WTO：2022年全球贸易统计概览

4ChapterIIntroduction6WorldTradeStatisticalReview2022AAcknowledgementsh7ChapterI:IntroductionAAmessagefromDirector-GeneralNgoziOkonjo-IwealainchntdsvelopedcountriesLDCsinldaverage(+26.9percentversus+26.6percent),butLDCexportsofserviceslaggedbehindpercentversusservicesinxportbasketLDCsshareinworldgoodsandservicesexportsremainedatpercentin020and2021.ImprovingtheintegrationofLDCsintotheworldesregardingdigitalepercentgrowthinQ.DespitedifficultiesinglobalourreofelstWehopethestatisticsandinsightsinthisreportwillbestsandallpolicymakersseekingtorespondtocurrentchallengesanddationsforstrongsustainableandinclusivefuturegrowth.ItisalsoareminderoftheimportanceofaccuratetradedataformonitoringthepursuitoftainabilitytargetsaswellastheimplementationandimpactofagreementsreachedattheWTO’s12thMinisterialConferenceinJune2022.NgoziOkonjo-Iweala8ChapterIIHighlightsofworldtradein2021910+27%Tradeingoodshasrecoveredfasterthanservicestradeduetostrongconsumerdemandforproducts,especiallyinadvancedeconomies,sustainedbygovernments’fiscalstimulusmeasures.In2021,tradeingoodsroseby27percentyear-on-year,andby17percentincomparisonwith2019.WorldTradeStatisticalReview2022WorldWorldtradeoverviewWorldtradeingoodsandcommercialservices,2008-2021,quarterlyServicesGoods50%40%30%20%0%0%-20%-30%-40%-50%11234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123420082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021s+16+16%Bycontrast,unequaldistributionofvaccines,theemergenceofnewCOVID-19variantsandborderrestrictionscontinuedtoweighontherecoveryoftourismandpassengertransportintheservicessector.Tradeincommercialservicesexpandedby16percentin2021.However,itremained5percentbelowpre-pandemiclevels.1189n89n41642050ChapterII:Highlightsofworldtradein2021LeadingLeadingmerchandisetradersOVineUni\部pS\e\部so部JmenyIronIronandsteel020172018201920202021ManufacturedManufacturedgoodsTradeTradeingoodsandservicesTransportTransportservicesManufacturedgoods000000llion1226.19.737.7628.731.24.934.24.8+22%Exportsofmanufacturedgoodsgrewby26.19.737.7628.731.24.934.24.8+22%Exportsofmanufacturedgoodsgrewby22percentin2021,afteradeclineof5percentin2020.4030+37.7%SouthandCentralAmericaregistered37.7percentgrowthinthevalueofmerchandisetradein2021,thestrongestamongallregions.Thiswasduetotherisingpricesofprimarycommodities,suchasfuel,grainsandbasemetal,whichtheregionmostlyimportsfromtheCommonwealthofIndependentStates,AfricaandtheMiddleEast.20WorldTradeStatisticalReview2022MerchandiseMerchandisetradeWorldmerchandisetradebyregions,2021MerchandisetradeinvalueMerchandisetradeinvolume0WorldSouth&CentralAsiaNorthAmericaEuropeAfricaMiddleCommonwealthAmericaEastofIndependentStates(CIS),includingassociateandstatesMerchandiseexportsMerchandiseexportsbymajorproductgroup,2017-21TotalAgricultureFuelsandminingManufacturedgoods20,000005,0000 2,615 725201720182019++57%Fuelsandminingproductsroseby57percentin2021,duetoahikeinenergypricesandareboundindemand.20202020++19%Exportsofagriculturalproductsincreasedtheleastin2021,risingby19percent.Thelowergrowthisbecauseagriculturalexportsremainedresilientin2020despitethepandemic.1322.27.3605040302060.325.620.519.6+7%Exportsoftextilesgrew22.27.3605040302060.325.620.519.6+7%Exportsoftextilesgrewtheleast,risingby7percentin2021.Thislowergrowthisbecausetextilesmaintainedhighvaluesin2020despitethepandemic.604036401-20-40+64%In2021,worldfuelexportsreachedanewpeakinvalueterms,risingby64percentandclimbingtoUS$2,573billion.ChapterII:Highlightsofworldtradein2021WorldexportsofmanufacturedgoodsWorldexportsofmanufacturedgoods,2021e70OfficeandtelecomequipmenOfficeandtelecomequipmentIronandsteelChemicalsClothingAutomotiveproductsgoods(total)++60%Worldexportsofironandsteelincreasedthemostin2021,risingby60percent–drivenbyincreaseddemandandhighpricesforrawmaterials.FuelpricesandworldfuelexportsWorldexportsoffuelsandfuelprices,2011-21eFuelexportsFuelprices-602314520162017201823145es+73%+73%Fuelpricesjumpedby73percentin2021,duetoincreaseddemandandlimitedproduction.146844524748272820684452474827282021192121102+46%and-12%Thefluctuationinexportsoforesandpreciousstonesreflectstheriseinpricesofironoresduringthefirsthalfof2021(46percent)anddeclineinthesecondhalf(-12percent).120067%Almost67percentofAsianexportsofindustrialinputswereshippedwithinAsiansupplychains,especiallyhigh-techcomponentssuchasprocessors.ExportsofintermediategoodswithinAsiareachedUS$2.9trillionin2021.WorldTradeStatisticalReview2022WorldexportsofintermediategoodsWorldexportsofintermediategoods,totalandbymaincategory,2021Q1-Q4Totalintermediategoods(IG)IGfood&beveragesIGparts&accessories(excl.transportequipment)605040301234++68%Q2of2021sawarecovery(68percent)inautomotivesupplychains,fromalowbase,followingthestrongdeclinerecordedbytheautomotiveindustryintermsofsupplyanddemandduringthepeakofthepandemic.RegionalbreakdownofworldexportsofintermediategoodsWorldexportsofintermediategoods,byregion,2019Q1-2021Q4AsiaEuropeNorthAmericaSouthandCentralAmericaAfrica1000800600400200201920202021333444222111443%and35%AsiaandEuropewerethemainprovidersofinputsforsupplychainsin2021,representing43percentand35percentrespectivelyofworldexportsofintermediategoods.15ChapterII:Highlightsofworldtradein2021CommercialCommercialservicesfWorldtradeincommercialservicesbysectors,quarterly,2008-21TransportTravelOthercommercialservices80%60%40%20%0%-20%-40%-60%-80%121234123412341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123420082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021ss++45%Followinga28percentplungeinQ2of2020,globaltransportservicesreboundedstronglyin2021,risingby45percentonaverageinQ2toQ4of2021.16302115221212343021152212123414property,n.i.e.021.38035.324.523.26049.949.84041.820049.9%Boostedbyhighconsumerdemandforgoodsandsurgingshippingrates,seatransportservicesaccountedforhalf(49.9percent)oftradeintransportservicesin2021.WorldTradeStatisticalReview2022OthercommercialservicesOthercommercialservicesbyselectedsubsector,2021e20212021vs.201940%30%20%10%0%ChargesfortheComputerChargesfortheComputerservicesservicesuseofintellectual+21+21%Computerservicescontinuedtorise,increasingby21percentin2021,34percentabovepre-pandemiclevels.InsuranceandOtherbusinessInsuranceandOtherbusinessConstructionservicespensionservicesservices++14%Insuranceservicesrose14percentin2021,up30percentcomparedwith2019,asinsurancepremiumsonfreighttransportsoared.TradeintransportservicesBreakdownoftradeintransportservices2019-21SeatransportAirtransportOthertransportservicesPostalandcourierservices23.52.324.720192020220192020ses224.5%Thevalueofairtransportservices,coveringlargelypassengertransport,fellsharplyin2021duetotravelrestrictionsworldwiderelatingtotheCOVID-19pandemic.Asaresult,theshareofairtransportintransportservicesoverallcontractedfrom35.3percentin2019to24.5percentin2021.17Index100+7.3Index100+7.3%Globalexportsofdigitallydeliveredserviceshavealmosttripledsince2005,risingby7.3percentonaverageperyearfrom2005to2019,outpacinggoodsexports(+4.7percentonabalance-of-paymentsbasis).3.71trillionIn2021,worldexportsofdigitallydeliveredservicesreachedanestimatedvalueofUS$3.71trillion.ChapterII:Highlightsofworldtradein2021GlobalexportsofdigitallydeliveredservicesGlobalexportsofdigitallydeliveredservices,2005-21dexDigitally-deliveredservicesexports(mode1)Goodsexports400350300250200150050020052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021ates++14%Whilegoodstradefellin2020,exportsofdigitallydeliveredservicesroseby14percent,boostedbyanincreaseinremoteworking,distancelearningandhomeentertainmentdueto18WorldTradeStatisticalReview2022LeadingLeadingtraderslChangesinrankingsformerchandisetradersintheworld’stop100,2020-21384955181899098Source:WTO-UNCTADestimates.53Slovenia60NewZealand72Angolaf89Ghana95991313Nepaljumped13placesinitsworldrankingamongmerchandisetraders,movingupto103rdpositionin2021.Changesinrankingsforcommercialservicestradersamongtheworld’stop100,2020-21323450535928493Source:WTO-UNCTADestimates.kiye9Australia32SaudiArabia,Kingdomof41Qatar49Lithuania54Chile56Macao,China58Argentina92SriLanka93ElSalvador99Uganda100Bahamas7070Bangladeshclimbedfourplacesamongtheleadingtradersofcommercialservicesto70thpositionin2021.19+9%+9%ThevalueofLDCs’exportsofcommercialservicesexpandedby9percentin2021,comparedwith17percentfortherestoftheworld.ChapterII:Highlightsofworldtradein2021LeastLeast-developedcountries(LDCs)goodsExportsofleast-developedcountries,2018-21GoodsCommercialservices250200500+27+27%92020920208++27%LDCs’goodsexportsroseby27percentin2021,inlinewiththerestoftheworld.20ChapterIIIWorldtradeandeconomicgrowth,2021-223221WorldmerchandisetradevolumeandrealGDPreboundedstronglyin2021afterslumpingin2020followingtheonsetoftheCOVID-19pandemic.Merchandisetradevolumerose9.7percentin2021whileGDPatmarketexchangeratesincreasedby5.9percent.However,weakertradegrowthwasrecordedinthefirsthalfof2022.Merchandisetradeslowedinthefirsthalfof2022astheglobaleconomystruggledundertheinfluenceofseveralrelatedfactors,includingthewarinUkraine,highinflationandlingeringeffectsfromtheCOVID-19pandemic.Merchandisetradegrowthfellto4.4percentyear-on-yearinthesecondquarterof2022,withslowergrowthexpectedinthesecondhalfoftheyear.Merchandisetrademadeastrongrecoveryin2021,asdemandforimportedgoodscontinuedtoreboundfromthepandemic-inducedslumpof2020.However,disruptionstosupplychainsincreasinglyweighedongrowthoverthecourseoftheyear.Bothmerchandiseandcommercialservicestradegrewatdouble-digitratesinthefirsthalfof2022whenmeasuredinnominalUSdollarterms.Theseincreasesweredrivenbyhigherfoodandenergypricesaswellasincreasedspendingontravelandtransportservices.Merchandiseexportswereup17percentyear-on-yearinvaluetermsinthesecondquarterwhilecommercialservicesexportswereup18percentinthefirstquarter.3.33.2-3.4-5.2WorldTradeStatisticalReview2022TradeTradeandGDPgrowthin2021andfirsthalfof2022WorldtradeandGDPreboundedin2021afterfallingsharplyin2020duringtheCOVID-19pandemicbutweakergrowthisexpectedin2022and2023astheglobaleconomyslows.Chart3.1WorldmerchandisetradevolumeandrealGDPgrowth,2015-21changeTradeGDPAveragetradegrowth2010-2019AverageGDPgrowth2010-2019-2-4-6-82015201620172018201920202021IDlionsr•Growthinmerchandisetradein2021wasaccompaniedbya5.8percentincreaseinworldGDPatmarketexchangerates,wellabovethe3.0percentaverageratefor2010-19.Worldtradegrewaround1.7timesfasterthanworldGDPin2021.fandin23-5.6-1.4-0.3-0.8-3.8-5.0ChapterIII:Worldtradeandeconomicgrowth,2021-22MerchandiseMerchandisetradevolumeMerchandisetradegrowthslowedinthefirsthalfof2022andwasexpectedtodiminishfurtherinthesecondhalfoftheyearduetotheUkrainecrisis,highinflationandlingeringeffectsfromtheglobalpandemic.Chart3.2Worldmerchandisetradevolume,2015Q1-2022Q2Year-on-year%changeVolumeindex,2015=100959050-5-2012320154123201641232017412320184123201941232020412320214122022ntheeredbytheCOVIDpandemic•Merchandisetradegrowthfellto4.4percentyear-on-yearinthesecondquarterof2022,withslowergrowthexpectedinthesecondhalfoftheyear.246060WorldTradeStatisticalReview2022MerchandisetradegrowthhasvariedstronglyacrossregionssincethestartoftheUkrainecrisisinthefirstquarterof2022.Chart3.3Merchandiseexportandimportvolumebyregion,2019Q1-