高考必考语法精讲精练专题一：名词含解析

高考必考语法精讲精练语法专题一：名词名词是英语中非常重要的一类词，也是高考必考内容之一。 《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》 附录语法项目表中对名词考查列了四项： ①可数名词及其单复数②不可数名词③专有名词 ④名词所有格。纵观历年高考试题，试题中出现的考点主要有：可数名词的单复数形式、名词的所有格的构成及应用、不可数名词的辨认、名词的功能、名词辨义、名词与其他词类之间的转换等。2015年高考全国卷I第65题（语法填空）考查的是可数名词单复数，括号里给出painting,结合题意要将其变成 paintings;第77题（短文改错）考查的是不可数名词air,原文给出的是airs,要求考生将其改成 air。而在完形填空中， 有7题（总共20小题）是考查名词词义以及对语境的理解。2016年高考全国卷I第 61题（语法填空）考查的是词性转换，括号里给出的是动词attract,根据题意要将其改成名词 attraction;第69题（语法填空）考查的是可数名词单复数，括号里给出day,结合题意要将其变成复数形式days;第74题考查的是词性转换，题目中给的是形容词honest,根据题意需要将其改为名词honesty。而在完形填空中，有4题（总^共20小题）是考查名词词义以及对语境的理解。2017年高考全国卷I第 62题（语法填空）考查的是可数名词单复数，括号里给出effect,结合题意要将其变成 effects,构成sideeffects（副作用）；第75题（短文改错）考查的是可数名词单复数，原句中给出的是 word,结合题意要将其变成words。而在完形填空中，有5题（总＞共20小题）是考查名词词义以及对语境的理解。I.名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名、地名、人名、团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词China,theGermans,Johnbook,studentteam,family,armyinformation,lovemilk,water,honeyII.名词的数：1.规则可数名词的复数形式：一般在单数形式后面加 -s或-es。现将构成方法列表如下:

1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seag girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classesbox-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives,wolf-wolves,half-halves加-schief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以兀音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，力口-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes一些外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos, kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以兀音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths规则例词2.不规则可数名词复数:1改变名词中的兀音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuan,jin3只有复数形式trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class,family,crowd,couple,group,government,population,team,public,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs（海关），times（时代）,spirits（情绪）,drinks（饮料），sands（沙滩），papers（文件报纸），looks（外表）,brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜）,woods（树林）；works（工厂、作品）forces（军队）7表小杲国人加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen

8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,mendoctorsIII.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分三种：一是名词词尾加构成，多表小有生命的东西；二是由介词 of加名词构成，多表不无生命的东西；三是双重所有格。1.'所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加’Stheboy'sfatherJack'sbookherson-in-law'sphoto一般在末尾加’theteachers'roomthetwins'mother复数名词不规则复数名词后加’Sthechildren'stcwomen'srights以s结尾的人名所有格加‘或者’Dickens'novelsCharles'sjobtheSmiths'house表示各自的所有美系时，各名词末尾均须加’SJapan'sandAmerica'sproblJmse'sandMary'sbi表示共有的所有美系时在最舟-词末加’SJapanandAmerica'sprolblenJsaneandMary'sfather表示U某人家""店铺"，所有格后名词省略thedoctor,'thebarber,'thetailor,'myuncle's2.'所有格的用法:1表示时间、距离today'snewspaperfiveweeks'holidaytenminutes'wal2表示自然现象theearth'satmosphereetree'sbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词thecountrysplan,theworld'spopula,tionChina'sindust4表示工作群体theship'screwnajority 'sviewtheteam'svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile'sjourneyfivedollars 'worthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词thelife'stimtheplay'splot7某些固定词组abird'seyeyiewastone'sthrowatone'swit'布矩n所措）3.of所有格的构成及用法:of所有格是以"of+名词”构成的一种词组形式，主要用于表示无生命东西的名词，表示所有关系。