2021-2022年山东省泰安市大学英语6级大学英语六级

2021-2022年山东省泰安市大学英语6级大学英语六级学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.

CryosatshouldhelpfigureoutwhatishappeningattheWestAntarcticfringebecauseitsradaraltimetersshouldbeableto______.

2.TheTruthaboutLying

I'vebeenwantingtowriteonasubjectthatintriguesandchallengesme:thesubjectoflying.I'vefounditverydifficulttodo.EveryoneI'vetalkedtohasaquiteintenseandpersonalbutoftenratherintolerantpointofviewaboutwhatlieshecanandcannevertell.I'vefinallyreachedtheconclusionthatIcan'tpresentanyultimateconclusions,fortoomanypeoplewouldpromptlydisagree.Instead,I'dliketopresentaseriesofmoralpuzzles,allconcernedwithlying.I'lltellyouwhatIthinkaboutthem.Doyouagree?

SocialLies

MostofthepeopleI'vetalkedwithsaythattheyfindsociallyingacceptableandnecessary.Theythinkit'sthecivilizedwayforfolkstobehave.Withouttheselittlewhitelies,theysay,ourrelationshipswouldbeshortandnasty.It'sarrogant,theysay,toinsistonbeingincorruptibleandsobravethatyoucauseotherpeopleunnecessaryembarrassmentorpainbycompulsivelypresentingthemwithyourhonesty.Ibasicallyagree.Whataboutyou?

Willyousaytopeople,whenitsimplyisn'ttrue,"Ilikeyournewhairdo,""you'relookingmuchbetter,""It'ssonicetoseeyou,""Ihadawonderfultime"?Willyoupraiseuglypresentsanduglykids?

Andeventhough,asIdo,youmaypreferthepoliteevasionof"Youreallycookedastorm"insteadof"Thesoup"—whichtastelikewarmed-overcoffee—"iswonderful,"willyou,ifyoumust,proclaimitwonderful?

There'sonemanIknowwhoabsolutelyrefusestotellsociallies."Ican'tplaythatgame,"hesays,"Fmsimplynotmadethatway."Andhisanswertotheargumentthatsayingnicethingstosomeonedoesn'tcostanythingis,"Yes,itdoes--itdestroysyourcredibility."Myfrienddoesnotindulgeinwhathecalls"flattery,falsepraiseandsweetcomments".Whenotherstelllieshewillnotgoalong.Hesaysthatsociallyingislying,thatlittlewhiteliesarestilllies.Andhefeelsthattellingliesismorallywrong.Whataboutyou?

Peace-keepingLies

Manypeopletellpeace-keepinglies;liesdesignedtoavoidirritationorargument;liesdesignedtosheltertheliarfrompossibleblameorpain;liesdesignedtokeeptroubleatbaywithouthurtinganyone.

Itelltheseliesattimes,yetIalwaysfeelthey'rewrong.Iunderstandwhywetellthem,butstilltheyfeelwrong.AndwheneverIliesothatsomeonewon'tdisapproveofmeorthinklessofmeoryellatme,IfeelI'mabitofacoward,IfeelI'mdodgingresponsibility,Ifeelguilty.Whataboutyou?

Doyou,whenyouarclateforadatebecauseyouoverslept,sayyou'relatebecauseyougotcaughtintrafficjam?

Doyou,whenyoudidn'trememberthatitwasyourfather'sbirthday,saythathispresentmustbedelayedinthemail?

Finally,doyoukeepthepeacebytellingyourhusbandliesonthesubjectofmoney?Andingeneraldoyoufindyourselfready,willingandabletolietohimwhenyoumakeabsurdmistakesorloseorbreakthings?

ProtectiveLies

Protectiveliesareliesfolkstell—oftenquiteseriouslies--becausethey'reconvincedthatthetruthwouldbetoodamaging.Theyliebecausetheyfeeltherearecertainhumanvaluesthataremoreimportantthanthewrongofhavinglied.Theylie,notforpersonalgain,butbecausetheybelieveit'sforthegoodofthepersonthey'relyingto.Theylietothosewhotrustthemmostofall,onthegroundsthatbreakingthistrustisjustified.

Theymaylietotheirchildrenonmoneyormaritalmatters.

Theymaylietodyingaboutthestateoftheirhealth.

