语法透析2012考研基础讲义

6.it的用 （二）名 （三）数 定 状语 形容词和副词的 （一）时 since和for的用 四 七、从句的判别和应 八状语从 九从句的复 十as的用 (所谓“及物”，就是后面可直接加宾语的动词，有形式；而不及物动词是没有式的，也不可直接加宾语，需加上介词)TheearlybirdcatchestheIheardthebirdssingingSheboughtthebirdacage.Motherboughtmeabirthdaygift.两类系动词：①be动词；Iama②一些实义动词用作系动词：feeltastesmell 并列句：一个句子当中包含两个或互不相依存的主谓结构，中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。and,aswellaseither…or…，neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…eg:LastyearImetKateandwebecamefriends.Eithermyunclecandoit,ormyauntcandoeg:Ithasnomouth,butitcaneg:Helikedsports,whileIwouldrathercollect练习：20096Cerling‘steamcollectedtapwatersamplesfrom600citiesandconstructedamopoftheregionalMosthydrogenandoxygenatomsinwaterarestable（表语）but（tracesofbothelements主语）arealsopresentasheavierisotopes.（并列句）I,you,he,she, me,you,him,her,it,my,your,his,her,②名词性物主代词：mine,yours,his,hers,ours,theirs，后面不能加名词。eg:MayIborrowyourpen? ——Mineismissing.eg：ImyselftookMarytotheIcookedit指示代词：thisthattheseall,each,all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物；all可以表示所有东西的总和，是一个不可分割的整体；each只能表示两个或两个以上的人，侧重；②all和every侧重整体，each侧重eg：EverystaffoftheuniversitycontributedtotheTwogirlscame,andIgaveanappletoeveryone＆everyeveryone等同于everybody，allpeopleeg：Everyonethinkstheyhavetherighttobeeveryone既可以指人，也可以指物，强调一个，通常用everyoneofeg：Everyoneofushasfaults Everyoneofthe wehaveshownthisyearhasbeenanonoone只能指人，none既可以指人，也可以指物，noneof；eg：Noonefailedtheexamination.Noneofthestudentsfailedtheit（2）语ite.g.：ItisthreeyearssinceIsawiteg：I'velostmybook.WhereisThereisnodoubtaboutitthathewasafineiteg：Isitpossibletolearntypewritingveryit做形式宾语，通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语（形容词）之间，真正的宾语放在宾补之后常见动词有：feel,consider,find,believe,make,take,imagine,think,suppose,regardeg：Shethinksit（nouse宾补）lingHehasmadeitclear（thathewouldn'tagreetothen宾语it用于强调句，构成句型如何区分强调句中的it和形式主语中的it？如果It's和that去掉后，剩下的部分依然能构成完整的 eg：It'sclearthattheyhavewon.（二）s/esyyies,还有一些特殊形式的。有些单数名词的形式，是集合名词，可以用作复数，如，cattle，people，mankind等eg：Severalhundredwereondutyatthedemonstrationyesterday.Cattleareallowedtograzeonthevillage①apieceofadvice/bread/cloth/fortune/information/music/muse②abitof、anitemof一则、anarticleof，sand＆sands（，wood＆woods（，goods（商品，ash（灰）ashes（废墟）eg：GermanyisaEuropeancountry.eg：Isthisthebookthatyouarelooking eg：Doyouknowwhoinventedthecomputer？用于乐器或专有名词前，如ythepiano、theThames③零冠词:Eg:Whatdoyouusuallyhavefor（三）数词分为基数词(1,2,3..)和序数词(firstsecond,表示大约的词汇：about，approximay，around，roughly，some，(moreorless,orso加在后面);eg：About200peoplewerekilledinthecrash.Thetownis5orsofrom表示多于的词汇：above，morethan,表示少于，不到的词汇：almost，below，lessthan,undereg：It's2:57,andit'salmost3o'clock.of；eg：Therearemillionsofkindsofmatterinthe（四）用来修饰名词，通常是形容词；若是单个形容词，一般放在修饰名词前；Heisastrong成对的形容词；eg：Shehasmanypencilsblueand eg：Ithinkheisamansuitableforthe AcertainMr.Wangjustcameheretolookfor ill：作定语时，表示坏的；作表语时，表示有病的；Theillboyislate:作定语时，表示已故的；作表语时，表示晚的、的the+形容词：表示一类人；eg:theold,thepoortheblind,therich,theyoung,thescarcely形容词和副词的一些没有的形容词和副词supreme较..