第十章动词的时态（思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼） 初中英语中考语法归纳拓展

第十章动词的时态思维导图知识梳理在英语中,不同时间里以不同方式发生的动作或存在的状态,要用不同的动词形式来表示,动词的这种不同形式称为动词的时态.英语的时态从时间上划分,可以分为现在时、过去时、将来时和过去将来时;从行为方式上划分,每一类又可以分为一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式.这样,英语动词合起来共有16种时态.现以动词work为例,将16种时态形式列表如下:现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般式workworksworkedshallworkwillShouldworkshould进行式amareworkingiswasworkingwereshallbeworkingwillshouldbeworkingwould完成式hasworkedhavehadworkedshallhaveworkedwillshouldhaveworkedwould完成进行式havebeenworkinghashadbeenworkingshallhavebeenworkingwillshouldhavebeenworkingwould这些时态中常用的有:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时以及过去将来时8种.一、一般现在时(一)一般现在时的构成一般现在时的否定式、疑问式、否定疑问式和简单回答形式,以work为例,列表如下:否定式疑问式否定疑问式简单回答Idonotwork.DoIwork?DoInotwork?Yes,Ido.No,Idon't.Youdonotwork.Doyouwork?Doyounotwork?Yes,Ido.No,Idon't.He/She/Itdoesnotwork.Doeshe/she/itwork?Doeshe/she/itnotwork?Yes,he/she/itdoes.No,he/she/itdoesn't.Wedonotwork.Dowework?Dowenotwork?Yes,youdo.No,youdon't.Youdonotwork.Doyouwork?Doyounotwork?Yes,wedo.No,wedon't.Theydonotwork.Dotheywork?Dotheynotwork?Yes,theydo.No,theydon't.(二)动词的第三人称单数词尾变化当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词需加-s或-es(见下表):规则动词原形第三人称单数形式一般在词尾加-splayworkleaveswimplaysworksleavesswims以字母s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的词加-espassfixteachwishdopassesfixesteacheswishesdoes以辅音字母加y结尾的词,先变y为i,再加-esstudycarryflycrystudiescarriesfliescries动词have的第三人称单数形式为has.(三)动词第三人称单数加s或es后的读音1.在清辅音/p/,/k/,/t,/f/后读/s/stops/stɒps/jumps/dʒʌmps/likes/laɪks/picks/pɪks/visits/vɪzɪts/laughs/lɑːfs/coughs/kɒfs/posts/pəʊsts/2.在/s/,/z/,/ʃ/,/tʃ/,/dʒ/之后读/ɪz/passes/pɑːsɪz/guesses/gesɪz/rises/raɪzɪz/refuses/rɪfju:zɪz/wishes/wɪʃɪz/washes/wɒʃɪz/teaches/ti:tʃɪz/watches/wɒtʃɪz/changes/tʃeɪndʒɪz/manages/mænɪdʒɪz/3.除以上两种读音外,其余的均读/z/(四)一般现在时的用法1.表示经常的或习惯性的动作常与often,always,sometimes,everyday,onSundays/Mondays等表示频度的时间状语连用.Myfatheroftengetsupearlyinthemorning.我父亲早晨经常早起.Hehasbreakfastat7:00everymorning.他每天早晨七点吃早饭.2.表示现在的状态Myfatherisatwork.Heisverybusy.我父亲在工作,他很忙.Theboyistwelve.这个男孩儿12岁.3.表示主语具备的性格、能力和特征Iliketolistentomusic.我喜欢听音乐.TheyspeakEnglishverywell.他们英语说得非常好.ThistaxidriverknowsthecityofBeijinglikethebackofhishand.这位出租车司机对北京城了如指掌.4.表示客观事实和普遍真理Twoplustwoisfour.2加2等于4.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.太阳从东方升起,从西方落下.5.表示计划安排好的将来动作,也可用一般现在时,只限于:go,come,leave,start,begin,arrive,be等动Theplanetakesoffat11a.m.飞机上午11点起飞.WeleaveBeijingnextmonth.下月我们离开北京.Hecomesbacktonight.他今晚回来.6.在时间、条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时I'llwritetoyouassoonasIgettoShanghai.我一到上海就给你写信.Turnoffthelightsbeforeyouleave.走前关灯.Ifitdoesn'traintomorrow,we'llgotothepark.如果明天不下雨,我们就去公园.Ifitrainstomorrow,wewon'tgotothepark.如果明天下雨,我们就不去公园.7.表示(书、信、报纸、通知、牌示、广播等)“说”“报导”,用一般现在时,主要是动词sayThenoticesays,“NoParking.”通知说:“不准停放车辆.”Theradiosaysheavyrainintheafternoon.广播预报下午有大雨.8.叙述历史,常用一般现在时,以使其生动Jeanneissittinginthepark.Mathildewalkstowardsher,andshestopsandspeakstoJeanne.