Isometimestellsuchlies,butI'mawarethatit'squitepresumptuoustoclaimIknowwhat'sbestforotherstoknow.That'scalledplayingGod.That'scalledmanipulationandcontrol.Andwenevercanbesure,oncewestarttoju

A.YB.NC.NG

3.

Thefusionprocessofsungaveoff______.

4.CommonFaultsandEyeMovement

Thereareanumberofbadhabitswhichpoorreadersadopt.Mostoftheseinvolveusingextrabodymovementinthereadingprocess.Inefficientreading,themusclesoftheeyeshouldmaketheonlyexternalmovement.Ofcoursetheremustbevigorousmentalactivity,butextrabodymovements,suchaspointingwiththefingerormovingthelips,donothelpreadingandoftenslowitdown.

POINTINGATWORDS

Afaultthatisoftenseenwhenstudentsaretryingtoconcentrateispointingtothewordswithafinger,pencilorruler.Youngchildrenandverypoorreadersoftenpointwithafingerateachwordinturn.Slightlymorematurereaderssometimesholdapencilorrulerunderneaththelinewhichtheyarereading.Whilemarkingthelinemightbehelpfulforbeginningreaders,itiscertainlyunnecessaryfornormalreaders.Besidesslowingdownthereaderthroughthemeremechanicalmovementofpencil,ruler,orfinger,pointingatlinesorwordstendstocausethestudenttofocushisattentiononthewrongthing.Theimportantthingtoconcentrateonwhilereadingistheideathattheauthoristryingtocommunicate,andnotthelocationofthewordsonthepage.Theeyesofanychildoldenoughtolearnhowtoreadarecertainlyskillfulenoughtobeabletofollowalineofprintwithoutextrahelpfromfingersorrulers.

Anothercommonfaultthatiseasilyobservedisheadmovement.Thismostoftenoccurswhenstudentsarenervousabouttheirreadingortryinghard,asduringareadingspeedtest.Withheadmovementthestudenttriestoaimhisnoseatthewordheisreadingsothatashereadsacrossthelinehisheadturnsslightly.Whenhemakesthereturnsweeptobeginanewlinehisheadquicklyturnsbacksothathisnoseispointedattheleft-handmargin,andhecannowbegintoreadthenewlinebyslowlyturninghishead.Thebeliefthatthisheadmovementaidsreadingispurenonsense.Eyemusclesarequitecapableofshiftingtheeyesfromwordtoword,andthe)'neednohelpfromneckmuscles.

Oftenstudentsarequiteunawarethattheyaremovingtheirheadswhilereadingandtheyneedtoberemindedbytheteachernottodo-it.

VOCALIZATION

Vocalizationisanotherfault.Somepoorreadersthinkitnecessarytopronouncealoudeachwordasitisread.Usuallythispronunciationisquitesoft,sothatthestudentismorewhisperingtohimselfthanactuallyreadingaloud,buteventhisisveryundesirable.Thechiefdisadvantageofpronouncingwordswhileyoureadthemisthatittendstotiereading'speedtospeakingspeed,andthesilentreadingofmostnormalreadersisnearlytwiceasfastastheirspeaking.Usuallythisfaultcanbeeliminatedinolderstudentsbytheirownconsciouseffort,possiblywiththeaidofafewremindersfromtheteacher.

Vocalizationbybeginningreadersisacommonfault;afterareaderreachessomematurityitbecomesveryundesirable.

Vocalizationtakesvariousmodifiedforms.Sometimesareaderwillmerelymovehislipssoundlessly.Atothertimeshemaymaketongueorthroatmovementswithoutlipmovement.Stillotherreaderswillhaveactivitygoingonintheirvocalcords,whichcanbedetectedbythestudentifheplaceshisfingersalongsidehisvocalcordsinthethroatwhileheisreading.Vocalcordvibrationcanbefeltwiththefingersquiteeasily.Liketruevocalization,theseminorpartsof"subvocalization"--lipmovement,tongueorthroatmovementandvocalcordmovement--canbestoppedbyconsciouseffortofthestudent.

SUBVOCALIZATION

Subvocalizationisthemostdifficultofalltypesofvocalization.Insuhvocalizationthereisnobodymovement.Thelips,tongueorvocalcordsdonotmove.Butaninnertypeofspeechpersists:withinthestudent'smindheissayingeachwordtohimself,clearlyp

A.YB.NC.NG

5.