优秀，inferior，junior，senior，priorat在…to，than.②有些单词本身的含义即是最，独一无二，没有概念；absolute，entire整个，excellent，favorite，final. 常见的修饰的词有：much、still，even，byfar，abit，alittle,agooddeal或者倍数eg：ThephotographysofMarstakenbysalitearemuchclearerthanthosetakenfromeg：Heismorecleverthanhonest.eg：Theharderyouwork,themoreyouwill中英文之间最大的差异：说话时很少考虑动作是发生在过去，现在还是将来，西方人组织语言（一）e.g.：Igetupat7o'clockinthe Ileaveschoolforhomeat6everye.g.：Theteachertoldus:theearthmovesaroundthe /Shanghailiesintheeastof常用时间状语有：yesterdaylastweek,anhourago,theotherdayin1982e.g.：DidyougotoShanghailast补充：usedto/beusedusedtodo："过去常常"，表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在；e.g.：Mikeusedtotakeawalk.beusedto e.g.：Mikeisusedtotakingawalk. Heisusedtotakingashowerwithcoldbeusedtodoe.g.：LeavesareusedtofightenemiesastheweaponsinKongFuYourphonenumberagain?I quitecatch A. B. C. D.答案A:本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因e.g.：BeforeIcametoBeijing,Ihadstayedin①一个句子里有两个谓语动词，一个发生，一个发生在后，发生的用一般过去时，发生在后e.g.：Whenthearrived,thethieveshadrunhopewishexpect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，e.g.：Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyouWehadthoughtthathewouldtakepartinthecompetition，buthee.g.：Ifyouhadcometomybirthdayparty,youwouldhaveseen shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替e.g.：WhichparagraphshallIreadbegoingto不定式，表示将来；表示要发生的事情有了预先的计划、准备或有迹象表明要发生；e.g.：Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?（已经有了预期的设想）Whatwillyoudothis （对方无任何的预期）will（3）be不定式：表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事；e.g.：Weareto/willdiscussthereportnextSaturday.（4）beaboutto不定式：意为马上做某事，后面不可以接时间状语；e.g.：HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.e.g.：Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrow①趋向性动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来，主要用来表示在时间（or动作已经有时间表，有趋向性）e.g.：Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsinten时间或条件句e.g.：I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarriveinIcome,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等词可以用进行时表将来；过去发生的动作发生到现在，刚刚完成；e.g.Ihavejustfinishedmye.g.Ithasrainedfor3days.(也许后面还会继续再下e.g.：IcametoBeijingin IhavestayedinBeijingsince一般过去时常用时间状语：yesterday,lastweek，…ago,in1980,inOctober…（具体时间）现在完成时常用时间状语：forsince2hoursago,sofar…（长期的段时间）e.g.：Hehaddinnerwithmeyesterday.（强加具体时间昨天晚上）Ihaveyedbasketballfor3hours.（模糊的时间段，3个小时现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态动词一般是延续性的如live,teach,learn,work,study,know；一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish, e,getmarried等；e.g.：Hegotmarriedtwoyears IhavelivedinBeijingfor10Itisthefirstsecondtime…thatEg.ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.（）Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.（had）Thisisthe…that…结构，如果the后面出现了或者序数词，that从句要用现在完成时ThisisthebestfilmthatI've(ever) Thisisthefirsttime(that)I'veheardhimsing. Haveyou beentoourtown No,it'sthefirsttimeI A.even, B.even,have C.ever, D.ever,have答案D.everneverThisisthelargestfishIhaveeverseen.Itis/wasthefirsttime+that-clause的句型中，从句要用完成时。