珍妮在公园里坐着.玛蒂尔德向她走来,停下来和珍妮谈话.二、一般过去时(一)一般过去时的构成(以动词work为例)否定式疑问式否定疑问式简单回答Ididnotwork.DidIwork?DidInotwork?Yes,Idid.No,Ididn't.Youdidnotwork.Didyouwork?Didyounotwork?Yes,Idid.No,Ididn't.He/She/Itdidnotwork.Didhe/she/itwork?Didhe/she/itnotwork?Yes,he/she/itdid.No,he/she/itdidn't.Wedidnotwork.Didwework?Didwenotwork?Yes,youdid.No,youdidn't.Youdidnotwork.Didyouwork?Didyounotwork?Yes,wedid.No,wedidn't.Theydidnotwork.Didtheywork?Didtheynotwork?Yes,theydid.No,theydidn't.(二)动词过去式的词尾变化(规则变化)构成规则原形过去式-般在动词末尾加-edworkplantplayworkedplantedplayed结尾是e的动词在末尾加-dlikelivechangelikedlivedchanged末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-edplanstopdropplannedstoppeddropped以辅音字母加y结尾的,先变y为i再加-edcarrystudycrycarriedstudiedcried点拨(1)prefer的过去式要先双写末尾辅音字母r再加-ed:preferred.(2)travel的过去式可双写1再加-ed;travelled(英式英语);也可以直接加-ed;traveled(美式英语).(三)动词过去式与过去分词的读音1.清辅音后面的-ed读/t/音stopped/stɒpt/停止laughed/lɑːft/笑asked/ɑːskt/提问hoped/həʊpt/希望dressed/drest/穿衣marched/mɑːtʃt/行军watched/wɒtʃt/看pushed/pʊʃt/推2.浊辅音及元音后面的-ed读/d/音rubbed/rʌbd/擦tried/traɪd/试图,努力lived/lɪvd/生活begged/begd/请求named/neɪmd/取名agreed/əgri:d/同意rained/reɪnd/下雨moved/mu:vd/移动3.t,d后面加-ed读/d/音united/ju:naɪtɪd/联合heated/hi:tɪd/加热ended/endɪd/结束needed/ni:dɪd/需要wanted/wɒntɪd/想要guided/'gaɪdɪd/指引4.以-ed结尾的过去分词作形容词用时读/ɪd/音aged/eɪdʒɪd/年老的learned/1ɜːnɪd/有学问的wicked/wɪkɪd/罪恶的interested/ɪntrəstɪd/感兴趣的(四)不规则动词的过去式和过去分词原形过去式过去分词词义CostCutHitHurtLetPutReadcostcuthithurtletputreadcostcuthithurtletputread花费削、砍打击伤害、使受伤让放读BecomeComeRunbecamecameranbecomecomerun成为来跑BringBuyFightThinkCatchTeachbroughtboughtfoughtthoughtcaughttaughtbroughtboughtfoughtthoughtcaughttaught带来买打架想抓住教BuildLendSendSpendLoseSmellbuiltlentsentspentlostsmelt/smelledbuiltlentsentspentlostsmelt/smelled建筑借给送,寄花(钱、时间)丢失闻FeelKeepSleepSweepLeaveMeetfeltkeptsleptsweptleftmetfeltkeptsleptsweptleftmet感觉保持睡觉扫离开遇见BurnLearnMeanburnt/burnedlearnt/learnedmeantburnt/burnedlearnt/learnedmeant燃烧学会意思是SellTellsoldtoldsoldtold卖告诉Holdheldheld抓住、握住ShineWinGetStandUnderstandDigHanghave(has)hearmakepayshone/shinedwongotstoodunderstooddughung/hangedhadheardmadepaidshone/shinedwongotstoodunderstooddughung/hangedhadheardmadepaid照耀,使光亮赢得到站理解、懂得挖挂／绞死有听见制造付(钱)saysitfindsaidsatfoundsaidsatfound说坐发现am,isaredogowearlieseewasweredidwentworelaysawbeenbeendonegonewornlainseen是是做去穿着躺看见begindrinkringsingswimbegandrankrangsangswambegundrunkrungsungswum开始喝打电话,(铃)响唱游泳driveriseridewritedroveroserodewrotedrivenrisenriddenwritten驾驶升起骑(马、自行车)写blowgrowknowthrowflyblewgrewknewthrewflewblowngrownknownthrownflown吹生长知道投掷飞drawshowdrewshoweddrawnshown画、拉出示breakspeakchoosetakemistakewakebrokespokechosetookmistookwaked/wokebrokenspokenchosentakenmistakenwaked/woken打断,打破讲选择拿走弄错唤醒beateatfallgiveforgetbeatatefellgaveforgotbeateneatenfallengivenforgotten打吃落下给忘记(五)一般过去时的用法1.表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态这时常与yesterday,lastweek,amomentago,in1949等表示过去时间的状语连用.Whatdidyouhaveforbreakfastthismorning?今天早饭吃的什么?Ihadtwoeggsandaglassofmilk.