大地测量学实习报告范本

..课程编号：1300158课程性质：必修大地测量计算与实习实习报告学院：测绘学院专业方向：测绘工程A方向实习地点：XX大学班级组号：3班第1小组学生__田宝林指导刘宗泉苏新洲丁士俊向东黄海兰20XX6月18日至20XX7月6日..目录1.概况······································-4-2.已有资料情况····································-6-3测区自然地理况··········································-6-4引用文件··········································-6-5.主要成果产品技术指标································-6-5.1关于控制测量及导线测量···························-6-5.2关于碎步测量······································-7-5.3关于绘图要求······························-8-6.具体设计方案··········································-8-6.1图根控制测量··············································-8-6.2碎步测量：··············································-9-6.3内业成图············································-9-设计评定···········································-9-实习目的与意义本次实习的是在我们完成《大地测量学基础》这门课程之后进行的,通过完成水准仪有关一起的检验和二等水准测量,使我们熟悉仪器的操作,并在实习过程中锻炼我们的实际动手能力,提升团队协作能力以及巩固我们在课堂所学的理论知识。另外,在后期的编程和外业概算过程中,对我们的发现问题、提出问题、解决问题的能力得到一次提升,为今后进入社会打下良好基础。实习任务本次实习的任务有两项,分别是：1二等精密水准测量外业观测与概算；〔约1.5周2大地测量计算课程设计；〔约1.5周三．测区概况本次实习的地点为XX大学。校内人员众多,交通复杂,地势起伏。我组测量路线为武测环和珞珈山环。其具体路线如下图：此图为武测环,上为北方向此图为珞珈山环,上为北方向四．已知高程点共有三个已知点可选用,我组所用点为珞珈山环的教务部点,已知高程为126.157m。五．作业依据国家测绘局,国家一、二等水准测量规范2006-05-24测绘出版社,2010仪器的检验水准仪的i角限差为15″<2>标尺的零点不等差为0.10mm仪器类型光学水准仪数字水准仪备注前后视距差≤1.0m≤1.5m任一测站前后视距累积差≤3.0m≤6.0m测站观测顺序和方法奇数站后前前后奇数站后前前后左边表格均为往测,光学仪器返测时与往测相反,数字水准仪返测与往测相同偶数站前后后前偶数站前后后前闭合差往返高差不符值4mm<k为测段长度,单位为km,≤0.1km按0,1km算>环闭合差4mm<F为环线长度,单位为km>..六．踏勘、选点本次实习的路线图已经提前下发给我们,所以选点比较固定。对于武测环,在武大信息学部部分,我们选择了二食堂门口、星湖园、大学生活动中心三个点；在武大文理学部部分,我们选择了明贤门门内门外两点、校医院点、生科院点,外加教务部已知点点,共八个点。对于珞珈山环,我们选择了生科院点、校医院点、政管院点、枫园点等共七个点,加上教务部已知点共八个点。使用的仪器与仪器检验我组使用的仪器是科利达的电子水准仪DL—2007,用于二等水准测量。我们进行了水准仪i角检验和水准尺零点差检验〔结果另附,符合测量规范要求。八.精密二等水准数据采集和外业数据概算：水准线路图见附录,观测日期与观测时段在观测记录薄中记载详细。外业概算成果概算成果见附录。课程设计编程1.编程所用语言本次编程用C++语言在VC6.0环境下编制2.基本数学模型〔1高斯投影正反算正算是指：由大地坐标〔L,B求得高斯平面坐标〔x,y的过程。反算是指：由高斯平面坐标〔x,y求得大地坐标〔L,B的过程。正算：高斯投影必须满足的三个条件：〔1,中央子午线投影后为直线。〔2,中央子午线投影后长度不变。〔3,投影具有正性性质,即正性投影条件。由第一个条件可知,中央子午线东西两侧的投影必然对称于中央子午线。设在托球面上有P1,P2,且对称于中央子午线。其大地坐标为〔l,B,<-l,B>则投影后的平面坐标一定为P1〔x,y,P2〔x,-y.由第二个条件可知,位于中央子午线上的点,投影后的纵坐标x应该等于投影前从赤道量至该点的子午弧长。计算公式：1.当将克拉索夫斯基椭球带入计算式,可得到正算公式：其中：2.反算公式为：其中：〔2实测斜距归算高斯平面边长假设1、2两个大地点在椭球面上沿法线的投影点1’和2’间的大地线的长度为S,由于在椭球面上两点间大地线长度与相应法截线长度之差是极微小的,可以忽略不计,则可以将两点间的法截线长度认为是该两点间的大地线长度。并且,两点间的法截线的长度与半径等于其起始点曲率半径的圆弧长相差也很小,则所求的大地线长度可以认为是半径。