2022Q2Volumeindex00)ExportsNorthAmericaSouthAmericaEuropeCISAfricaMiddleEastAsia908012201220394122032041220321412022ImportsNorthAmericaSouthAmericaEuropeCISAfricaMiddleEastAsia130120090807012201394122032041220321412022tesd•Quarter-on-quarterexportgrowthinQ2of2022was6.5omtheCIS•Importvolumeswereup6.1percentquarter-on-quarterinAfrica,5.5percentintheMiddleEastand1.6percentinSouthAmerica,assurgingexportrevenuesallowedcountriesintheseregionstoimportmore.25US$US$/MMBtuChapterIII:Worldtradeandeconomicgrowth,2021-22CommodityCommoditypricesPricesofprimarycommodities,suchasenergy(coal,naturalgas,spotcrudeandpropane)andfood,rosesteeplyin2022,ledbysharplyhigherEuropeannaturalgaspricesinthewakeoftheUkrainecrisis.Chart3.4Monthlyaveragepricesforprimarycommodities,January2019-September2022(Index2019=100andUS$permillionBtu)EnergyCrudeoilNaturalgasFoodGrainsFertilizers8006004002000123456789123456789101112123456789101112123456782019202020212022Naturalgas,USNaturalgas,EuropeNaturalgas,806040200Month12345672019891234567891011122020123456789101112202123456782022•PricesforenergyandfoodproductsincreasedsharplyfollowingtheoutbreakofthewarinUkraine.EnergypricesinSeptember2022wereup47percentyear-on-yearand125percentcomparedtoJanuary2021.Foodpricesalsorose12percentyear-on-yearinSeptemberand19percentsinceJanuary2021.•Globalgrainpriceswereup21percentyear-on-yearinSeptember2022,includinga24percentriseinthepriceofwheat.Particularlyworryingforfoodsecuritywasthepriceoffertilizers,whichwereup75percentyear-on-yearinSeptember.Highfertilizerpricescouldcausefarmersinpoorcountriestouselessordowithout,withnegativeconsequencesforcropyields.aryhe26WorldTradeStatisticalReview2022ExchangeExchangeratesExchangeratesfluctuatedstronglyin2021and2022,withsafehavencurrenciesappreciatingandthoseofenergyimportersdepreciating.Chart3.5Exchangerateindicesforselectedeconomies,January2018–August2022aChinaEuroareaJapanUnitedKingdomUnitedStates95908585Month1234567891011121234567891011121234567891011121234567891011121234567Year20182019202020212022ISeenfng27es3es32356040826960590ChapterIII:Worldtradeandeconomicgrowth,2021-22MerchandiseMerchandiseandcommercialservicestradevaluesHigherpricesforfuelsandagriculturalproductsboostedtradevaluesin2021andthefirsthalfof2022,contributingtodouble-digitgrowthinmerchandisetradevalues.Chart3.6Worldmerchandiseexportsbysector,2021Q4-2022Q22021Q42022Q12022Q2Firsthalf2022/2019redgoodseroftswaspercentinQlfof28WorldTradeStatisticalReview2022Oil-producingregionsrecordedthestrongestgrowthinexportvaluesbutexportsfromAsiawerealsoupsubstantiallycomparedtothepre-pandemicperiod.Chart3.7Merchandiseexportsbyregion,2021Q4-2022Q22021Q42022Q12022Q2Firsthalf2022/20198078260585553464543414140394035323026252423222120161590WorldNorthAmericaSouthAmericaEuropeCISAfricaMiddleEastAsiaeantesasISrms29es40363434333332222230-20es40363434333332222230-20ChapterIII:Worldtradeandeconomicgrowth,2021-22Merchandiseimportsinvaluetermsgrewatdouble-digitratesinallregionsexcepttheCommonwealthofIndependentStates(CIS),whereimportsfellsharplyinthesecondquarterof2022.Chart3.8Merchandiseimportsbyregion,2021Q4-2022Q22021Q42022Q12022Q2Firsthalf2022/2019604646-28-40WorldNorthAmericaSouthAmericaEuropeCISAfricaMiddleEastAsiaeantatesast30Year-on-yearpercentagechangeinUS$values89217119Year-on-yearpercentagechangeinUS$values892171191675047593737261820-48WorldTradeStatisticalReview2022Commercialservicestradecontinuedtorecoverinthesecondhalfof2021andthefirstquarterof2022,withmoderategrowthingoods-relatedservicesand“othercommercialservices”balancedbystrongrecoveriesintravelandtransportservices.Chart3.9Commercialservicesexportsbycategory,2021Q3-2022Q12021Q32021Q42022Q12022Q1/2019Q10806040200-20-400-60CommercialservicesGoods-relatedservicesTransportservicesTravelOthercommercialservicesfortic•Thecategoryof“othercommercialservices”,whichincludesfinancialandotherbusinessservices,wasup31es4830325220es4830325220ChapterIII:Worldtradeandeconomicgrowth,2021-22Mostlargeeconomiesrecordedstronggrowthintravelandtransportservicesinthefirsthalfof2022,whichislikelytobesustainedinthethirdquarterbeforeslowinginthefourth.Chart3.10Commercialservicesexportsofselectedeconomies,January-June2022a20010091535053503939-22CommercialservicesCommercialservicesTransTransportlOtherOtherCommercialservicesTransTransportlOOtherCommercialservicesTransTransportlOOtherCommercialservicesTransTransportllOOtherCommercialservicesTransTransportlOOtherUnitedStatesEuropeanUnionUnitedKingdomChinaIndialyiesin•Chinawasthemainexception,wherespendingontravelfell22percentyear-on-yearduetoextendedrestrictionsfollowingnewoutbreaksofCOVID-19.grewatas32WorldTradeStatisticalReview2022OtherOthertrade-relatedindicatorsPurchasingmanagers’indices(PMIs)forSeptember2022showedglobalmanufacturingactivityandtradeslowing,partlyrelievingearlierpressuresonsupplychains.Chart1GlobalManufacturingPurchasingManagers’Indices(PMIs),January2018-September2022Diffusionindexbase50)HeadlineGlobalPMINewexportorders60555045403530Month1234567891011121234567820208910111212345672019234567892022234567820219101112191011121InputpricesOutputpricesStocksoffinishedgoodsSupplierdeliverytimes806050403030Month1234567891011121234567820208910111212345672019234567892022234567820219101112191011121on•ThemanufacturingPMI’sheadlineindexfellto49.8inSeptember2022,markingthefirstcontractionsinceJune2020.Thenewexportorderssub-indexalsofellto45.9inthesamemonth.Together,thesesuggestthatglobalmanufacturingactivitystalledbytheendofthethirdquarterandthatgoodstradewouldcontinuetoslowinthefourthquarter.toinmes33dexdex85ChapterIII:Worldtradeandeconomicgrowth,2021-22Shippingindicesshowedglobalcontainerthroughputatanall-timehighinSeptember2022butnotmuchhigherthanin2021,suggestingweaktradegrowthin2022.Chart3.12Globalcontainerthroughputindex,January2015-August2022(Index2015=100)Originalseries(Index2015=100)Seasonallyandworkingdayadjusted95902468101224681012246810122468101224681012246810122468101224620152016201720182019202020212022sinceOctober2020.etopandemicrelatedtions3401-01-202029-01-202026-02-202025-03-202022-04-202020-05-2020008-202001-01-202029-01-202026-02-202025-03-202022-04-202020-05-2020008-202009-09-202027-01-202124-02-202125-03-202122-04-202120-05-2021-2021-202103-01-202231-01-202201-03-202230-03-202227-04-202225-05-202223-06-202221-07-20209-08-2022WorldTradeStatisticalReview2022Internationalcommercialflightsmadeapartialrecoveryin2021andgrewsteadilyin2022,reflectingstrongergrowthoftravelandtransportservices.Chart3.13Internationalcommercialflights,January2020-August2022InternationalflightsInternationalflightsexcl.Intra-EU8060400nkedtthsofandin35Index,Index,January2020=1000Month123456789101112Year2020ChapterIII:Worldtradeandeconomicgrowth,2021-22ThevolumeofworldwheattradedeclinedslightlyafterthestartoftheUkraineconflictbutpricesrosesubstantially,increasingthecostofimportedfoodforconsumersandunderminingglobalfoodsecurity.Chart3.14Estimatedvalueandvolumeofworldwheatexports,January2020-July2022exJanuaryValueinUS$Volume2502001505012345620217891011121234562022me40ChapterIVComposition,definitions&methodology42424950514142WorldTradeStatisticalReview2022CompositionCompositionofgeographicalandeconomicgroupingsNorthAmericaEuropeAfricaSouthandCentralAmericaandtheCaribbeanCommonwealthofIndependentStates(CIS),includingMiddleEastcertainassociateandformermemberStatesAsiaDefinitionsDefinitionsandmethodologyMerchandisetradeExportsExportsandimportsndllalon43Products