早饭吃了两个鸡蛋和一杯牛奶.Thepolicestoppedhimonhiswayhomelastnight.昨晚在回家的路上警察拦住了他.Mysisterpassedherexaminationbecauseshestudiedveryhard.我妹妹通过了考试,因为她学习非常努力.2.表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作,这时常和表示频度的状语连用Lasttermweoftendidexperiments.上学期我们经常做试验.Healwayswenttoworkbybus.他过去总是乘车去上班.ShegaveherteacherpresentseveryChristmas.她每年都给她的老师送圣诞礼物.点拨usedtodo的否定式和疑问式有两种构成法.(1)借助did,即:didn'tusetodoHedidn'tusetodoit,didhe?他过去不经常这么做,是吗?Didyouusetoplayfootball?你过去经常踢足球吗?(2)不用did,即:usedn'ttodoSheusedn'ttomakethosemistakes.她以前并不经常出那些错的.Usedyoutoplayfootball?你过去经常踢足球吗?3.在时间、条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时代替过去将来时Hesaidhewouldnotgoifitrained.他说如果天下雨就不去了.Theytoldusthattheywouldnotleaveuntilshecameback.他们告诉我们直到她回来他们才会离开.4.常用“would+do”表示过去经常反复发生的动作Iwouldaskyoutothinkcarefullybeforeyouspoke.我劝你在讲话之前要认真考虑一下.Wewouldturntohimforhelpwhenwewereintrouble.我们一遇麻烦,就向他请求帮助.三、一般将来时(一)一般将来时的构成一般将来时的否定式、疑问式、否定疑问句式和简单回答形式,以study为例:否定式疑问式否定疑问句式简单回答Ishall/willnotstudy.ShallIstudy?ShallInotstudy?(Shan'tIstudy?)Yes,youwill.No,youwon't.Youwillnotstudy.Willyounotstudy?Willyoustudy?(Won'tyoustudy?)Yes,Ishall/will.No,Ishan't/won't.He/She/Itwillnotstudy.Willhe/she/itnotstudy?Willhe/she/itstudy?(Won'the/she/itstudy?)Yes,he/she/itwill.No,he/she/itwon't.Weshall/willnotstudy.Shallwestudy?Shallwenotstudy?(Shan'twestudy?)Yes,youwill.No,youwon't.YouwillnotstudyWillyoustudy?Willyounotstudy?(Won'tyoustudy?)Yes,weshall/will.No,weshan't/won't.Theywillnotstudy.Willtheystudy?Willtheynotstudy?(Won'ttheystudy?)Yes,theywill.No,theywon't.shall用于第一人称I(we)shall;will可用于各人称.美式英语中,不论什么人称和数,一律用will+动词原形.在口语中,will常缩写为’ll与主语连写在一起.如:I'll,you'll,he'11和she'llwe’ll,they'll,shallnot常缩写为shan't,willnot常缩写为won't.在疑问中,主语为第一人称(I和We)时,常用助动词shall.(二)一般将来时的用法1.一般将来时表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态.常与表示将来的时间状语如tomorrow,nextweek/month/year等连用I'llcometopickyouupat6:00onWednesdayevening.我星期三晚上6点来接您.I'llhaveapartynextSaturday.Ihopeyoucancome.下周六我要举行聚会,希望你能来.Ifitdoesn'traintomorrow,wearegoingtotheSummerPalace.如果明天不下雨,我们就去颐和园.Mydaughterwillbetwentyyearsoldnextyear.我女儿明年就20岁了.Hewillbehereintenminutes.他10分钟后在这儿.2.表示将来经常或反复发生的动作I'llcomeandseeyoueverySundaynextyear.明年我将每个星期天来看你.Weshallcomeandworkinthisfactoryeveryyear.我们将每年到这个工厂来劳动.3.表示揣测Thiswillbethedictionaryyou'relookingfor.这大概是你要找的那本词典吧.Thegamewillbefinishedbynow.球赛大概已经结束了.4.“begoingto+动词原形”结构表示现在打算在最近或将来要做的事,或表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为很可能要发生的事情.如:Wearegoingtohaveanewsubjectthisyear.今年我们将学一门新学科.It'sgoingtorainthisafternoon.今天下午天要下雨.I'mnotgoingtowriteletters.我不打算写信.5.“be+动词不定式”结构表示按计划要发生的事,或用来征求对方意见Wherearewetostaytonight?今晚我们在哪儿过夜?Whatistodo?怎么办?6.“beabout+动词不定式”结构表示即将做某事Ihaven'tgoneyet,I'maboutto.我还没走,正要走呢.TheSportsMeetingisabouttostartnow.运动会即将开始.点拨有些表示位置转移的动词,如come,go,leave,start,arrive,fly等的现在进行时可表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用.HeisleavingforShanghaitomorrow.他明天动身去上海.Theyarearrivingtomorrowafternoon.他们明天下午到达.(三)需注意的几点1.在回答ShallI...