Fullerwon______in19

6.

Globalwarmingonlyresultsfromrapidincreasesinemissionsofgreenhousegases.

A.YB.NC.NG

7.(11)

8.

OnesecuritymodeofferedbyBluetoothisthatdatamaybeexchangedfreelyamongthedevicesBluetoothusersestablishas_______________.

9.

Inthisarticletheauthoruses______tosupportmanyofhisimportantpointsinthenewsstory.

10.

IfalltheiceintheAntarcticmelted,globalsealevelswouldrisehugely.

A.YB.NC.NG

11.

Themajoraimoftheagreementmadeby284universitiesismerelytoreduceenergyconsumptionandwaste.

A.YB.NC.NG

12.

Undertheinfluenceofhightemperatureandmuchdamagecausedbythehuman,Earthandlifewill______.

13.

Whenmostpeoplereadtheword"he",theywouldunderstandittoraterto______.

14.

Undergraduatesatdozensofschoolshavegonesofarastovoteforincreasesintheiractivitiesfeestohavemoremoneyfor______.

15.WhycouldAdamSmithbethelasteconomistasthefaceonabanknote?

A.Noeconomicthinkercouldbemorehonorable.

B.Cashisveryversatileandenduring.

C.Wewillnotneedmoneyinthenearfuture.

D.Electronicmoneywillreplacecashinthefuture.

16.

Scientistshaveexertedgreateffortstosearchotherplanetsforanylifeforms.

A.YB.NC.NG

17.

Newtreeseedlingswillnotsurvivetoreachthecanopylevelunless______.

18.

Thereasonwhyweshouldbeeatingmorefishisthat______.

19.

YoucanapplyfordivorceatacountycourtintheUK,buttodothis,couplesmusthavebeenmarriedforatleastayear.

A.YB.NC.NG

20.

Youcanchangethesoundofyourmusictobecomemoreprofessionalbyadding______.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.

【B7】

22.听力原文：W:IwillgotoTibetforholidaythissummer.Ihavedreamtforyearstogothere.Sowhat'syourholidayplan?

M:It'shardtosay.IfIpassthefinalexams,Iwillhavethemostfantasticholidayasmyparentshavepromisedme.ButifIdon't,itwillbethesameasthepreviousones.

Q:Whatwilltheman'sholidaybelike?

(14)

A.Itwillbethemostfantasticone.

B.Itwillbethesameasthepreviousones.

C.Itdependsontheman'sscoresintheexams.

D.ItwillbespentinTibet.

23.【B5】

24.【B1】

25.听力原文：M:Hi,Cathy.IamherebecauseIvisitedcavesalloverNorthAmerica.Sinceyouaregoingtostudycaveformations,Dr.Bowaskedmetocometosharesomeofmyexperienceswithyou.

W:Hi,Bill.Sowonderful!Ican'twaittohearaboutit!

M:Recently,IvisitedtheLaChagireCaveinNewMexico,mydreamhasalwaysbeentodiscoveranewpassageway.Ihadachancethere,becauseLaChagireissolargethatdiscoveriesarefrequentlymadethere.

W:Wasitnewlydiscovered?

M:Thecavewasnotevendiscovereduntil1986.

However,peopleinthatareahadfiguredthattheremustbeacavenearby,becauseofthestrongwindthatblewfrombehindthehugerockthatcoveredtheentrance.Enormousamountofairenterandexitthecaveinordertomaintainbalanceofthepressurewiththeinsideair.

W:Youmusthavehadtofightheavywindwhenyouwereinthecave.

M:Exactly,Ihadtofight45mileperhourwinds.Afterallthateffort,Ihadtobeextremelycarefulmaintainingmyenergylevel.Peoplewhoaretiredtendtobecareless,andmaybemoreconcernedaboutgettingoutofthecavethantakingcareofit.

W:Anythinginterestingorthrillinginthecave?

M:ThereareformationsinLaChagirethatlooklikeoceanwaves,Christmastreesandotherstuffnoonehaseverseenbefore.

W:Cavesarenormallycreatedbycarbonicacid,right?

M:Butthiscavesculptedoutbyverypowerfulsulfuricacidthatswellsupfrombelow.