其计算如下：S•=D*{[1-<h2-h1>/D*<h2-h1>/D]/[<1+h1/Ra>*<1+h2/Ra>]}这个题目的思想是先利用题目所给的坐标求出其平面坐标方位角,然后计算子午线收敛角和方向改化。得出大地方位角,然后将实测距离归算至椭球面上,最后归算至高斯平面,具体流程图如下。斜距D12斜距D12,大地方位角A12X1和Y1、X2和Y2实测斜距D12归算至大地线长度实测斜距D12归算至大地线长度S12大地线大地线S12化算至高斯平面边长S〔3大地主题正反算大地主题解算：知道某些大地元素推求另一些大地元素的过程。正解是指：已知某点P1的大地坐标〔L2,B2,且知该点到另一点P2<L2,B2>的大地线长及其大地方位角A12,计算P2点的大地坐标〔L2,B2和大地线在P2点的反方位角A21.的过程。反解是指：已知P1和P2的大地坐标〔L1,B1和P2〔L2,B2计算P1至P2的大地线长,正反方位角A12、A21的过程。大地主题解算的基本思想：运用高斯平均引数的方法,。正算基本思想：⑴在大地线中点M展开,收敛快,精度高；⑵中点M不好求,以两端点平均纬度及平均方位角相对应的点m来代替；⑶借助迭代法实现。反算基本思想各个程序主要图框与结果〔1高斯投影正反算高斯投影正反算〔采用第一组三号数据为解算数据已知数据X=4574846.0098Y=437239.8566反算B=41°18′19.575651″L=125°14′2.163595″正算4574846.0105437239.8566距离归化实测斜距化算至高斯投影平面边长〔采用克拉索夫斯基椭球：S=578.868606;大地主题正反算大地主题解算〔采用3班第1组第3序号数据正算反算已知数据计算结果已知数据计算结果B1=41.03356874B2=41.58569529B1=41.03356874S=83999.9995L1=130.10122676L2=130.12086865L1=130.10122676A12=1.494227A12=1.4943A21=181.5103B2=41.58569529A21=181.505957S12=84000L2=130.12086865..附录5高斯投影主要代码：voidCMyDlg::OnButton1<>{doubleBhudu,L,L0,l,N,a0,a4,a5,a6,a3,x,y;UpdateData<>;Bhudu=<m_du2*3600+m_fen2*60+m_miao2>*2*PI/360/3600;//化弧度L=m_du1*3600+m_fen1*60+m_miao1;//化秒L0=126*3600;l=<L-L0>*2*PI/360/3600;//化弧度N=6399698.902-<21562.267-<108.973-0.612*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>>*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>>*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>;a0=32140.404-<135.3302-<0.7092-0.0040*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>>*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>>*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>;a4=<0.25+0.00252*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>>*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>-0.04166;a6=<0.166*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>-0.084>*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>;a3=<0.3333333+0.001123*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>>*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>-0.1666667;a5=0.0083-<0.1667-<0.1968+0.0040*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>>*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>>*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>;m_x1=6367558.4969*Bhudu-<a0-<0.5+<a4+a6*l*l>*l*l>*l*l*N>*sin<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>;m_y1=<1+<a3+a5*l*l>*l*l>*l*N*cos<Bhudu>+500000;UpdateData<FALSE>; }voidCMyDlg::OnButton