名词及主谓一致用法和练习

第二讲.名词和主谓一致主语与谓语在人称、数上取得一致的情况：1.主语为单数第三人称时，谓语要变单数,即加“S”如：reads，sits注意特例：（1）-s,-ss,-o,-x,-sh,-ch结尾的词要加—es如：misses,kisses,does,fixes,brushes,astonishes,scratches（2）元音字母+y结尾+s；辅音字母+y结尾，要变成辅音字母+ies；如：says,sprays,delays,flies,studies,（3）—fe,—f结尾的词尾要变成—ves如：strife（争吵），stuff（填塞），puff（喘气），名词的变化（1名词的数1）可数名词的复数形式类别多数情况规则少数情况不规则多数可数名词加-s,如：egg—eggsbike—bikesfilm—filmstest—testschild—childrenox—oxen；foot-feet；tooth-teeth；mouse—mice；louse—lice；crisis—crises；basis—bases；emphasis----emphases,thesis---theses,analysis—alyses；medium—media；datum—data；phenomenon—phenomena；bacterium—bacteria,criterion—criteria以s,x,ch,sh结尾的可数名词加一es,如：glass-glassesfox-foxes；church—churches；词尾ch发［k］音时，加-s构成复数名词，如：stomachs

watch-watchesbush-bushes以“辅音字母+y”结尾的可数名词变“y”为“i”再加“一es”如：baby—babiesability—abilities以“元音字母+Y”结尾的可数名词加一s,如：monkey—monkeysKey—keys；boy—boys以“o”结尾的可数名词力加—es,如：hero—heroesPotato—potatoestomato—tomatoes1.力口一s,如：auto,photo,memo,kilo,shampoo,radio,zoo,piano….2.加一s或一es,如：buffalo—buffalo(e)svolcano—volcano(e)scargo—cargo(e)s以“f”或“fe”结尾的可数名词变“f”或“fe”为“v”再加“es”，如：life—lives；leaf—leaves加一s,如：serf,chief,gulf,roof,cuff,cliff,proof,safe,belief,relief,cuff.・.加-s或变“f”或“fe”为“v”加“es”皆可，如：scarf—scarfs(scarves)handkerchief—handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)2）既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词的名词有些名词属兼类名词，作可数名词时表示具体事物，作不可数名词时表抽象概念。Tomrentedasingleroomtoprepareforthecomingexam.（room为可数名词）汤姆租了一个单人间准备即将到来的考试。Youressayiswell-writtenasawhole,yetthereisstillsomeroomforimprovement.（room为不可数名词）虽然你的文章写得不错，但还有需要改进的余地。这样的名词有：experience（可数为“经历”，不可数为“经验”）；beauty（可数为“美人”，不可数为“美”）；office（可数为“办公室”，不可数为“公职”）；success（可数为“成功的人/物”，不可数为“成功”）；judgment（可数为“判决”，不可数为“判断”）；security（可数为“证券”，不可数为“安全”）等。3）复合名词复数形式的特殊情况一般说来，以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式，如：homework,sunlight;以可数名词结尾的复合名词只将其中的主体名词变为相应的复数，如：bedrooms,bookshelves,housewives,fathers-in-law。此外，我们还需留意复合名词复数形式的如下特殊情况：类别复数形式基数词+名词（+形容词）其中名词一律用单数，如：aten-year-oldgirl;a200—mile—longroad；afive-foot-highboy以man,woman,gentleman等为修饰词的复合名词其中所有名词都用复数，如：menservants;womenreporters;gentlemendrivers。但是，要说girl(boy)students，以及Germans,humans,Romans,Normans少数复合名词：可数名词+介词（短语）动词/ed分词+副词动词-ing形式+副词名词后^口-s，如comrades-in-arms;passers-by词尾加-s，如：take-offs;go-betweens动词-ing形式后加-s，如：comings-in2.Every/Each+(单数名词或单数代词+单数名词或单数代词)+单数谓语Everymanandwomaninthissocietyneedscare.Eachboyandeachgirlhereworkshard.No+（单数名词或单数代词+单数名词或单数代词）+单数谓语Noteacherorstudentinthisschoolisallowedtodisobeytherules.Noteacherandnostudentinthisschoolisallowedtodisobeytherules.集合名词作主语的三种情况a）有些集合名词作主语，谓语只能用单数形式furniture,equipment,jewellery,scenery,clothing,bedding—（2）有些集合名词作主语，谓语只能用复数形式people,folk,police,cattle,militia,poultry,mankind—（3）有些集合名词作主语，看作整体谓语只能用单数形式，看作全体成员，谓语需用复数形式。team,club,family,class,audience,group,committee,government,cabinet,board,couple,army,jury,party,staff,faculty,personnel,union,public,...Thegovernmenthasmadeadecisiontoeliminatedrug-abusing.Thegovernmentarearguingaboutthepassingofanewlaw.Thefamilyhaslivedherefor50years.Thefamilyaregoingabroadforaholiday.