英语四级英语阅读题库

英语四级英语阅读题库英语四级英语阅读题库英语四级英语阅读题库xxx公司英语四级英语阅读题库文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度EndangeredPeoplesA)Today,itisnotdistance,butculturethatseparatesthepeoplesoftheworld.Thecentralquestionofourtimemaybehowtodealwithculturaldifferences.Sobeginsthebook,EndangeredPeoples,byArtDavidson.Itisanattempttoprovideunderstandingoftheissuesaffectingtheworld'snativepeoples.Thisbooktellsthestoriesof21tribes,cultures,andculturalareasthatarestrugglingtosurvive.Ittellseachstorythroughthevoiceofamemberofthetribe.Mr.Davidsonrecordedtheirwords.ArtWolfeandJohnIsaactookpicturesofthem.TheorganizationcalledtheSierraClubpublishedthebook.B)ThenativegroupslivefarapartinNorthAmericaorSouthAmerica,AfricaorAsia.Yettheirsituationsaresimilar.Theyarefightingthemarchofprogressinanefforttokeepthemselvesandtheirculturesalive.Someofthemfollowancientwaysmostofthetime.Somefollowmodernwaysmostofthetime.Theyhaveonefootinancientworldandonefootinmodernworld.Theyhopetocontinuetobalancebetweenthesetwoworlds.Yetthepressurestoforgettheirtraditionsandjointhemodernworldmaybetoogreat.C)RigobertaMenchuofGuatemala,theNobelPeacePrizewinnerin1992,offersherthoughtsinthebeginningofthebookEndangeredPeoples.Shenotesthatmanypeopleclaimthatnativepeoplearelikestoriesfromthepast.Theyareruinsthathavedied.Shedisagreesstrongly.Shesaysnativecommunitiesarenotremainsofthepast.Theyhaveafuture,andtheyhavemuchwisdomandrichnesstooffertherestoftheworld.D)ArtDavidsontraveledthousandsofmilesaroundtheworldwhileworkingonthebook.Hetalkedtomanypeopletogathertheirthoughtsandfeelings.Mr.Davidsonnotesthattheirdesiresarethesame.Peoplewanttoremainthemselves~hesays.Theywanttoraisetheirchildrenthewaytheywereraised.Theywanttheirchildrentospeaktheirmothertongue,theirownlanguage.Theywantthemtohavetheirparents'valuesandcustoms.Mr.Davidsonsaysthepeople'scriesarethesame:"DoesourculturehavetodieDowehavetodisappearasapeople"

E)ArtDavidsonlivedformorethan25yearsamongnativepeopleintheAmericanstateofAlaska.Hesayshisinterestinnativepeoplesbeganhisboyhoodwhenhefoundanancientstonearrowhead.Thearrowheadwasusedasaweapontohuntfood.ThehunterwasanAmericanIndian,longdead.Mr.DavidsonrealizedthenthatIndianshadlivedinthestateofColorado,rightwherehewasstanding.Anditwasthen,hesays,thathefirstwondered:"WherearetheyWheredidtheygo"Hefoundanswerstohisearlyquestion.Manyofthenativepeopleshaddisappeared.Theywereforcedofftheirlands.Ortheywerekilledinbattle.Ortheydiedfromdiseasesbroughtbynewsettlers.Othernativepeoplesremained,buttheyhadtofighttosurvivethepressuresofthemodernworld.F)TheGwich'inisanexampleofthesurvivors.TheyhavelivedinwhatisnowAlaskaandCanadafor10,000years.Nowabout5,000Gwich'inremain.Theyaremainlyhunters.Theyhuntthecaribou,alargedeerwithbighornsthattravelsacrossthehugespacesofthefarnorth.Forcenturies,theyhaveusedallpartsofthecaribou:themeatforfood,theskinsforclothes,thebonesfortools.HuntingcaribouisthewayoflifeoftheGwich'in.G)OneGwich'intoldArtDavidsonofmemoriesfromhischildhood.Itwasatimewhenthetribelivedquietlyinitsowncorneroftheworld.HespoketoMr.Davidsoninthesewords:"AslongasIcanremember,someonewouldsitbyafireonthehilltopeveryspringandautumn.Hisjobwastolookforcaribou.Ifhesawacaribou,hewouldwavehisarmsorhewouldmakehisfiretogiveoffmoresmoke.Thenthevillagewouldcometolife!Peopleranuptothehilltop.Thetribesseemedtobeatitsbestatthesegatherings.Wewereallfilledwithhappinessandsharing!"H)Abouttenyearsago,themodernworldinvadedthequietworldoftheGwich'in.OilcompanieswantedtodrillforoilintheArcticNationalWildlifePreserve.Thisareawastheplacewherethecaribougavebirthtotheiryoung.TheGwich'infearedthecaribouwoulddisappear.OneGwich'inwomandescribesthesituationinthesewords:"Oildevelopmentthreatensthecaribou.Ifthecaribouarethreatened,thenthepeoplearethreatened.OilcompanyofficialandAmericanlawmakersdonotseemtounderstand.Theydonotcomeintoourhomesandshareourfood.Theyhavenevertriedtounderstandthefeelingexpressedinoursongsandourprayers.Theyhavenotseentheoldpeoplecry.Oureldershaveseenpartsofourculturedestroyed.Theyworrythatourpeoplemaydisappearforever."I)AscientistwithaBritishoilcompanydismisses(驳回，打消)thefearsoftheGwich'in.Healsosaystheyhavenochoice.Theywillhavetochange.TheGwich'in,however,isresisting.Theytooklegalactiontostoptheoilcompanies.ButtheywononlyatemporarybanonoildevelopmentintheArcticNationalWildlifePreserve.Pressurescontinueonothernativepeople,asArtDavidsondescribesinhisbook.Thepressurescomefromexpandingpopulations,damprojectsthatfloodtriballands,andpoliticalandeconomicconflictsthreatentheculture,lands,andlivesofsuchgroupsastheQuechuaofPeru,theMalagasyofMadagascarandtheAinuofJapan.J)TheorganizationcalledCulturalSurvivalhasbeeninexistencefor22years.Ittriestoprotecttherightsandculturesofpeoplesthroughouttheworld.Ithasabout12,000members.Anditreceiveshelpfromalargenumberofstudentswhoworkwithoutpay.TheodoreMacDonaldisdirectoroftheCulturalSurvivalK)Latelastyear,CulturalSurvivalpublishedabookcalledStateofthePeoples:aGlobalHumanRightsReportonSocietiesinDanger.ThebookcontainsreportsfromresearcherswhoworkforCulturalSurvival,fromexpertsonnativepeoples,andfromnativepeoplesthemselves.Thebookdescribestheconditionsofdifferentnativeandminoritygroups.Itincludeslongerreportsaboutseveralthreatenedsocieties,includingthePenanofMalaysiaandtheAnishinabeofNorthAmerican.AnditprovidesthenamesoforganizationssimilartoCulturalSurvivalforactivists,researchersandthepress.L)DavidMaybury-LewisstartedtheCulturalSurvivalorganization.Mr.Maybury-Lewisbelievespowerfulgroupsrobnativepeoplesoftheirlives,lands,orresources.About6,000groupsareleftintheworld.Anativegroupisonethathasitsownlangue.Ithasalong-termlinktoahomeland.Andithasgoverneditself.TheodoreMacDonaldsaysCulturalSurvivalworkstoprotecttherightsofgroups,notjustindividualpeople.Hesaystheorganizationwouldliketodevelopasystemofearlywarningswhentheserightsarethreatened.Mr.MacDonaldnotesthatconflictsbetweendifferentgroupswithinacountryhavebeengoingonforeverandwillcontinue.Suchconflicts,hesays,cannotbeprevented.Buttheydonothavetobecomeviolent.WhatCulturalSurvivalwantsistohelpsetupmethodsthatleadtopeacefulnegotiationsoftraditionaldifferences.Thesemethods,hesays,arealotlesscostlythanwar.根据以上内容，回答46-56题。