(23)

A.Hewasaskedtoleadsgroupofinexperiencedcaretsthere.

B.Itwasthefirstcavethathehadevervisited.

C.Clearlymarkedtrailsmadeiteasytoexplore.

D.liehopedtomakeadiscovery.

26.听力原文：M：Hi，Carol．Iwasjustwonderingifyouwouldcomebythisafternoonandgivemeahandwiththedecorationfornextweek'sparty．

W：I'msorry，Bill．Ireallycan'ttoday．IhavetogototheairporttomeetmyparentscomingbackfromFrance．

Q：Whatwillthemanpossiblydothisafternoon?

(16)

A.HewillflytoFrance.

B.Hewillmeethisparentsattheairport.

C.Hewillpreparethedecoration.

D.Hewillgotoaparty.

27.听力原文：M:Icouldn'tputupwithmywifeanylonger.Idon'tknowwhyshealwayswantstolookateverythinginsuchanegativewayandtodiscourageotherpeople.

W:Maybeyoushouldtrytogettoknowsomethingaboutherchildhoodandtrytohelpherout.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(15)

A.Theman'swifeshouldtrytobemoreunderstanding.

B.Thedepressionoftheman'swifemaybetheresultofherpastexperiences.

C.Theman'snegativeattitudemaybederivedfromhischildhood.

D.Itiseasyforthemantohelphiswifeoutofpessimism.

28.(25)

A.Gunfightsandexplodingcars.

B.Depressingstories.

C.Intensecharacters.

D.Darkbackground.

29.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

听力原文：M:Isn'titrathercoldoutside,Sally?

W:Itisabit,butIcan'tstandtheterriblesmokeinside.I'dratherstayhereifyoudon'tmind.Youknow,freshairmakesmemorecomfortable.

Q:Whydoesthewomanwanttostayoutside?

(12)

A.Becauseshefeelsveryhotintheroom.

B.Becauseshewantstoavoidmeetingpeople.

C.Becauseshewantstosmokeacigaretteoutside.

D.Becauseshedoesn'tlikethesmellinside.

30.听力原文：M:Ithinkweshouldmoveontothenextitem.

W:Ok.ButI'dliketotakethismatterupagainattheendofthemeeting.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(19)

A.Theyshouldputthemeetingtoanend.

B.Shewouldliketodiscussanotheritem.

C.Shewantstodiscusstheissueagainlater.

D.Theyshouldholdanothermeetingtodiscussthematter.

31.(29)

A.Becauseitissoluminous.

B.Becauseitisbroad.

C.BecauseitiswheretheHeavenis.

D.Becauseitissoremotefromus.

32.(31)

A.Thereisnoactualsalestakeplace.

B.Itisuptoparentstomonitortheirchildren.

C.Childrenunderstandwhatanadvertisementistryingtodo.

D.Childrenareprovidedagameinreturnfortheinformation.

33.

【B10】

34.(45)

35.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：Manyscientiststodayareconvincedthatlifeexistselsewhereintheuniverse.Lifeprobablymuchlikethatonourownplanet.Asfarasastronomerscandetermine,theentireuniverseisbuiltofthesamematter.(26)Theyhavenoreasontodoubtthatmatterobeysthesamelawsineverypartoftheuniverse.Therefore,itisreasonabletoguessthatotherstars,withtheirownplanets,wereborninthesamewayasourownsolarsystem.Whatweknowoflifeonearthsuggeststhatlifewillarisewherevertheproperconditionsexist.

Ifwesupposethateverystarintheuniversehasafamilyofplanets,thenhowmanyplanetsmightsupportlife?(27)First,eliminatethosestarsthatarenotlikeoursun.Next.eliminatemostoftheirplanets;theyareeithertoofarfromortooclosetotheirsuns.Theneliminateallthoseplanetswhicharenotthesamesizeandweightastheearth.Finally,rememberthattheproperconditionsdonotnecessarilymeanthatlifeactuallydoesexistonaplanet.Itmaynothavebegunyet,oritmayhavealreadydiedout.

Thisprocessofeliminationseemstoleaveveryfewplanetsonwhichearthlikelifemightbefound.However.eveniflifecouldexistononlyoneplanetinamillion,(28)therearesomanybillionsofplanetsthatthiswouldstillleaveavastnumberonwhichlifecouldexist.