sincefor的用法since用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度e.g.：Ihavelivedhereformorethantwenty IhavelivedheresinceIwasforsincesince后面也出现时间段，则在时间段后ago；e.g.Ihavelivedheresincetwentyyears 错句：IhaveworkedheresincemanysinceItis一段时间since从句，sinceeg：ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduateItisthreeyearssinceIjoinedthe现在完成进行时 e.g.：Ithasrainedfor3days.（3天都有下，但是不一定每分每秒都在下Ithasbeenrainingfor3days.（3天一直在下，没有停的e.g.：IhavebeenlearningEnglishfor5 IhavebeenlearnedEnglishfor5 ng不要与have/has+been+done。前者是现在完成进行时，后者是现在完成时（二）语态：主动语态和语语态：物做主语，物被…..；语态基本形式：be+动词过去分词 havebeen （现在完成时Theyweregivenawarmsend （一般过去时Theirweddingwillbeheldinthechurch. （一般将来时）e.g.：Thebookwaswritten20years 1.2009年12月Despitethehardshipheencountered,Marknever 放弃：giveup, 追求giveup/abandon/quitthepursuitof gaveup/abandoned/quitthepursuitof2.2009年6月Thestudyshowsthatthepoorfunctioningofthehumanbody is+ng/形容词

becloselyrelatedto：与…相关 thelackofexercises：缺乏锻炼；iscloselyrelatedtothelackofexercises3.2008年12月Throughtheproject,manypeoplehavereceivedtrainingand havereceivedand后面也应该是现在完成时decidedto：决定； 创业：launchtheirownenterprisedecidedtolaunchtheirownenterprise4.2008年6月Ican’tbootmycomputernowSomethingmust（一定出了毛病）withitsoperating出了毛病：outofSomethingmustbeoutofcontrol/wrongeg：Iknowthegirl.；ThegirlcomesfromIknowthegirlwhocomesfrom将两个名词中的一个进行替换，若是人，用whowhich替换；that既可以指人，又将who或which引导的句子放在相同名词之后eg：Ilikereadingbooks.；ThebookswerewrittenbyOIlikereadingbookswhichwerewrittenbyOHenry.eg：Intedatree.；Thetreeistallerthanthehouse.ThetreewhichIntedistallerthanthehouse.我种的哪棵树，比房子还高eg：Theteacherprizedthe ；TheboyismyTheboywhotheteacherprizedismyneighbor.eg：Thisisthe ；YouarelookingfortheThisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.这就是你正在寻找的书eg：Thisisthebook.YouareinterestedintheThisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedeg：lookfor寻找（去掉for,意思变化，关系紧密）,beinterestedin对…感（去掉in,意思不变，关系疏远）,lookafter照顾，照看（after,意思变化，关系紧密）,lookat(关系疏远)which/who/that的前面；eg:ThisisthebookwhichyouarelookingThisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedin. Thisisthebookinwhichyouareinterested.Thisisthebookwhichyouaskedfor.（可提可不提，一般不提前）eg：Beijingisthece.；IwasbornintheBeijingisthecewhichIwasbornin.—》BeijingistheceinwhichIwasBeijingisthecewhereIwaseg:Ican'tforgetthe ；IjointhearmyontheIcan'tforgetthedaywhichIjointhearmyon.—》Ican'tforgetthedayonwhichIjointhearmy.Ican'tforgetthedaywhenIjointhearmy.判断：ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastThisisthemountainvillageinwhichIvisitedlastThisisthemountainvillagewhichIvisitedinlastyear.（visit是及物in,in）正确：Thisisthemountainvillagewhich/thatIvisitedlasteg：IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.（Iworkedwithyouontheday.）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside. (spent为及物动词，不需要。SpentsometimeintheIwillneverforgetthedayswhichIspentinthecountryside.