由bothand连接的两个名词或代词，谓语用复数，但是，由eitheror,neithernor,or,notonlybutalso连接的两个名词或代词，或在Therebe,Herebe的倒装句型中，谓语的单复数取决于临近主语。Eitheryouorsheisneededtohelppainttheroom.HaveneitheryounorhebeentoTibet?Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherisgoingtoseethisnewfilm.Thereisaschoolandsomesupermarketsnearby.两个名词或代词由一些词（组）相连接，如aswellas,together/alongwith,carrying,supportedby,accompaniedby,besides,apartfrom,inadditionto,but,except,（un）like,nolessthan,otherthan等，谓语需与第一个名/代词取得一致。Jane,unlikehersisters,doesn’tlikedancing.Theteacher,inadditiontothestudents,hasseenthisfilm.Tom,nolessthanTim,isapromisingstudent.Anoldwoman,supportedbytwoyoungpioneers,iscrossingthestreet.Theclub,otherthanthechairman,areinfavoroftheplan.表示部分数量的词(组)+of+名词+谓语结构中，谓语的单复数取决于名词：名词为不可数名词或可数名词的单数形式，谓语用单数；名词为可数名词的复数形式，谓语用复数。Alloftheworkisdone.Allofthestudentsarehere.Thewholeofthebirthdaycakehasbeeneaten.Thewholeofthemuffinshavebeeneaten.Noneofthecoffeeisleft.Noneofthetelephoneswork/works.Noneofthesegraduatesare/isfromparents9families.Noneofthemarequalifiedworkers.What引导的名词性从句作主语时，谓语一般用单数，但若表语中出现复数名词，则谓语要用复数，以与表语取得一致。Whathesaidisright.Whattheteachersaysanddoeshaseffectonhisstudents.Whattheteachersaysanddoesdon’tagree(witheachother).Whatheboughtweretwoballs.Whattheyneedbadlyarecreativewriters.WhatIhavesaidanddonehavenothingtodowithyou.Whatisrealtohimarethedetailsofhislife.其他名词性从句作主语，用单数谓语Whetherhewillpassthetestisstillunknown.Howhesucceededremainsasecret.WhoaregoingtovisitMr.Smithisundecided.单个动词不定式或动名词作主语，谓语用单数。Toseeistobelieve/Seeingisbelieving.Toplaninadvanceisagoodthing.Forhimtofinishthetaskinhalfanhourisachallenge.Playingwithfireisadangerousthing.Heroftencominglateannoyedthedirector.两个动词不定式或动名词作主语，若指两类事物，谓语用复数；但若指某一事物的两个方面，则谓语应用单数。TolisteningtomusicandtowatchTVaremyfavoritethings.Earlytobedandearlytoriseisbeneficialtohealth.Readingnovelsandsolvingproblemsaretwodifferentthings.Weepingandcryingdoesnothingtowardssettlingtheproblem.anumber/varietyof+复数名词+复数谓语thenumber/varietyof+复数名词+单数谓语Anumberofthestudentsherearefromkeyschools.Thenumberofthestudentsattendingeveningschoolsisontherise.Avarietyofnewgoodsareondisplay.Thevarietyofgoodsonsaleinthatstoreissurprising.用and连接的两个单数名词在意义上指同一个人或事物时，用单数谓语。Ascientistandpoetisgoingtogiveusalecturetomorrow.Myneighborandcolleagueiswateringtheflowers.Thepartnerandmanagerhaswarnedusnottobelazy.Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.Whiskyandsodaisalwayshisfavoritedrink.此外，aknifeandfolk,acollarandtie,aneedleandthread,acupandsaucer,acartandhorse,....也通常被看作整体，谓语用单数。Aneedleandthreadisneededtomendthecoat.Anadditionalknifeandforkwasboughtforthedinner.the+一类形容词/分词用来表示类比，谓语用复数Therich/poor/young/old/aged/injured/wounded/unknown/elderly/sick/ignorant/seeing/blind/living/dead/disabled/…+复数谓语Aftertheearthquakes,theburiedwererescuedandthelostwerefound.Manya+单数名词+单数谓语Morethanone+单数名词+单数谓语Manyapolicemanhasdevotedhislifetotheorderofoursociety.Morethanonestudentherewasinjuredintheaccidentyesterday.Thereismorethanoneanswertothisquestion.Oneandahalf+复数名词+单数谓语Look!Oneandahalfbananasisonthefloor.oneof+复数名词+定语从句中的复数谓语（表共性）the（only）oneof+复数名词+定语从句中的单数谓语（表个性）Tomisoneofthetenboysherewholikefootball.