2<>{doublex,y,Bf,Be,l,L,Z,Nf,b2,b3,b4,b5,p,B;intB1,B2,L1,L2;UpdateData<>;x=m_x2,y=m_y2-500000;p=60*60*360/<PI>/2;Be=x/6367558.4969;Bf=Be+<50221746+<293622+<2350+22*cos<Be>*cos<Be>>*cos<Be>*cos<Be>>*cos<Be>*cos<Be>>*1e-10*sin<Be>*cos<Be>;Nf=6399698.902-<21562.267-<108.973-0.612*cos<Bf>*cos<Bf>>*cos<Bf>*cos<Bf>>*cos<Bf>*cos<Bf>;Z=y/<Nf*cos<Bf>>;b2=<0.5+0.003369*cos<Bf>*cos<Bf>>*sin<Bf>*cos<Bf>;b3=0.333333-<0.166667-0.001123*cos<Bf>*cos<Bf>>*cos<Bf>*cos<Bf>;b4=0.25+<0.16161+0.00562*cos<Bf>*cos<Bf>>*cos<Bf>*cos<Bf>;*cos<Bf>*cos<Bf>>*cos<Bf>*cos<Bf>;B=<Bf-<1.0-<b4-0.12*Z*Z>*Z*Z>*Z*Z*b2>/2/<PI>*360;//度数l=<1-<b3-b5*Z*Z>*Z*Z>*Z/2/<PI>*360;L=126+l;//度数m_du3=<int>L;m_fen3=<int><<L-<int>L>*60>;m_miao3=L*3600-m_du3*3600-m_fen3*60;m_du4=<int>B;m_fen4=<int><<B-<int>B>*60>;m_miao4=B*3600-m_du4*3600-m_fen4*60;UpdateData<FALSE>;}距离改化主要代码voidCMyDlg::OnButton1<>{doubleeep=0.006738525414683;//第二偏心率的平方doubleee=0.006693421622966;doublea=6378245.0000000000;doublet1,n1,ym,t2,n2,q12,q21,M1,N1,M2,N2,R1,R2,x1,y1,x2,y2,B1,B2,Rm,h1,h2,D;doubleBf,tf,Nf,r12,nf,Bhudu,a12,A12;//a12为坐标方位角,r12为子午线收敛角,q12为方向改化,A12为大地方位角UpdateData<>;h1=m_h1,h2=m_h2;D=m_D;x1=m_x1,y1=m_y1-500000,x2=m_x2,y2=m_y2-500000; B1=<m_B1du+m_B1fen/60+m_B1miao/3600>*PI/180;B2=<m_B2du+m_B2fen/60+m_B2miao/3600>*PI/180;ym=0.5*<y1+y2>;t1=tan<B1>;n1=sqrt<eep*cos<B1>*cos<B1>>;t2=tan<B2>;n2=sqrt<eep*cos<B2>*cos<B2>>;M1=a*<1-ee>/sqrt<<1-ee*sin<B1>*sin<B1>>*<1-ee*sin<B1>*sin<B1>>*<1-ee*sin<B1>*sin<B1>>>;N1=a/sqrt<1-ee*sin<B1>*sin<B1>>;M2=a*<1-ee>/sqrt<<1-ee*sin<B2>*sin<B2>>*<1-ee*sin<B2>*sin<B2>>*<1-ee*sin<B2>*sin<B2>>>;N2=a/sqrt<1-ee*sin<B2>*sin<B2>>;R1=sqrt<M1*N1>;R2=sqrt<N2*M2>;do{Rm=R1;q12=-<x2-x1>*<2*y1+y2-ym*ym*ym/<R1*R1>>/<6*R1*R1>-n1*n1*t1*<y2-y1>*ym*ym/<R1*R1*R1>;q21=<x2-x1>*<2*y2+y1-ym*ym*ym/<R2*R2>>/<6*R2*R2>+n2*n2*t2*<y2-y1>*ym*ym/<R2*R2*R2>;a12=atan<<y2-y1>/<x2-x1>>;Bhudu=x1/6367588.4969;Bf=Bhudu+<50221746+<293622+<2350+22*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>>*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>>*cos<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>>*1.0e-10*sin<Bhudu>*cos<Bhudu>;tf=tan<Bf>;nf=sqrt<eep*cos<Bf>*cos<Bf>>;Nf=a/sqrt<1-ee*sin<Bf>*sin<Bf>>;r12=y1*tf/Nf-y1*y1*y1*tf*<1+tf*tf-nf*nf>/<3*Nf*Nf*Nf>+y1*y1*y1*y1*y1*tf*<2+5*tf*tf+3*tf*tf*tf*tf>/<15*Nf*Nf*Nf*Nf*Nf>;A12=a12+r12-q12;R1=M1*N1/<N1*cos<A12>*