问句时,应该说:Yes,please./Pleasedo.或No,pleasedon't./Pleasedon't.不可说:Yes,youshall.或No,youshallnot.2.在回答Shallwe...问句时,应该说:Yes,let's...或No,Idon'tthinkweshall./No,let'snot.(四)will和begoingto的比较1.will和begoingto都可表示某种意愿但其含义和用法有所不同.begoingto往往表示经过考虑的打算,而will多表示意愿、决心.Wearegoingtowatchthefootballgame.我们打算观看这场足球赛.Iwilltellyouallaboutit.我将把全部情况告诉你.2.will可用于条件从句表示将来的意愿,而begoingto用于条件从句,只是表示单纯的将来,试比较MissGaowilltellyoutheanswerifyouaskher.如果你去问高老师,她会告诉你答案的.Ifyouaregoingtoattendthemeeting,you'dbetterleavenow.如果你要参加会议,最好现在就走.四、现在进行时(一)现在进行时的构成现在进行时由“am/is/are+动词现在分词”构成.现在进行时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式及简单回答形式:(以动词work为例)肯定式Iam/'mworking.He(She,It)is/isn'tworking.We(You,They)are/'reworking.否定式Iamnot/'mnotworking.He(She,It)isnot/isn'tworking.We(You,They)arenot/aren'tworking.疑问式AmIworking...?Ishe(she,it)working...?Areyou(we,they)working...?简单回答Yes,youare.No,youaren't.Yes,Iam.No,I'mnot.Yes,he(sheit)is.No,he(she,it)isn't.Yes,we(you,they)are.No,we(you,they)aren't.(二)动词-ing形式的构成及其读音1.一般在动词原形末尾加-ingstay-staying/'steɪɪŋ/do-doing/'du:ɪŋ/listen-listening/'lɪsnɪŋ/suffer-suffering/'sʌfərɪŋ/work-working/'wɜːkɪŋ/spend-spending/'spendɪŋ/look-looking/'lʊkɪŋ/2.以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ingmake-making/'meɪkɪŋ/take-taking/'teɪkɪŋ/give-giving/'gɪvɪŋ/ride-riding/'raɪdɪŋ/please-pleasing/'pli:zɪŋ/refuse-refusing/'rɪ'fju:zɪŋ/close-closing/'kləʊzɪŋ/operate-operating/'ɒpəreɪtɪŋ/3.以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ingput-putting/'pʊtɪŋ/sit-sitting/'sɪtɪŋ/run-running/'rʌnɪŋ/win-winning/'wɪnɪŋ/begin-beginning/bɪ'gɪnɪŋ/4.以ie结尾的动词,先去掉e,把i变为y,再加-inglie-lying/'laɪɪŋ/tie-tying/'taɪɪŋ/die-dying/'daɪɪŋ/5.以re结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ingprepare-preparing/prɪ'peərɪŋ/interfere-interfering/ɪntə'fɪərɪg/tire-tiring/'taɪərɪŋ/bore-boring/'bɔ:rɪŋ/cure-curing/kjʊərɪŋ/6.以er结尾的动词,如果是重读音节结尾,先双写r,再加-ing;如果不是重读音节结尾,就直接加-ingprefer-preferringwater(浇水)-watering(三)现在进行时的用法1.表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作这时可以不用时间状语,也可以和now,atpresent,atthemoment等时间状语连用.有时用一个动词.如look(看),listen(听).Whatareyoureadingnow?你在读什么?HismotheriswatchingTVatthepresent.此刻,他的妈妈正在看电视.I'mwritinganovelatpresent.眼下我正在写一部小说.Look!Thebusiscrossingthebridge.看！这辆公共汽车在过桥.Listen!Someoneissingingintheclassroom.听！有人在教室里唱歌.2.表示当前一段时期内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作(说话时动作不一定正在进行),常与表示一段时间的状语thesedays,thisweek等连用Theyareworkinginafactorythesedays.他们这几天正在工厂劳动.Moreandmorepeoplearegivingupsmoking.越来越多的人在戒烟.Theyareworkinginafactorythesedays.他们这几天在工厂劳动.They'revisitingBeijingthisweek.这周他们在北京观光.3.现在进行时常与always,continually,constantly,forever等表示频度的副词连用,表示经常、反复发生的动作,常表示厌烦、不满、赞扬等情感Heisalwaysthinkingofhiswork.他总是想着他的工作.They'reforeverquarrellingaboutsomething.他们老是为某件事争吵不休.(不满)4.现在进行时有时也用来代替一般现在时,表示一个经常性的动作或状态,或是为了表示一种感情(如赞叹、厌烦等)或是为了强调情况的暂时性Howareyoufeelingtoday?你今天觉得怎么样?(亲切)Lindaisdoingfineworkatschool.琳达在学校学习挺不错.(赞美之意)5.有些动词:如come,go,leave,arrive,begin,start,stay等的现在进行时可表示将要发生的动作,一般跟时间状语,表明动作发生的时间Thetrainisarrivingsoon.