46.RigobertaMenchu,theNobelPeacePrizewinnerin1992,writesprefaceforthebookEndangeredPeoples.47、ThebookEndangeredPeoplescontentsnotonlywords,butalsopictures.48、ArtDavidson'sinitialinterestinnativepeoplewasarousedbyanancientstonearrowheadhefoundinhischildhood,whichwasonceusedbyanAmericanIndianhunter.49、Thenativegroupsaretryingveryhardtobalancebetweentheancientworldandthemodernworld.50、Bytalkingwiththem,ArtDavidsonfindsthatthenativepeoplethroughouttheworlddesiretoremainthemselves.51、MostoftheGwich'inarehunters,wholiveonhuntingcaribou.52、CulturalSurvivalisanorganizationwhichaimsatprotectingtherightsandculturesofpeoplesthroughouttheworld.53、AccordingtoTheodoreMacDonald,theCulturalSurvivalorganization.wouldliketodevelopasystemofearlywarningswhenasociety'srightsaretobeviolated.54、ThebookStateofthePeoples:aGlobalHumanRightsReportonSocietiesinDangerdescribestheconditionsofdifferentnativeandminoritygroups.55、TheGwich'intriedtostopoilcompaniesfromdrillingforoilintheArcticNationalWildlifePreserveforfearthatitshoulddrivethecaribouaway.46-55CAEBDFJLKHPsychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetooldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsand,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Someotherresearcherswhostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthoserewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmallmonetaryrewardssparksingrade-schoolchildrensuggestingthatproperlypresentedinducementsindeedaidinventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalPersonalityandSocialPsychology.“Iftheyknowthey'reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEsenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butit'seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Esenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefallinggrades.Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomics,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.1.Psychologistsaredividedwithregardtotheirattitudestoward____.A)thechoicebetweenspiritualencouragementandmonetaryrewardsB)theappropriateamountofexternalrewardsC)thestudyofrelationshipbetweenactionsandD)theeffectsofexternalrewardsonstudents'performance2.Whatistheviewheldbymanyeducatorsconcerningexternalrewardsforstudents?A)Theyapproveofexternalrewards.B)Theydon'tthinkexternalrewards.C)Theyhavedoubtsaboutexternalrewards.D)Theybelieveexternalrewardscanmotivatesmallchildren,butnotcollegestudents.3.Accordingtotheresultofthestudymentionedinthepassage,whatshouldeducatorsdotostimulatemotivationandcreativity?A)Giverewardsforperformanceswhichdeservethem.B)Alwayspromiserewards.C)Assigntaskswhicharenotverychallenging.D)Bemorelenienttostudentswhenmistakesaremade.4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmajoruniversitiesaretryingtotightentheirgradingstandardsbecausetheybelieve____.A)rewardingpoorperformancemaykillthecreativityofstudents’B)punishmentismoreeffectivethanrewardingC)failinguninspiredstudentshelpsimprovetheiroverallacademicstandardsD)discouragingthestudentsanticipationforeasyrewardsismatterofurgency5．Whichofthefollowingfactsabout“tokeneconomics”isnotcorrect?