cos<A12>+M1*sin<A12>*sin<A12>>;}while<fabs<Rm-R1>>=1.0e-10>;A12=A12*180/PI;//化度r12=r12*180/PI;a12=a12*180/PI;m_A12du=<int>A12;m_A12fen=<int><<A12-<int>A12>*60>;m_A12miao=A12*3600-m_A12du*3600-m_A12fen*60;UpdateData<FALSE>;}voidCMyDlg::OnButton2<>{doubleB1,B2;doubleeep=0.006738525414683;//第二偏心率的平方doubleee=0.006693421622966;doublea=6378245.0000000000;doubleP=180*3600/PI;doubleN1,A1,RA,S,D,H1,H2,h1,h2,D12,Bm,ym,Mm,Nm,Rm,x1,x2,y2,y1,f1,f2,f;//h1h2为正常高,D12高斯平面边长,Bm为平均纬度,Rm平均曲率半径 UpdateData<>; h1=m_h1,h2=m_h2;x1=m_x1,y1=m_y1-500000,x2=m_x2,y2=m_y2-500000; B1=<m_B1du+m_B1fen/60+m_B1miao/3600>*PI/180;B2=<m_B2du+m_B2fen/60+m_B2miao/3600>*PI/180;D=m_D;//实测长度ym=0.5*<y1+y2>;A1=<m_A12du+m_A12fen/60+m_A12miao/3600>*PI/180;N1=a/sqrt<1-ee*sin<B1>*sin<B1>>;RA=N1/<1+eep*cos<B1>*cos<B1>*cos<A1>*cos<A1>>;H1=m_h1+m_h0;H2=m_h2+m_h0;f=1-<H2-H1>/D*<H2-H1>/D;f1=1+H1/RA;f2=1+H2/RA;S=D*sqrt<f/<f1*f2>>+D*D*D/<24*RA*RA>;Bm=0.5*<B1+B2>;Mm=a*<1-ee>/sqrt<<1-ee*sin<Bm>*sin<Bm>>*<1-ee*sin<Bm>*sin<Bm>>*<1-ee*sin<Bm>*sin<Bm>>>;Nm=a/sqrt<1-ee*sin<Bm>*sin<Bm>>;Rm=sqrt<Mm*Nm>;D12=<1+ym*ym/<2*Rm*Rm>+<y2-y1>*<y2-y1>/<24*Rm*Rm>+ym*ym*ym*ym/<24*Rm*Rm*Rm*Rm>>*S;m_S=S;m_D12=D12;UpdateData<FALSE>;}大地主题正反算主要代码：voidCMyDlg::OnButton1<>{ //TODO:Addyourcontrolnotificationhandlercodeheredoubleee=0.006693421622966;//第一偏心率的平方doubleeep=0.006738525414683;//第二偏心率的平方doublea=6378245.0000000000;288;doubleP=180*3600/PI;doubleB1,L1,A12,S12,M1,N1,t,n,dertB0,dertL0,dertA0,Bm,Lm,Am,dertB,dertL,dertA,Mm,Nm,tm,nm,B2,L2,A21,Vm,f1,f2,f3,f4;UpdateData<>;B1=<m_B1du+m_B1fen/60+m_B1miao/3600>*PI/180;//化弧度L1=<m_L1du+m_L1fen/60+m_L1miao/3600>*PI/180;A12=<m_A12du+m_A12fen/60+m_A12miao/3600>*PI/180;S12=m_S12;f1=1-ee*sin<B1>*sin<B1>;M1=a*<1-ee>/sqrt<f1*f1*f1>;N1=a/sqrt<1-ee*sin<B1>*sin<B1>>;t=tan<B1>;n=sqrt<eep*cos<B1>*cos<B1>>;dertB0=S12*cos<A12>/M1;dertL0=S12*sin<A12>/<N1*cos<B1>>;dertA0=dertL0*sin<B1>;//单位弧度Bm=B1+0.5*dertB0;Lm=L1+0.5*dertL0;Am=A12+0.5*dertA0;f2=1-ee*sin<Bm>*sin<Bm>;Mm=a*<1-ee>/sqrt<f2*f2*f2>;Nm=a/sqrt<1-ee*sin<Bm>*sin<Bm>>;tm=tan<Bm>;Vm=sqrt<1+eep*cos<Bm>*cos<Bm>>;nm=sqrt<eep*cos<Bm>*cos<Bm>>;f4=3*cos<Am>*cos<Am>*nm*nm*<tm*tm-1-nm*nm-4*nm*nm*tm*tm>;f3=1+S12*S12/<24*Nm*Nm>*<sin<Am>*sin<Am>*<2+3*tm*tm+2*nm*nm>+f4>;dertB=S12*cos<Am>/Mm*f3;f4=tm*tm*sin<Am>*sin<Am>-cos<Am>*cos<Am>*<1+nm*nm-9*nm*nm*tm*tm+nm*nm*nm*nm>;f3=1+S12*S12/<24*Nm*Nm>*f4;dertL=S12*sin<Am>/Nm/cos<Bm>*f3;f4=cos<Am>*cos<Am>*<2+7*nm*nm+9*nm*nm*tm*tm+5*nm*nm*nm*nm>+sin<Am>*sin<Am>*<2+tm*tm+2*nm*nm>;f3=1+S12*S12/<24*Nm*Nm>*f4;dertA=S12*sin<Am>*tm/Nm*f3;do{dertB0=dertB;dertL0=dertL;dertA0=dertA;f4=3*cos<Am>*cos<Am>*nm*nm*<tm*tm-1-nm*nm-4*nm*nm*tm*tm>;f3=1+S12*S12/<24*Nm*Nm>*<sin<Am>*sin<Am>*<2+3*tm*tm+2*nm*nm>+f4>;dertB=S12*cos<Am>/Mm*<f3>;f4=tm*tm*sin<Am>*sin<Am>-cos<Am>*cos<Am>*<1+nm*nm-9*nm*nm*tm*tm+nm*nm*nm*nm>;f3=1+S12*S12/<24*Nm*Nm>*f4;dertL=S12*sin<Am>/Nm/cos<Bm>*f3;f4=cos<Am>*cos<Am>*<2+7*nm*nm+9*nm*nm*tm*tm+5*nm*nm*nm*nm>+sin<Am>*sin<Am>*<2+tm*tm+2*nm*nm>;f3=1+S12*S12/<24*Nm*Nm>*f4;dertA=S12*sin<Am>*tm/Nm*f3;Bm=B1+0.5*dertB;Lm=L1+0.5*dertL;Am=A12+0.5*dertA;Mm=a*<1-ee>/sqrt<<1-ee*sin<Bm>*sin<Bm>>*<1-ee*sin<Bm>*sin<Bm>>*<1-ee*sin<Bm>*sin<Bm>>>;Nm=a/sqrt<1-ee*sin<Bm>*sin<Bm>>;tm=tan<Bm>;Vm=sqrt<1+eep*cos<Bm>*cos<Bm>>;nm=sqrt<eep*cos<Bm>*cos<Bm>>;}while<<<dertB-dertB0>>1.0e-10>||<<dertL-dertL0>>1.0e-10>||<<dertA-dertA0>>1.0e-10>>;B2=B1+dertB;B2=B2*180/PI;L2=L1+dertL;L2=L2*180/PI;A21=A12+dertA+PI;A21=A21*180/PI;m_B2du=<int>B2;m_B2fen=<int><<B2-<int>B2>*60>;m_B2miao=B2*3600-m_B2du*3600-m_B2fen*60;m_L2du=<int>L2;m_L2fen=<int><<L2-<int>L2>*60>;m_L2miao=L2*3600-m_L2du*3600-m_L2fen*60;m_A21du=<int>A21;m_A21fen=<int><<A21-<int>A21>*60>;m_A21miao=A21*3600-m_A21du*3600-m_A21fen*60;UpdateData<FALSE>;}voidCMyDlg::OnButton2<>{ //TODO:Addyourcontrolnotificationhandlercodeheredoubleee=0.006693421622966;//第一偏心率的平方doubleeep=0.006738525414683;//第二偏心率的平方doublea=6378245.0000000000;doubleP=180*3600/PI;doubleB1,L1,B2,L2,Bm,dertB,dertA,dertL,Mm,Nm,r01,r21,r03,s10,s12,s30,t01,t21,t03,Am,U,Vm,V,tm,nm,T,C,S,A1,A2,f1;UpdateData<>;B1=<m_b1du+m_b1fen/60+m_b1miao/3600>*PI/180;//化弧度L1=<m_l1du+m_l1fen/60+m_l1miao/3600>*PI/180;B2=<m_b2du+m_b2fen/60+m_b2miao/3600>*PI/180;//化弧度L2=<m_l2du+m_l2fen/60+m_l2miao/3600>*PI/180;Bm=0.5*<B1+B2>;dertB=B2-B1;dertL=L2-L1;f1=1-ee*sin<Bm>*sin<Bm>;Mm=a*<1-ee>/sqrt<f1*f1*f1>;Nm=a/sqrt<1-ee*sin<Bm>*sin<Bm>>;nm=sqrt<eep*cos<Bm>*cos<Bm>>;tm=tan<Bm>;Vm=sqrt<1+eep*cos<Bm>*cos<Bm>>;r01=Nm*cos<Bm>;r21=Nm*cos<Bm>/<24*Vm*Vm*Vm*Vm>*<1+nm*nm-9*nm*nm*tm*tm+nm*nm*nm*nm>;r03=-Nm*cos<Bm>*cos<Bm>*cos<Bm>*tm*tm/24;s10=Nm/<Vm*Vm>;s12=-Nm*cos<Bm>*cos<Bm>*<2+3*tm*tm+2*nm*nm>/<24*Vm*Vm>;s30=Nm*<nm*nm-tm*tm*nm*nm>/<8*Vm*Vm*Vm*Vm*Vm*Vm>;t01=tm*cos<Bm>;t21=cos<Bm>*tm*<2+7*nm*n