火车要到了.WeareleavingonSaturday.我们星期六动身.Areyougoinganywheretomorrow?明天你到哪儿去吗?(四)有的动词不能用于现在进行时这些词通常是表示感觉、感情、存在、从属、思维等的动词.表示感觉的动词:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,seem,appear表示感情的动词:hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(原谅)表示存在状况:be,exist(存在),remain(保持),stay,obtain(获得)表示从属或占用:have,possess(拥有),own(拥有),contain(包含),belong(属于),consistof(由······组成),form(形成)表示思考、理解:understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember五、过去进行时(一)过去进行时的构成过去进行时由“was/were+现在分词”构成.过去进行时的肯定式,否定式和疑问式及简单回答.(以动词work为例)肯定式I(He,She,It)wasworking.We(You,They)wereworking.否定式I(He,She,It)wasnotworkingWe(You,They)werenotworking.疑问式WasI(he,she,it)working..?Werewe(you,they)working...?简单回答Yes,youwere.No,youwerenot.Yes,IwasNo,IwasnotYes,he(she,it)was.No,he(she,it)wasnot.Yes,you(we,they)were.No,you(we,they)werenot.(二)过去进行时的用法1.过去进行时表示过去某一个时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作.通常与表示过去的时间状语连用.then,atthis/thattime,yesterday,atnine,lastnight等At8:00o'clockyesterdayeveningIwashavingdinnerwithsomefriends.昨天晚上八点,我在和几位朋友一起吃饭.Thedoorbellrangwhilemymotherwascookingthedinner.在妈妈做饭时,门铃响了.MaryfellasleepwhileshewaswatchingTV.玛丽看着电视睡着了.MysonwaslearningEnglishinAustralialastautumn.去年秋天我儿子在澳大利亚学习英语.Iwasreadinganinterestingbooklastmonth.上个月我在看一本有趣的书.2.表示移动的动词.如:come,start,stay,leave,fly等词的过去进行时,可以表示过去将要发生的动作Hewasleavingthefollowingday.他第二天将要离开.SheaskedwhenIwasstarting.她问我何时动身.3.过去进行时动词常与always,forever,continually,constantly,frequently等副词连用,代替一般过去时,强调过去经常性或习惯性动作,表现出说话人的赞美、厌烦等情绪Hewasforevercomplainingaboutsomething.他老是怨这怨那.Hewasconstantlyaskingquestions.他老是没完没了地提问题.4.在含有时间状语从句的复合句中,延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时,另一个动作用一般过去时.若表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时发生,则主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时WhatwasJimdoingwhentheteachercamein?老师进来的时候吉姆在做什么?Hereadapieceofnewspaperwhilehewaswaitingforthebus.他一边等车,一边看报.Thestudentswerereadingwhiletheteacherwasgradingtheirhomework.学生们在看书,而老师在批改他们的家庭作业.点拨(1)静态动词如be,have,seem,dependon(依靠)等一般不能用于进行时态.(2)表示知觉、认识或情感的动词如see,hear,believe,know,like,love,want,wish等一般也没有进行时态.(三)一般过去时与过去进行时的用法比较一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态;而过去进行时则表示在过去某个特定时间正在进行的动作.Marywrotealettertoherfriendlastnight.玛丽昨晚给她朋友写了封信.(信已写完)Marywaswritingalettertoherfriendat8:00o'clocklastnight.昨晚八点钟玛丽在给她的朋友写信.(信不一定写完,只说明了动作的延续)Itwasrainingthistimeyesterday.昨天这个时间在下雨.(动作延续)Itrainedyesterday.昨天下过雨.(动作完成)六、现在完成时(一)现在完成时的构成现在完成时由“have/has+过去分词”构成.现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式及简单回答.(以动词work为例)肯定式I(You)haveworked.He(She,It)hasworked.We(You,They)haveworked.否定式I(You)havenot/haven'tworked.He(She,It)hasnot/hasn'tworked.We(You,They)havenot/haven'tworked.疑问式HaveI(you)worked...?Hashe(she,it)worked...?Havewe(you,they)worked...?简单回答Yes,you(I)have.No,you(I)havenot/haven't.Yes,he(she,it)has.No,he(she,it)hasnot/hasn't.Yes,you(we,they)have.No,you(we,they)havenot/haven't.