高低而变化。价格波动剧烈时，带宽会自动增加。相反，价格动较小时，带宽收紧Supportisalevelorareaonthechartunderthemarketwherebuyinginterestissufficientlystrongto esellingpressureAsaresult,adeclineisalteredandpricesturnbackupagain.istheoppositeofsupportandrepresentsapricelevelorareaoverthemarketwheresellingpressure esbuyingpressureandapriceadvanceisturnedback.TechnicalysisoftheFuturesMarketJ.J.Belowareusefulbuyingcalculationswhenconvertingcoffeefferstodifferentunitsofvolumeandcurrency:下列都是一些有用的计算公式，在报盘时，可以可以根据需要换成相应的数值，单位和货转c/lbto xc/lbto xc/lbto$/50 x$46to Nocalculationneeded. Ludovic$46to$50 x$50kgto X认Aguaranteethatspecificrulesandregulationsofvoluntarystandards