（inspend的介词）eg：Isthisthemuseum（that）youvisitedafewdaysIsthisthemuseum(inwhich/where)theexhibitionwas介词+which，恰好表示时间和地点，可以替换成when，where5e.g.:Inourschool，therewere8foreignteacherswhocomefromAustralia.（限定性定语从句）8名来至澳洲的外教（可能有其他外教来至其他地方）Inourschool，therewere8foreignteacherswhocomefromAustralia.（非限定性定语从句）8名外教，补充说明一下，他们都来至澳洲。e.g.：Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.Thisisthehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth.e.g.:Hewonthefirstceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourexpectation.(which指代前面整句话)WewillspendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,whichwasdecidedlastyear.which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as则只能e.g.:Smokingisharmfultoourheath,whichweAsweknow,smokingisharmfultooure.g.：Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss（ ）cameasasurpriseA. B. C. D.(3)thatwhichthatwhich：非限定性定语从句中，即逗号之后；e.g.：Thetree,thatis400yearsold,isveryfamoushere.错thatwhichthatwhich；e.g.：Wedependontheland,fromwhichwecangetourfood.,e.g.：HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Leehastheonlytheverye.g.：Thisistheonlywaythatwecanthink③如果先行词中出现了序数词和形容词e.g.：ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveevere.g.：Theyaretalkingabouttheschoolandtheteachersthattheyvisited例：Medicalresearchersarepainfullyawarethattherearemany Theyhaven’tfoundsolutions/answerstotheseTherearemanyproblemswhichtheyhaven’tfoundsolutions/answers（ ，thistownismoreprosperousandComparedwiththeceinwhich/whereIgrew（ ，Icouldn’thelplaughing．Hearingthenewswhich/thathetoldme,例(阅读中)：Careerexpertssaythatoneoftheways（that）jobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.theway的时候，后面的连接词可以用thatwhichinwhiche.g.：Iknowtheman,theoftheNewOrientale.g.：Heisa Areyoua 一般疑问句（助动词提到主语前Whoisa that即可；如果是疑问句，则用别的。e.g.：Iknowthe HeisaIknowthefactthatheisae.g.：Ihaveaquestion.；Areyouastudent?Ihaveaquestionwhetheryouareastudent.Ihaveaquestionwhoisastudent.promise,prove,question,thought等，后面可以接同位语从句；that引导；一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上whether（常用）if；e.g.：Thenewssoonspreadthewhole ；TheyhadwontheThenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadthewholee.g.Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamecame.（主语长，谓语短，头重脚轻）Newscamethattheyhadwonthegame.（同位语不一定要跟在名词后，可分割，避免头重脚轻e.g.：Informationhasbeen MoremiddleschoolstudentwillbeadmittedtoInformation(thatmoremiddleschoolstudentwillbeadmittedtouniversities)hasbeenissued.(头重脚轻)—> Informationhasbeenissuedthatmoremiddleschoolstudentwillbeadmittedtouniversities. Thequestionwasansweredbythefamilydoctor. Whetherweshouldsendforaspecialist.Thequestionwhetherweshouldsendforaspecialistwasansweredbythefamilydoctor.(一般疑问) Ihavenoideawhenhewillbe (whenwillhebe,,when,wherewhen,where,why前面不是地点、时间和原因，那么是同位语从句；EgIhaveaquestionwhichoneisthebest,哪一个是最棒的（同位语e.g.：Thesuggestionthatsheshouldstayintheroomisgood.（that不充当成分，同位语从句Thesuggestionthatshehasgiveninthemeetingisgood.