说明:①助动词have和has可以与前面的主语缩略为’ve和’s.如:we've,they've,he's,it's等.②havenot常缩略为haven't,hasnot常缩略为hasn't.(二)现在完成时的词尾变化现在完成时由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成.规则变化的过去分词与动词过去式的变化一样,在动词词尾加-ed;不规则变化的过去分词见“一般过去时”一节的不规则动词表.(三)现在完成时的用法1.表示过去已经开始,持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态;常和表示一段时间的状语,如:today,thesedays,since,for,thismonth,now等连用I'mhungry.Ihaven'teatenanythingsincebreakfast.我饿了,早饭以来我还什么东西都没吃.Ihaveworkedatthisschoolfor20years.我在这所学校工作20年了.TheyhavelivedinBeijingsince1972.他们从1972年以来就住在北京.Hehasdrunkfourcupsofcoffeetoday.他今天喝了4杯咖啡了.It'snicetoseeyouagain.Wehaven'tseeneachotherforalongtime.再次见到你很高兴,我们有很长时间没见面了.2.表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果Ihavejustpostedaletter.我刚把信邮寄了.Shehaslostherwatch.她把表丢了.Someonehasbrokenthewindow.有人把窗户打碎了.WehavelivedinBeijing.我们一直住在北京.Iunderstandwhatshehassaidtome.我理解她对我说的话.WeknowthathehaspassedtheEnglishexam.我们知道他英语考试及格了.(四)现在完成时需注意的问题1.表示短暂性的动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用这类动词常见的有:appear,begin,borrow,buy,close,come,die,fall,find,finish,join,kill,leave,lend,sell,start,stop等.2.现在完成时不能和明确指出过去时间的状语连用,但可以和不明确指出时间的状语连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语连用明确指出过去的时间状语:如yesterday,lastweek,in1999,twodaysago,justnow,whenIcamein不明确指出时间的状语:如already,yet,sometimes,always,often,just,before,never,ever,lately,once包括现在在内的时间状语:如thismorning,today,thisweek,thisyear(五)have(has)been和have(has)gone的区别表示“曾到过某地”要用“have(has)been”;表示“已经去某地”要用“have(has)gone”.试比较:Wherehashebeen?他刚才到哪儿去了?(他已回来)Wherehashegone?他上哪儿去了?(他现在不在这里)TheyhavebeentoBeijing.他们到过北京.(现在已不在北京了)TheyhavegonetoBeijing.他们到北京去了.(他们可能在去北京的路上,或者已到北京)(六)现在完成时与一般过去时在意义上的区别现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况.因此,它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday,lastnight,threeweeksago,in2000等.而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系,它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用.试比较:Ihaveseenhim.我已见过他了.(我了解他的情况)Isawhimyesterday.我昨天看到他的.(只说明昨天我看到他,并不涉及现在的情况)Ihavebeenillforaweek.我已病了一周了.(现在还在生病)Iwasillforaweek.我病了一周.(过去病了一周)(七)延续性动词与非延续性动词的用法1.现在完成时表示动作从过去某个时候开始一直持续到现在,与一段时间连用时应注意句中的谓语动词应是延续性动词,非延续性动词在肯定句中不可和一段时间连用我离开这所学校已经八年了.误:I'veleftthisschoolforeightyears.正:I'vebeenawayfromthisschoolforeightyears.他借用我的词典已两天了.误:Hehasborrowedmydictionaryfortwodays.正:Hehaskeptmydictionaryfortwodays.不过,在否定句中非延续性动词可与一段时间连用.Ihaven'tgonetoseehimforseveralmonths.我已经好几个月没去看他了.2.非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采用下列两种方法(1)将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词.buy→haveborrow→keepopen→beopenclose→beclosedbegin/start→beoncome→beherego→betherefinish→beoverdie→bedeadcatchacold→haveacoldputon→weargetup→beupwakeup→beawakefallasleep→beasleeplose→nothavejoin→bein/beamemberofleave→beawayarrive/reach→bemarry/getmarried→bemarried(2)用句型“Iris+一段时间＋since从句(从句中的谓语动词用非延续性动词的过去式)”表示.Itistwoyearssincetheoldmandied.这个老人去世两年了.七、过完成时(一)过去完成时的构成过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成.