（表共性）Tomisthe（only）oneofthetenboysherewhodislikestennis.（表共性）定语从句中谓语的单复数取决于其先行词He,whoislazyinstudy,won’tsucceedeasily.I,whoamyourfriend,willhelpyouwhenyouareintrouble.以一ics结尾的名词作主语，指学科，用单数谓语；若转义指具体活动，则用复数谓语Mathematics数学，（单数谓语）计算能力，（复数谓语）Politics政治学，（单数谓语）政治手腕，（复数谓语）Economics经济学，（单数谓语）经济形势，（复数谓语）Statistics统计学，（单数谓语）统计数字，（复数谓语）由两个一半组成的物体，应用pair来计数，若无pair，则用复数谓语trousers,pants,jeans,shorts,shoes,sleepers,boots,gloves,glasses,scales,tongs,scissors,socks,stockings,…Thispairoftrousersisexpensive.Heretrousersarenewtoday.Anotherpairofsunglasseswasshownher/tothecustomer.单复同形的名词作主语，其谓语的单复数要根据这些名词在句中的意思而定始终用复数形式的词：means,series,species,bellows,headquarters,.…始终用单数形式的词：sheep,aircraft,deer,shark,fish（同种鱼）…Thismeansisreallyeffective.（一种手段）Hismeanshavebeenusedup.（多种手段）Hermeansaresmall.（经济能力，财富）therest,thefollowing,…其谓语的单复数要根据这些词在句中的意思而定Athirdoftheworkwasdoneyesterday,andtherestistobefinishedtomorrow.Athirdofthestudentswereinvitedtothepartyyesterday,andtherestweretoldtoreviewtheirlessonsatschool.Thefollowingismyanswer.Thefollowingaremysuggestions.主谓一致语法练习题Tenpercentoftheworkersinthiscitynowonstrike.A.isB.are*C.istobeD.aretobeThegrowthofpart-timeandflexiblepattern,andoftrainingandretainingschemesmorewomentotakeadvantageofemploymentopportunities.A.allowB.allows*C.allowingD.haveallowedThesestatisticsmanageableunitsformeasuringdistanceswithinthesolarsystem.A.are*B.isC.haveD.istobeMathematicsaswellasphysicsalwaysmealotofheadaches.A.hascausedB.arecausingC.causeD.causes*NotonlyyouandIbutPeter,thetopstudentinourgrade,notabletosolvetheproblem.A.areB.wereC.is*D.amPlentyoffruits,eggs,andvegetablesneededforhealth.A.are*B.isC.isbeingD.haveNeitherJanenorherbrothersaconsentformfortomorrow'sfieldtrip.A.need*B.needsC.isneedingD.hasneedWhatthemansaidundertheoathbyseveralotherwitnesses.A.wasquestioned*B.werequestionedC.questionedD.bequestionedThegovernmenthopingtomaketheirfindingsknownsoon.A.isB.hasbeenC.are*D.beTodaythereanumberoftelephonecallsfromtheapplicantsfortheposition.A.havebeen*B.ishavingC.hasbeenD.aretohaveTolistentofinemusicandtohavestimulatingconversationwithgoodfriendstwopleasuresinlife.A.isB.are*C.wasD.hasbeenOfparticularinteresttovisitorsthelargenumberofbookstoresthatsellbooksindifferentlanguages.A.havebeenB.areC.is*D.wereManyspeciesofanimalswhichoncelivedontheearthnolongerinexistence.A.isB.are*C.wasD.wereHowcloseparentsaretotheirchildrenastronginfluenceonthecharacterofthechildren.A.haveB.has*C.havingD.tohaveNotonlythewholenation,butthewholeEurope,indeedthewholehumansociety,toalteritsattitudetoracialproblems.A.needB.needs*C.hasneedD.haveaneedAllthedataonceandagain,stilltherearealotofmistakes.A.hasbeencheckedB.havebeenchecked*C.hasbeencheckedD.ischeckedItisnotthetoolsascientistusesbuthowheusesthetoolsthatA.makehimascientistB.makeshimtobeascientistC.makehimtobescientistD.makeshimascientist*Theplaywriteranddirectorpromisedtoattendourtea-party.A.haveB.has*C.areD.isThepremierandtheForeignMinisterpresentatthestatebanquetlastnight.A.areB.wasC.were*D.hadaTobalancethebudgetandtoprovidejobstwogoalsoftheelectedofficial.A.isgoingtoB.isC.becomesD.are*Everymeanstriedbutwithoutmuchresult.A.hasbeen*B.havebeenC.areD.isNobodybutSmithandJohninthelabyesterday.A.areB.hadbeenC.wereD.was*Halfoftheaudienceforeigners.A.wasB.were*C.hadbeenD.hasbeenHardworkandmainlivingcharacteristicsoftheworkingpeople.A.isB.hasbeenC.wereD.are*Intheroomabigtableandagreatmanychairs.A.dotheyfindB.isfoundC.arefound*D.havefoundAnotherthreeweeksnecessaryforustofinishthework.A.areB.wasC.is*D.willhavebeenHeistheonlyoneofthebrighteststudentswhofromNewYorkUniversity.A.isgraduatedB.havegraduatedC.hasgraduated*D.aregraduatedHereisamessageofimportancetoeverymanandwomanwhoA.votes*B.voteC.havevotedD.isvotedNeitheroftheyoungmenwhohadappliedforpositionintheuniversity.A.hasbeenacceptedB.havebeenacceptedC.wasaccepted*D.wereacceptedThatmenhavelearnedmuchfromthebehaviorofanimalshardlynew.A.is*B.isn'tC.beingD.willbeWhattheyhavedoneusefultothepeople.A.areconsideredB.isconsidered*C.havebeenconsideredD.willbeconsideredEverypolicemanandfiremanonthealert.A.havebeenB.was*C.areD.wereThereneverbeenhardfeelingsbetweenthefamilieslivingonthisblock.A.hasB.have*C.isD.wereThelinebackerandcaptainoftheteammostvaluableplayer.A.havebeenselectedB.hasbeenselected*C.haveselectedD.hasselectedThenationwantspeace;onlyaminoritythewartocontinue.A.want*B.wantsC.wantedD.haswanted36.Itwasyou,notI,whoA.wereB.are*toomuchdependentonmedicineandneverdidexercise.C.wasD.am37.Whetherornotthenewplanwillyieldanypositiveresults__tobeseen.A.remainB.isremainedC.remains*D.haveremained38.Withtherisingofpeople'sstandardofliving,cosmeticsespeciallyamongwomen.A.hasbecomeB.becomesafavoritetopic,C.becomeD.havebecome*39.eitherheorhisaccountantsgoingtoclaimfortheloss?A.AreB.WereC.Is*D.Does40.ThereA.arenotonlytheearthbutalsoeightotherplanetsinthesolarsystem.B.wereC.isD.was41.ThereA.isoneortwothingsthatIhavetomention.B.areC.hasD.have42.Heisoneofthosespeakerswhoideasperfectlyclear.A.makehisB.makesherC.maketheir*D.makeone's43.Tenminutes44.anhourwhenoneiswaitingforaphonecall.B.isseemingC.seemD.Thefirstpartofthelecturewasinterestingbuttherest.A.wasdull*B.weredullC.hadbeendullA.seemedseems*D.weretodull45.Thecommittee46.A.hasbeenarguingC.havebeenarguing*EitheryourteacheroryouA.are*B.isamongthemselvesforfourhours.B.hasbeenarguedD.havebeenarguedmistaken.C.hasD.be47.NotonlyIbutalsoTomandMaryA.amB.isfondofwatchingtelevision.C.are*D.be48.ItissaidthatintheUnitedStates,over30A.billiondollarsisspentonadvertisementeachyear.B.billiondollarsare*49.50.51.52.53.54.C.billiondollarisD.billionsofdollarsareEachoneofuswhonowlivinginthiscityisdestinedtowitnesstheremarkableOlympicGames.A.isB.wereC.hasbeenD.are*Whatusedaschiefbuildingmaterialstodaysteelandconcrete