（thatgive宾语，定语从句）例：Thefactthatordinarycitizensarenowstartingtothinkseriouslyaboutthenation'smoralclimate道德风气；句子不缺少成分，为同位语从句),（saysthisethicsprofessorattheUniversityofChicago插入语）isreasontohope（thatnewideaswillcomeforwardtoimproveit宾语从句）.e.g.：Wemustfindout（谓动）whodidallIwanttoknowwhetherhewillcome.Ihopethathewillcome.e.g.：Theteachertoldusthattheearthise.g.：ToddPark,（alocaldetective同位语结构）,saidthemethodhashelpedhimlearnmoreaboutanunidentifiedwomanwhoseskeletonwasfoundnearGreatSaltLake.(帮他了解无名女是客观事实，所以用e.g.：Ithink(that)youaredon'tdoubtthat；e.g.：Idoubtwhetherheislingthetruth.Idon'tthatheislingthethink,believesupposeexpectfancyimagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句e.g.：IthinkIdon’tknow Idon'tthinkIknowIdon’tbelievehewillcome.seemappeare.g.：Itdoesn'tseemthattheyknowwheretogo.Itdoesn'tappearthatwe'llhaveasunnyday表语：接在系动词（am/is/are/look/sound/taste/feed等）之后的成分weatherif；eg：isnolongerwhatsheusedtobe.Thequestioniswhoisresponsibleforwhathas若从句为一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上whetherif；e.g.：Thatthecollegewilltakeinmorestudentsistrue.Whetherhewillcomeornothasn'tbeendecided.Whyheisn'thereisnotcleartoeveryone.itItis+名词+e.g.：Itisapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.(Thatyoushouldhavetoliveisae.g.：Itisclearthatthewholeprojectisdueto如果是Itisnecessary/important/strange/natural+that动词,should可以省略e.g.：Itisnecessarythatone(should)mastertheskillsofoperatingItis+过去分词+主语从句；Itissaid/e.g.：ItissaidthatBushwillvisitourschoolnextweek.据说，总统下周要来参观我们学校Itis+不及物动词+形容词表语形式+主语从句；e.g.：Itseemedcertainthathewillwintheprize.e.g.：Ihavenoideawhenshewillbebackideawhen引导的非时间名词)Idon’tknowthetimewhenshewillbeback.(定语从句)Idon’tknowwhenshewillbeback(宾语从句，直接接在动词know后面Weathershewillcomeornotisunknown.（主语从句）Itisunknownwhetherhewillcomeornot.（主语从句）Idon'tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.（宾语从句）Thequestioniswhetherhewillcomeornot.（表语从句）Thequestionwhetherhewillcomeornotisnotsettled.（同位语从句例： (很多人没有的)isthatSimonisaloverofsports,andfootballinparticular例：Itwasverydark,butMaryseemedto (本能地知道该走哪条路).knowwhichwaytotakebyinstinct（宾语从句）例：Inmysixties,onechangeInoticeisthat Ifeel/gettiredmoreeasilythan（阅读）Globalwarmingmayormaynotbethegreatenvironmentalcrisisofthe21stcentury,but-regardlessofwhetheritisorisn't（介词后面接宾语，宾语从句）-wewon'tdomuchaboutit.例：Becausetheyusuallyreceivethesamescoreonstandardexaminations（原因状语从句）,thereisoftendisagreementasto(关于，介词)（whoisthebetterstudent,Boboren？宾语从句）例：Yourresumeshouldattractawould-beboss'sattentionbydemonstrating 宾语从句：whyyouarethebestcandidateforacertain例：SincemychildhoodIhavefoundthat (没有什么比读书对我更有宾语从句：Nothingismoreattractive/appealingtomethan（e.g.：Igotup ；IwaslateforBecauseIgotuplateIwaslateforschool.（原因状语从句Igotuplate，soIwaslateforschool.（结果状语从句地点状语从句通常由wherewherever，everywheree.g.：WhereIlivethereareplentyofWhereveryouwork,youwillgainmuchvaluableexperienceaslongasyouarewillingtoWherever=nomatterEverywheretheywent,theywerewarmlyWherethereisawill,thereisaway.如果你有意志力，就一定会有方法。e.g.:Whereyouareconfident，youwille.g.