所有人称和数都用“had+过去分词”,其否定式hadnot常缩写为hadn't.过去完成时的肯定式和疑问式及简单回答形式:(以动词work为例)I(You)肯定式I(You)He(She,It)hadworked.We(You,They)否定式I(you)He(She,It)hadnot/hadn'tworked.We(You,They)疑问式I(you)Hadhe(she,it)worked...?we(you,they)简单回答I(you)I(you)Yes,he(she,it)hadNo,he(she,it)hadnot/hadn’dwe(you,they)we(you,they)(二)过去完成时的用法1.表示在过去某一时间之前(也称为“过去的过去”)已经发生或完成的动作.常与“by/before+过去的时间”构成的短语连用HowmanyEnglishsongshadyoulearnedbytheendoflastterm?到上学期末,你们学了几首英文歌?Bytheendoflastyear,wehadplanted10,000trees.到去年年底,我们一共栽种了1万棵树了.Ihadneverseensuchawonderfulmatchbeforethatday.那天之前我从未看到过那么精彩的比赛.Theboyshadgottoschoolbefore7:00inthemorning.这些男孩儿7点以前就到校了.2.用于以连词when,assoonas,as...as,before,until,nowthat引导的状语从句中或一些宾语从句中以表示动作发生的时间早于主句所表示的动作,可表示原因、动作先后等关系IsawLiPingyesterday.WehadnotseeneachothersinceIleftBeijing.我昨天见到了李平.自我离开北京以来,我们就没见过面.Hewentoutafterhehadputonhiscoatandhat.他穿上大衣、戴上帽子后,便出去了.Thetrainhadjustleftwhentheygottothestation.当他们到达火车站时,火车刚刚开走.HowlonghadMr.Litaughtinthesouthbeforehecamehere?李先生在来这儿之前,在南方教了几年书?Mr.andMrs.BrownhadlivedinBostonbeforetheymovedtoWashington.布朗夫妇在搬到华盛顿之前,在波士顿居住.3.某些表示意愿、意图等的动词,如:think,hope,want,intend,plan,mean等,其过去完成时常表示本来打算做而没有做的事Ihadmeanttobuy,butIbroughtnomoney.我本想买,但身上没带钱.Hehadintendedtospeak,buttimedidnotpermit.他本想发言,可是时间不允许.Ihadthoughtthattheyallknewaboutit.我还以为他们都知道这件事呢.(实际上他们并不知道)Ihadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.我本希望你能来,可你没有来.4.在Nosooner...than...;Hardly(scarcely)...when...的结构中,前面的动词多用过去完成时Nosoonerhadhearrivedhomethanhewasaskedtostartonanotherjourney.他刚到家就被要求做另一次旅行.Hardlyhadwegotintothecountrywhenitbegantorain.我们刚到乡间就下雨了.5.用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句Ifhehadseenyouyesterday,hewouldhaveaskedyouaboutit.假如他昨天看到你,他就会问你这件事了.IshouldhavecalledyouifIhadknownyourtelephonenumber.要是我知道你的电话号码,我就给你打电话了.(三)用一般过去时代替过去完成时的情况1.含有动作已经完成意义的动词,如arrive,enter,open等,当主句和从句的两个动作紧紧相连时,两个动作都可以用一般过去时WhenIarrivedatthestation,Ilearntthetrainhadalreadyleft.我一到车站,就听说火车已经离开了.Whenheenteredtheoffice,heheardthetelephoneringing.他一进入办公室,就听到电话铃响了.2.由连词before,after,assoonas等引导的从句,由于连词本身意义已经说明主句和从句两个动作先后发生的关系,因此,两个动作都可以用一般过去时Afterhedosed(=hadclosed)thedoor,heleftthehouse.他关好门后离开房子.ItelephonedyouassoonasIgothome.我一到家,就给你打了电话.八、过去将来时(一)过去将来时的构成1.过去将来时由“助动词would+动词原形”构成.助动词would常简写为“’d”.例如:“I'd"“you'd”“he'd”等;wouldnot常简写为”wouldn't"2.过去将来时还可以用“was(were)+goingto+动词原形”来表示(二)过去将来时的用法1.表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态过去将来时在宾语从句里最常见.Iwonderedwhyhewouldn'tgowithus.我想知道,他为什么不和我们一起去.TheyaskedhowtheywouldgotoParis.他们问他们将怎么去巴黎.Heaskedwhenthemeetingwouldend.他问会议将在什么时候结束.Iwonderedifourteamwouldwin.我想知道,我们队是否会赢.Hesaidtherewouldbeaconcertthisevening.他说今晚有一场音乐会.2.过去将来时也可用“was/weregoingto+动词原形”构成,表示曾经打算或准备要做的动作Ithoughtitwasgoingtorainsoon.我认为很快就会下雨.Hetoldmehewasgoingtowaitformethere.他告诉我他打算在那儿等我.Hesaidhewasnotgoingtobethere.他说他不准备在那儿.Shesaidshewasn'tgoingtobefreethisSaturday.她说她这个周六没有空.Iwassure(that)theyweregoingtodothat.我确信他们要做那件事.3.过去将来时还可用“was/were+动词不定式”或“was/wereabout+动词不定式”结构,表示某种过去将来的意义ShesaidthattheyweretoseetheirEnglishteachernextweek.