(27)

A.Matterhasdifferentlaws.

B.Matterhasonecommonlaw.

C.Mattersharesthesamelaws.

D.Mattersharesnocommonlaw.

36.(24)

A.Spendmoretimeinthelibrary.

B.Writejustonepaperforallhisclasses.

C.Droponeofhiscourses.

D.Writehispapersoncloselyrelatedtopics.

37.(36)

A.ThePhilippines.B.Brazil.C.Mexico.D.Guatemala.

38.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：AgnesMillerwasoneoftheearliestleadersofthewomen'sliberationmovementintheUnitedStates.ShewasbornonafarminMissouriin1892andhadaveryhappylifeasachild.Shewastheonlydaughterandtheyoungestchildoffive.Herparentsandherbrothersalwaystreatedherastheirfavorite.

In1896thefamilymovedtoChicago.ThreeyearslatertheymovedbacktoSt.Louis,whereAgnesspenttherestofherchildhood.Sheenjoyedheryearsinschoolandwasanoutstandingstudentofmathematics.Shewasasloquiteskillfulasapainter.

ItwaswhenAgneswentofftocollegethatshefirstbecameawarethatwomenwerenottreatedasequals.Shedidn'tlikebeingtreatedunequallybutshetriednottonoticeit.Aftergraduatingfromcollegeshetriedtogetajobinhermajorfield--physics.Shesoonfounditwasalmostimpossibleforawoman.

Agnesspentafullyearlookingforajob.Finallyshegaveupinanger.Shebeganwritinglettersofprotesttovariousnewspapers.AneditorinNewYorklikedherideasverymuch,andwasespeciallyimpressedwithherstyle.ofwriting.Heaskedhertodoaseriesofstoriesaboutthem.Herarticlesbegantoappearinmoreandmorenewspapers.Shedecidedtowriteabookinsupportofwomen'sliberation.Thebookbecameabestseller.Althoughsheneversawfullequalrightsforwomen,shenevergaveupherfight.Andsheshowedmanyotherwomenthewaytocontinuethefight.

(27)

A.InMissouri.

B.InChicago.

C.InNewYork.

D.InSt.LouisandChicago.

39.听力原文：W:Canyoutellmesomeofyourstrongpoints?

M:Withmyqualificationsandexperience,IfeelIamhardworking,responsibleanddiligentinanythingIdo.

W:Givemeabriefintroductionofyourcurrentjobexperience.

M:Ihavebeenworkingasacomputerprogrammerforfiveyears.Tobespecific,Idosystemanalysis,troubleshootingandprovidesoftwaresupport.

W:Whathaveyoudoneforyourcurrentorganization？

M:Ihavefinishedthreenewprojects,andIamsureIcanapplymyexperiencetothisposition.

W:Whatmakesyouthinkyouwouldbeasuccessinthisposition？

M:Mygraduateschooltrainingalongwithmyinternshipshouldqualifymeforthisjob.IamsureIwillbesuccessful.

W:Doyouworkwellunderstressorpressure？

M:Icandealwithitwellsinceitisquitecommoninmycurrentposition.

W:Whatleadershipqualitiesdidyouhave？

M:Ifeelthatlearninghowtomotivatepeopleandtoworktogetherasateamwillbethemajorgoalofmyleadership.

W:Howdoyoudealwiththetroubleyouhavewithyourcolleaguesinyourwork?

M:Iwilltrytopresentmyideasinamoreclearandopenwayinordertogetmypointsacross.

(20)

A.Bossandemployee.

B.Teacherandstudent.

C.Interviewerandcandidate.

D.Colleagues.

40.听力原文：W:Whyareyousoupset?Youtoldmethatyoupickedup200dollarsonthebus.1thoughtyoushouldbehappy.

M:Yes,thenanotherpassengeralsosawthemoney,and1gavehimahalf,but1didn'tfindthatIlostthesameamountofmoneyuntilmyreturninghome.

Q:Whathappenedtotheman?

(17)

A.Hegot100dollarsathome.

B.Helost200dollarsathome.

C.Hegot200dollarsonthebus.

D.Helost100dollarsonthebus.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.

Wecanconcludefromthepassagethatusinganelectriccarcan______.