如：theworkshopofthefactory工厂的车间 thedooroftheroom房间的门thelegsofthechair椅子腿 thecoverofthebook这本书的封面表示有生命东西的名词，也可用of所有格表示所有关系，或者表示主谓关系、动宾关系或事物的来源等。如：thedeathofStalin斯大林的逝世 thearrivalofthechairman 主席的到来thelawsofNewton 牛顿定律4.双重所有格：’s所有格有时可以和of所有格结合在一起表示所有关系， 这叫做"双重所有格"。双重所有格的形式为：1)of十名词所有格：afriendofmybrother's.我弟弟的一位朋友； anewdesignofMr.Brown's.布朗先生的一项新设计2)of+名词性物主代词：afriendofmine我的一位朋友；anecklaceofyours你的一条项链.名词的修饰语可数名词和不可数名词各有其不同的修饰语，详见下表：适应情况修饰语只修饰可数名词单数a/an,one,another,either,neither,every,manya只修饰可数名词复数many,these,those,afew,agood/greatmany,agood/greatnumberof,both,several,two,three...只修饰/、可数名词much,alittle,abitof,agreat/gooddealof,agreat/large/smallamountof既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不RJ数名词the,one's,some,any,no,all,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,other,half,one-third注意：some在表示"某一"，any在表示"任彳^"时也可修饰可数名词单数。 this和that只能修饰可数名词单数和不可数名词， last,next,theother和序数词只能修饰可数名词单数和复数。★★★★★短文改错中常考的不可数名词有： water,advice,air,work,time,homework,bread,milk,fun,information,progress,practice,weather,news,wealth,voice,room(空间),knowledge等。.高考英语短文改错及语法填空考点分析及训练 名词考点规律分析：短文改错的名词考点主要涉及名词的单复数问题， 即在该用复数的地方误用其单数，或在该用单数的地方误用其复数。此外，还常考名词的所有格、名词与其他词类之间的转换等。语法填空主要考查名词的单复数以及名词与其他词类之间的转换。名词单句改错之真题训练：.Westoppedtorestforawhileandtodrinksomewatersfromastream..Weclimbeverywhere,notonlyinAmerica.WehavebeentoEuropemanytime..Therearebranchlibraryinmanyvillages.hopethatyoutwocouldcomeandvisitussometimessoon.5.TodayIvisitedtheSmiths—myfirsttimevisittoanAmericanfamily.TheywereeagertoknoweverythingaboutChinaandaskedmelotsofquestion.Westudyquiteafewsubject,suchasmaths,Chinese,Englishandphysics.…anOftenwatchfootballmatchonTVtogether.Happybirthday,Peter,andmanyhappyreturnoftheday!Shesaidthatsheandmyschoolmateallwishedmesuccess.Iusedtolovescienceclass—allofthem—biology,chemistry,geography,physics.Theydidnotwantmetodoanyworkatfamily.…sothatI'llgetgoodmarksinallmysubject.OnthewayupIwasbusytakingpicturesincethescenerywassobeautiful.Nooneworriesmuchabouttheradioprogramyoungpeoplelistento.Theirwordwereagreatencouragementtome.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zYouknow,thatwasadinnerwehadwaitedforseveralmonth. ”-butafterclasswebecomestrangeratonce.YoucanfindallkindsofinformationinjustafewminuteontheInternet.Nowadaysmillionsofpeopleofallagetakepleasureinahobby …ShewasdoingherhomeworksoneSundaymorningwhen …Withoutenoughknowledges,youcanneverteachwell..Theairswebreatheisgettingdirtieranddirtier.名词单句改错之模拟训练：Womenlivelongerthanmeninmostcountry.Thefilmisveryinteresting.Ihaveseenitmanytime.It’ssaidthatallthetickethavebeensoldout.ThechildrenspendalotoftimeswatchingTV.Imetalotofinterestingpeoplesonholiday.Theflowerintheparkwereallpleasing.Asthedaywentby,shebecamelessanxious.Computerarebecomingmoreandmorepopularinthecountry.It’soneofthemostinterestingbookthatI ’veeverread.HemadehisfirsttimevisittoChinawhenhewas18.Hearingthenews,thewomanburstintotear.Hehasn’tlivedherelong,buthehasagreatmanyfriendhere.IwasafraidshewouldhaveleftforfamilywhenIgotthere.He’sgettingmarriednextmonthanddecidestobuymsoefurnitures.There’sapaper’sfactorynearourschool.名词单句改错之提升训练：A级Fromthenon,webecamegoodfriendandoftenplayedtogether.BothMarxandEngelswereGermen.Didyoutaketheiradvicesyesterday?

Mostofthemarewomandoctors.Wecanhavefunsattheseasidethisweekend.Therearefourbasketsofappleinthatroom.Thiscomputercostmeeightthousandsyuan.8.Tomlookshappytoday.He8.Tomlookshappytoday.Hesgotmanygoodnewsfromhere.9.Thishatofmyfatherisratherold.10.Hemademanymistakeintheexambecauseofcarelessness.11.Iwenttoanearbyfoodstoretobuysomebreadsthismorning.12.Iameighteenyearoldnow.13.Ihavecaringteachersandfriendlyclassmateinmyclass..Asstudent,Iwillstudyhardandtrytopasstheexam..Nowadays,wecangetmanyinformationontheinternet.B级Willyoupleasemakearoomfortheladyoutside?Thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolareincreasing.ShehasmadesomeprogressesinEnglish.Hisworkisbetterthananyoneelse.We'vemissedthelastbus.I'mafraidwehavenochoicesbuttotakeataxi.Hedroppedthecoffee'scupandbrokeit.Hegainedhiswealthsbyprintingworksoffamouswriters.Mybrotherhashadoneofhistoothtakenout.You'llfindthismapofgreatvaluableinhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.Whatabeautifulweatherwearehavingrecently!Tablesaremadeofwoods.It’simpossibleforsofewworkerstodosomanyworkinasingleday..Whathappenedtoyourvoices?Whycouldn’twehearyou?.WhatalotofworksIhavetofinishtoday!.Atmealtimes，somecustomerhavetowaitoutsidetherestaurant..Asawriter，heissuccessbecausehehaswrittenmanygreatworks.名词单句语法填空之真题训练：.Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia’sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop (attract)．.Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew (day)withhissister..Handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou’llfeelarealsenseof (achieve．).Recent (study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly..Visitinganappleeventisagoodchancetosee,andoftentaste,awidevarietyof (apple)．.Althoughthese (measure)arenoteffectiveforever,theyarevitalfornow..Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportant (grow)inautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity..The (life)ofthesepeoplehavefinallybeenrecordedthankstotheeffectsofaFrenchmanfromPariscalledGin..Theweather (effect)bothgoodandbad,arefeltinmanyplaces..Someschoolswillhavetomake (adjust)inagreementwiththenationalsoccerreform.11.—GoandsaysorrytoyourMom,Dave.—I'dliketo,butI'mafraidshewon'tbehappywithmy (apologize)．12.Oneofthemosteffectivewaystoreduce (stressful)istotalkaboutfeelingswithsomeoneyoutrust..Whenhewasrunningafterhisbrother,theboylosthis (balanced)andhadabadfall..Thereisnoneedtotellmeyouranswernow.Giveitsome (think)andthenletmeknow..—Whynotbuyasecond-handcarfirstifyoudon'thaveenoughmoneyforanewone?—That'sagood (suggest)．16.Her (motivate)forwritingwasadesireforwomentogettherighttohighereducation.