她说下个星期她们要去看她们的英语老师.Weweretofinishtheworkinthreedays.我们打算三天内完成任务.4.过去将来时常用来表示过去的习惯性动作,这时往往有一个时间状语陪衬Everyeveningshewouldteachustoreadandwrite.每天晚上她都来教我们读写.好题精练一、选择填空1.NevertroublemewhileI_________inmyroom.A.willsleepB.asleepC.amsleepingD.slept2.LinTaooften_________hishomeworkathomeintheevening,thenhe_________overhislessons.A.do;goB.does;goesC.did;goesD.does;went3.yourfatherusuallygotoworkearlyeveryday?A.WasB.IsC.DidD.Does4.MissGaoisn'there.She_________tothestationtomeetMr.Brown.A.wentB.hasgoneC.hasbeenD.wouldgo5.Mr.Liisout.Buthe_________heretenminutesago.A.wasB.isC.willD.wouldbe6.There_________atalkaboutscienceinourschoolnextMonday.A.willhaveB.willbeC.haveD.has7.Hisuncle_________Englishinthisschooltwoyearsago.A.hastaughtB.hadtaughtC.taughtD.teaches8.Myfatherisverybusy,he_________TVaftersupper.A.don'twatchB.isn'twatchC.didn'twatchD.doesn'twatch9.Mr.King_________Chinalastyear.A.visitB.visitedC.visitsD.visiting10.Tomhasgoneout.He'll_________backinanhour.A.amB.isC.areD.be11.Mr.Brown_________manyfriendssincehecametoChina.A.hasmadeB.hadmadeC.makesD.made12.-HowlonghasJim_________?-Forabouteightweeks.A.goneawayB.lefthomeC.beenawayD.left13.-_________you_________anewdictionary?-Notyet.A.Has;buyB.Has;boughtC.Did;buyD.Have;bought14.Mr.Smith_________tovisitBeijingintwodays.A.comeB.cameC.comesD.willcome15.HanMei_________worriedbecausehermother_________ill.A.looks;isB.look;isC.look;wasD.looked;is16.Mrs.Smith_________never_________toChina.A.did;goB.does;comeC.has;comeD.has;been17.LiMingandWangLin_________Leaguemembers.A.isB.bothareC.arebothD.areall18.-Whatdidyoudolastnight?-Ididmyhomeworkand_________TV.A.watchB.watchedC.willwatchD.amwatching19.Ir'scoldoutside.Alice,here'syourcoat._________,please.A.PutitonB.PutitupC.TakeitoffD.Takeitaway20.HowlongmayI_________thisbook?A.borrowB.lendC.returnD.keep21.-Howlong_________you_________thebicycle?-Abouttwoweeks.A.have;hadB.have;boughtC.did;buyD.have;get22.Tom_________morethan200ChinesestampssincehecametoChina.A.collectsB.collectedC.willcollectD.hascollected23.There_________manyflowersinthestreet.A.isB.areC.beD.am24.I_________tobeduntilmygrannycamebackhome.A.didn'tgoB.wentC.hadgoneD.havegone25.LiMingwillbuyawatchifhisfather_________himmoney.A.giveB.givesC.gaveD.willgive26.AuntLi_________herhometownforalongtime.A.hasleftB.leftC.hasgonetoD.hasbeenawayfrom27.Maryisn'tin.She_________tothemarket.A.wentB.isgoingC.hasbeenD.hasgone28.TheWhites_________manyplacesofinterestsincetheycametoChina.A.havevisitedB.willvisitC.visitedD.visit29._________he_________thedoctorthedaybeforeyesterday?A.Have;seenB.Has;seenC.Did;seeD.Does;see30.-WhereisMr.Zhang?-Hehas_________America.A.beentoB.gonetoC.beenD.gone31.-Howmanystudents_________inyourclass?-Forty.A.isthereB.arethereC.thereisD.thereare32.-Ihavefinishedmyhomework.-When_________you_________it?A.do;finishB.will;finishC.have;finishedD.did;finish33.IfZhangHua_________hard,he'lldobetterinmath