A.savemoremoneythanusingtheregularcarsineveryway

B.preventpollutionandsaveenergyinthelongrun

C.attractmorecustomerstobuyVSPs

D.soonleadtoeliminatingtraditionalcars

42.

Howmuchmoneydosinglewomenandtheirchildrengetfromwelfareprogramseveryyear?

A.40to80billiondollars.

B.16to40billiondollars.

C.32to40billiondollars.

D.16to32billiondollars.

43.

Duringthefirstperiodofdemographichistory,societiesWereoftenindangerofextinctionbecause______.

A.onlyoneintenpersonscouldlivepast40

B.therewashighermortalitythanfertilityinmostplaces

C.itwastoodangeroustohavebabiesduetothepoorconditions

D.ourancestorshadlittleenthusiasmformorechildren

44.

ThelawofDecember,1988prohibitsemployersfromexamingpeoplewhoapplyforjobsexcept______.

45.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Britishuniversities,groaningundertheburdenofahugeincreaseinstudentnumbers,arewarningthatthetraditionofafreeeducationisatrisk.Theuniversitieshavethreatenedtoimposeanadmissionfeeonstudentstoplugagapinrevenueifthegovernmentdoesnotacttoimprovetheirfinancesandscrapsomepublicspendingcutbacks.

Thegovernmentrespondedtotheuniversities'threatbysettingupthemostfundamentalreviewofhighereducationforageneration,underanon-partytroubleshooter(调停人),SirRonDearing.

Oneinthreeschoolleaversentershighereducation,fivetimesthenumberwhenthelastreviewtookplacethirtyyearsago.

Everyoneagreesasystemthatisfeelingthestrainafterrapidexpansionneedsalotmoremoney—butthereislittlehopeofgettingitfromthetaxpayerandnotmuchscopeforattractingmorefinancefrombusiness.

Mostcollegesbelievestudentsshouldcontributetotuitioncosts,somethingthatiscommonelsewhereintheworldbutwouldmarkarevolutionarychangeinBritain.Universitieswantthegovernmenttointroducealoanschemefortuitionfeesandhavesuspendedtheirownthreatenedactionfornow.TheyawaitDearing'sadvice,hopingitwillnotbetoolate--somearealreadyreportedtobeinfinancialdifficulty.

Asthecenturynearsitsend,thewholeconceptofwhatauniversityshouldbeisunderthemicroscope.

Expertswonderhowmuchtheycanusecomputersinsteadofclassrooms,talkoftheneedforlifelonglearningandrefertostudentsas"consumers."

TheConfederation(联盟)ofBritishIndustry,thekeyemployers'organization,wantsevenmoreexpansioninhighereducationtohelpfightcompetitiononworldmarketsfromboomingAsianeconomies.Butthegovernmenthasdoubtsaboutmoreexpansion.TheTimesnewspaperagrees,complainingchatqualityhassufferedasstudentnumberssoared,withclosetutorialsupervisiongivingwayto"massproductionmethodsmoretypicalofEuropeanuniversities.

ThechiefconcernofBritishuniversitiesis______.

A.howtotackletheirpresentfinancialdifficulty

B.howtoexpandtheenrollmenttomeettheneedsofenterprises

C.howtoimprovetheireducationaltechnology

D.howtoputanendtothecurrenttendencyofqualitydeterioration

46.

WhatcanweinferfromParagraph3?

A.Owingtomanydynamicfactors,theearth'sshapechanges.

B.Owingtothepassageoftime,theearth'sshapechanges.

C.Owingtobeingnotaperfectoblatesphere,theearth'sshapechanges.

D.Owingtooceantides,theearth'sshapechanges.

47.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehavior.isevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithout,thefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskilfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehavior.demandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences.

Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone'smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxiety,forgetting.mayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection.

Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhat.wouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintime,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer,forexample,learnedbehavior.thatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byordinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thisforgettingseemstoservethatsurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies.

Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Intiffsview,continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorage(input)andforgetting(output).Indeed,thereisevidencethatthe.rateatwhichindividualsforgetsisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffersgrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance.

Fromtheevolutionarypointofview.

A.forgettingforlackofpracticetendstobeobviouslyinadaptive

B.ifapersongetsveryforgetfulallofasuddenhemustbeveryadaptive

C.thegradualprocessofforgettingisanindicationofanindividual'sadaptability

D.suddenforgettingmaybringabouta