：Wherepreviouslythebankhadconcentratedonthebiginfrastructureprojectssuchasdams,roadsandbridges，itbegintoswitchtoprojects（whichdirectlyimprovedthebasicservicesofacountry.定语从句）地点状语从句；concentratedon：集中于；方式状语从句通as,asif,asthough，theway,what引导e.g.：Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.WhenenterRomedoastheRomansdo.e.g.：Theycompleyignorethesefactsasif(asthough)theyneverHelooksasifasthough)hehadbeenhitbylighting.（）Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.（）theway：可以连接两个句子，表达就像……一样；e.g.：Ishoulddothejobthewaymyfatherdid.ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheUSthewaymanyAmericansviewMexicanasacheapcetovacation,shopandparty.e.g.：Airistomanwhat/aswateristofish.我们离不开空气，就像鱼儿离不开水一样。句型：AistoBwhatCistoD.e.g.：A1Gorecallsglobalwarmingan"inconvenienttruth"asifmerelyrecognizingitcouldputusonapathtoasolution.XX能够找到解决办法似的。（putsb.onapathtoasolution）thatsothatinorderthat,lestforfearthatincaseSothat:=inorderthatTakethismedicinesothatyoucanrecoverWewillstartearlythatwemayarriveintimeso有时可以省略)lest：以防；从句中的谓语动词必须用should+动词；e.g.:Hewrotethenamedownlestheshouldforgetit.Hetooktheumbrellawithhimlestitshouldrain.e.g.：Taketheumbrellawithyouincaseitforfeatthatlest现代英语少用e.g.：Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganizedsothatparticipantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoontosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.组织各项活者感到失望。（let…down）结果状语从句so…that或such…that引导；so保留，that可以省略（sothatmay/cane.g.：Hedidn'tabidebythecontractsothathewasHewassoexcitedthathecouldn'tfallasleep.Hemadesuchaninspiringspeechthateverybodygotexcited.如此……以至于……比较：so和such（1）so：so+形容词、副词+that；so+形容词+a/an+名词+that；e.g.：Thewindwassostrongthatwecouldhardlymoveforward.HerunssofastthatIcouldn'tcatchupwithhim.Itwassohotadaythatcropswilted.Heissolovelyaboythateveryonelovese.g.：ItwassuchahotdaythatcropsHeissuchalovelyboythateveryonelovesthan,as…as…，notsoas…（not)thesameas,the+e.g.：Lighttravelsfastthansound.e.g.：Thesooner，thee.g.：Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhile转折概念theirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy（) esself-fulfilling,trapwomeninaviciouscircle(恶性循环)ofneglect.和男孩比较起来，一直被认为没有用处，只能呆在家里，而她们的兄弟则被送去6当……的时候：whilewhen,ase.g.：WhenIwaswatchingTV,mymothercameback.e.g.：Myfatheriscookingwhilemymotherisreadingnewspaper.e.g.：Astimewentby,thedaysbecamelongerandassoonase.g.：AssoonasIarrivedinParis,Iwillwritetoe.g.：IwenthomedirectlyIhadfinishedmytheminute，themomenttheinstante.g.Iwillwritetoyouthemoment/minuteIarrivedinParis.nosooner…than, hardly…when后面的句子需要倒装；特殊单词：bythetimethatevery/eachtime（使用时后面不要再加E.g.Bythetimethathappens,astormisimminent.否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"，一般用until，动词为延续性或非延续性都可以；e.g.:Isleptuntilmidnight. WaittillIcallyou.Shedidn'tarriveuntil6Until可用于句首till通常不用于句首，通常用于句中e.g.:Untilyoutoldme,Ihadheardnothingofwhate.g.：Asyousleepyoupassthroughasequenceofsleepstates时间状语从句—lightsleep,deepsleepandREM(rapideyemovement)sleep—whichrepeatsapproximayevery90minutes.