A)Studentsareassignedchallengingtasks.B)Rewardsaregivenforgoodperformances.C)Studentsareevaluatedaccordingtotheefforttheyputintothetask.D)Withtokeneconomics,students’creativitycanbeenhanced.1.D2.C3.A4.B5.CWhenaconsumerfindsthatanitemsheorheboughtisfaultyorinsomeotherwaydoesnotliveuptothemanufacturer'sclaims,thefirststepistopresentthewarranty,oranyotherrecordswhichmighthelp,atthestoreofpurchase.Inmostcases,thisactionwillproduceresults.However,ifitdoesnot,therearevariousmeanstheconsumermayusetogainsatisfaction.Asimpleandcommonmethodusedbymanyconsumersistocomplaindirectlytothestoremanager.Ingeneral,the“higherup”hisorhercomplaint,thefasterheorshecanexpectittobesettled.Insuchacase,itisusuallysettledintheconsumer'sfavor,assumingheorshehasajustclaim.Consumersshouldcomplaininpersonwheneverpossible,butiftheycannotgettotheplaceofpurchase,itisacceptabletophoneorwritethecomplaintinaletter.Complainingisusuallymosteffectivewhenitisdonepolitelybutfirmly,andespeciallywhentheconsumercandemonstratewhatiswrongwiththeiteminquestion.Ifthiscannotbedone,theconsumerwillsucceedbestbypresentingspecificinformationastowhatiswrong,ratherthanbymakinggeneralstatements.Forexample,“Theleftspeakerdoesnotworkatallandthesoundcomingoutoftherightoneisunclear”isbetterthan“Thisstereodoesnotwork”.Thestoremanagermayadvicetheconsumertowritetothemanufacturer.Ifso,theconsumershoulddothis,statingthecomplaintaspolitelyandfirmlyaspossible.Ifapolitecomplaintdoesnotachievethedesiredresult,theconsumercangotoastepfurther.Sheorhecanthreatentotakethesellertocourtorreportthesellertoaprivateorpublicorganizationresponsibleforprotectingconsumer'srights.1.Whenaconsumerfindsthathisorherinit,thefirstthingheorsheshoulddoisto____.A)complainpersonallytothemanagerB)threatentotakethemattertocourtC)writeafirmletterofcomplainttothestoreofpurchaseD)showsomewrittenproofofthepurchasetothestore2.Howcanaconsumermakehisorhercomplaintmoreeffective,accordingtothepassage?A)Explainexactlywhatiswrongwiththeitem.B)Threatentotakethesellertocourt.C)Makepoliteandgeneralstatementsabouttheproblem.D)Avoidhavingdirectcontactwiththestoremanager.3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingissuggestedasthelastalternativethatconsumersmayturnto?A)Complaintothestoremanagerinperson.B)Complaintothemanufacturer.C)Writeacomplaintlettertothemanager.D)TurntotheConsumers’RightsProtectionOrganizationforhelp.4.Thephrase“liveupto”inthiscontextmeans____.A)meetthestandardofB)realizethepurposeofC)fulfillthedemandsofD)keepthepromiseof5．Thepassagetellsus____.A)howtosettleaconsumer’scomplaintaboutafaultyitemB)howtomakeaneffectivecomplaintaboutafaultyitemC)howtoavoidbuyingafaultyitemD)howtodealwithcomplaintsfromcustomers1.D2.A3.D4.A5.BCultureisoneofthemostchallengingelementsoftheinternationalmarketplace.Thissystemoflearnedbehaviorpatternscharacteristicofthemembersofagivensocietyisconstantlyshapedbyasetofdynamicvariables:language,religion,valuesandattitudes,mannersandcustoms,aesthetics,technology,education,andsocialinstitutions.Tocopewiththissystem,aninternationalmanagerneedsbothfactualandinterpretiveknowledgeofculture.Tosomeextent,thefactualknowledgecanbelearned;itsinterpretationcomesonlythroughexperience.Themostcomplicatedproblemsindealingwiththeculturalenvironmentstemfromthefactthatonecannotlearnculture—onehastoliveit.Twoschoolsofthoughtexistinthebusinessworldonhowtodealwithculturaldiversity.Oneisthatbusinessisbusinesstheworldaround,followingthemodelofPepsiandMcDonald’s.Insomecases,globalizationisafactoflife;however,culturaldifferencesarestillfarfromconverging.Theotherschoolproposesthatcompaniesmusttailorbusinessapproachestoindividualcultures.Settinguppoliciesandproceduresineachcountryhasbeencomparedtoanorgantransplant;thecriticalquestioncentersaroundacceptanceorrejection.Themajorchallengetotheinternationalmanageristomakesurethatrejectionisnotaresultofculturalmyopiaorevenblindness.F