名词单句语法填空之模拟训练：.Antsaregatheringintheirwinterfoodinthemiddleofsummerandmake (prepare)forthelongcoldwinter..Withgreat (satisfy)，hesoonfellasleep.t'sstillausefulandpleasantformof (communicate)．4.Ihadno (choose)buttoprepareforit,though.5.Thestudentswithhobbiesleftschoolwithmanyextra (skill)．6.Ontheotherhand,chopsticksreflect (gentle)andkindness.7.Soaremostofthe (express)madewiththewordhot.8.Actuallywecanencourageourselvestoworkefficiently,fullof (determine)．9.Inamedthem“cookiesb”ecauseIalwaysfeelthatchildrencanbringgreathappinessand (excite)tomylife.10.The (change)aregradualandrequirealotofeffortsandwork，likecleaningupapollutedriver.学习札记：参考答案及解析语法专题一：名词名词单句改错之真题训练：.waters改为water，因“水”为物质名词，不可数.time改为times，manytimes意为“许多次”.library改为libraries,因其前的谓语are为复数.times改为time，sometime意为“某时”.去掉 time，因first已含有“次”的意思.question改为questions,因其前有表示复数意义的修饰语 lotsof.subject改为subjects,因afew后应接复数可数名词.match改为matches.return改为returns，manyhappyreturnsoftheday!为祝贺生日的惯用表达10.schoolmate改为schoolmates,因校友不只一个，另外根据其后的 all也可推知ll.class改为classes,指其后提到的所有课程.family改为home,因athome为固定短语.subject改为subjects,请注意前面的 all.picture改为pictures，picture作为可数名词，其前应有限定词，或为复数形式.program改为programs,从句意上看，此处应用复数.word改为words,注意其后的复数动词.month改为months,因several后要用可数名词的复数形式.stranger改为strangers,由本行前面的we可知应该用名词复数.minute改为 minutes，因为 afew后面的名词一定是复数.age改为ages,因谈到不止一个人的年龄， age用复数；ofallages指各个年龄阶段的人.homeworks改为 homework，因它是不可数名词，没有复数形式.knowledges改为 knowledge，因 knowledge是不可数名词，没有复数形式.airs改为air，因为air是不可数名词，没有复数形式名词单句改错之模拟训练：country改为countries，因其前的most意为“大多数”。time改为times，manytimes意为“许多次”。ticket改为 tickets，因它是可数名词，且受 allthe的修饰。times改为time，因time表示“时间”时不可数。peoples改为people，因people表示“人们”，本身是复数，其后不能再加词尾 -s。（注：复数的peoples表示不同的民族）flower改为flowers，因为其后的谓语为复数。day改为days，句意为“随着时间的推移，她变得不那么焦急了”，此处的day应用复数。computer改为computers,根据句意和其后的谓语 are,可知computer要用复数。book改为books，因oneof后表示范围的名词要用复数。去掉time，hisfirstvisit即为他第一次访问，其中已包含“次”的概念。tear改为tears,因tear为可数名词，不要误认为它是不可数名词。friend改为friends，因agreatmany后要接复数名词。family改为home，leaveforhome意为“动身回家 ”。furnitures改为furniutre，因它是不可数名词。paper'改为paper,表示纸厂“、纸花"、纸飞机”等，直接用paper作定语。名词单句改错之提升训练：A级.friend改为friends.Germen改为 Germans.advices改为 advice.woman改为women.funs改为fun.apple改为apples.thousands改为thousand.many改为much.Father改为father’s.mistake改为mistakes.breads改为bread.year改为years.classmate改为classmates.student前面加a15.many改为muchB级.去掉 a.are改为gresses改为progress.else改为else’s.choices改为 choice.coffee's改为 coffee.wealths改为 wealth.tooth改为teeth.valuable改为 value.去掉a.woods改为 wood.many改为much.voices改为 voice.works改为 work.customer改为customers.success改为successful或者在success前面力口a名词单句语法填空之真题训练：．attraction ［空格前有形容词和物主代词，因此要用其名词形式。 ］．days［few作来修饰可数名词复数，故答案为 days。.achievement［介词of后要用名词作宾语。固定表达asenseof