连接词：ifonceaslongasonconditione.g.：IfwintercomescanspringbefarAslongasitdoesn'train,wecanYoucangooutonconditionthatyouwearan(2)特定词汇：表示假定，假如，given+sth/that…;providing/providedthatsuppose/supposing,e.g.Givenheisinterestedinchildren,Iamsureteachingistherightcareerforher.WewillvisitEuropenextyearprovidedwehaveenoughmoney.Supposingyouhaveamillionpounds,howwouldyouspendModerncarsarefartoughertosteal,as因为theirenginemanagementcomputerwon'tallowthemtostartunlesstheyreceiveauniqueIDcode（beamedoutbytheignition(点火)key后置定语）.现代化的汽车难以控becausesinceasfornowthatinthatonthegroundthatforthereasonthat,owingtodueto,thanksto,becauseof,asaresultof;比较：becausesinceas1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人as或since。Ididn'tgo,becauseIwasSince/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourneybecause较好)forsince/as。Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.nowthate.g.：Nowthatthissemesterisfinished,Iamgoingtorestafewdaysandtakeainthate.g.Humanbeingsaredifferentfromanimalsinthathumancanspeakandthink.onthegroundthat,forthereasonthat：because的替换使用，没太多区别。e.g.：Hedislikedherontheground/forthereasonthatsheisowingto,dueto,thanksto,becauseofasaresultof等短语后面只能接词或短语，不能接从句,though,although，aswhileeven，athough（，as（e.g.：Although/thoughheisachild,hecanlivebyhimself.as表示虽然的时候，要进行倒装；Childas/thoughheis,hecanlivebyhimself.（a与child，被省略e.g.：Although/thoughsheworksveryhard,shemakesverylittleprogress.Hardassheworks,shemakesverylittleprogress.（very被省略）Although/thoughsheisyoung;shehastravelledtomanycountriestoputshows.Youngassheis,shehastravelledtomanycountriestoputshows.（e.g.：HeisexperiencedwhileheisThe agentwasnotknownuntiladoctorfinditby Iwouldprefershoponlinetoshopinadepartmentstorebecause itismoreconvenientandtimesaving.Butsincewaterismuchcheaperthanwine,andmanyofthefancierbrandsaren’tavailableinstores,mostdinersdon’tnoticeorcare.isharmful,severalstudiessuggestthat（宾语从句）challengingsituations（inwhichyou’reabletorisetotheoccasion定语从句）canbegoodforyou.that，which，who的来源和使用。一个句子当中有两个相同的名词，将其中的一个名词进行替换，who；如果是物，用which；that既可以指人又可以指物。谓语动词（结构）和后面的介词有两种关系：关系紧密＆关系疏远；定语从句中如果谓语结构which/who/thatwhich正好表示时间，可以表达成when；表示地点时，可以where；表示原因时，变成why；Eg:Hewonthefirstceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourwhich引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句；形式：名词+从句；连接词取决于后面的从that引导；一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，e.g.Yuminhong,theofNewOrientalthatweatherif；特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序；宾语从句：动词+关系词+从句；表语从句：系动词+状语从句：完整句子1+逻辑关系词+完整句子2；Whetherthenisfeasibleremainstobeproved. Iworryaboutwhetherhecanpassthroughthecrisisofhisillness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的期。Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherthemanis whetherwhathowwhere，why如果前面不是时间、地点、人物，那么是同位语从句；如果是的话，则为定语从句；如果which的话，whichthat就是看它在句中是否充当成分，如果充当成分就是定语从句；不充当成分就是同位语从句；Attime（whenhiringqualifiedpeopleis ingmoredifficult定语从句，employerswhocaneliminateinvalid