UNDP-全球概况：新冠肺炎应对和康复中的性别平等和环境因素（英）

GLOBAL

FACTSHEET:

GENDEREQUALITY

AND

ENVIRONMENTALCONSIDERATIONS

IN

COVID-19RESPONSE

AND

RECOVERYINSIGHTS

FROM

THE

COVID-19

GLOBAL

GENDERRESPONSE

TRACKER

WITH

A

GREEN

LENS1.

IntroductionThe

global

pandemic

revealed

howunderprepared

the

world

is

forsystemic

shocks,including

the

rapidly

escalating

environmentalcrises.

Even

before

COVID-19,

the

world

wasalreadyoff-track

tomeetglobalcommitmentstoa

greener

and

fairer

future.And

the

pandemic,alongside

spiralling

levels

of

conflict,

triggeredmajor

setbacksinkey

gender

equalityindicators.Globally,

women

have

lost

their

jobs

at

higherratesthan

men

and

are

recovering

them

more

slowly,while

gender

gaps

in

extreme

poverty

have

grownwider.1

At

the

same

time,

the

world

continues

to

befar

behind

in

urgent

efforts

to

limit

the

increasein

the

global

average

temperature

to

below1.5

degrees

Celsius,

while

also

struggling

in

thepresent

to

prioritize

environmental

conservationand

adequately

respond

to

one

climate-relateddisaster

after

another.2

The

Aichi

targets

were

alsonot

reached,

failing

to

protect

orconserve

17

percent

of

all

land

and

inland

waters

and

10

per

centof

the

ocean

by

2020.3Now,

with

the

world

approaching

irreversibleclimate

tipping

points,

the

most

relevant

questionfacing

the

international

community

is

whetherdecisive

action

will

be

taken

to

transition

theglobal

economy

to

more

sustainable

and

equitablemodels

that

prevent

environmental

breakdownand

promote

social

equality,

including

women’srights.4

With

these

stakes

in

mind,

to

what

extenthave

governments’

COVID-19

response

andrecovery

measures

been

harnessed

to

put

theworld

on

the

path

to

a

more

sustainable,

gender-just

future?To

answer

this

question,

UNDP,

UN

Women

andOECDjoined

forcestointegratea

greenlens

intothe

COVID-19

Global

Gender

Response

Tracker,identifying

how

governments

responded

to

thepandemic

in

ways

that

supported

this

essentialgreen

and

gender-sensitive

transition.

Announcedas

a

collective

commitment

under

the

FeministAction

for

Climate

Justice

Action

Coalition

atthe

Generation

Equality

Forum

in

July

2021,5

thiscollaboration

combines

data

from

the

UNDP-UNWomen

COVID-19

Global

Gender

Response

Trackerand

the

OECD

Green

Recovery

Database.

It

mapsgender-sensitive

and

green

measures

from

nearly200countriesandterritories(seeBox

1).Indoingso,

this

work

identifies

gaps

and

opportunities

forpolicymaking

in

these

areas,

while

highlightinginnovative

practices

that

governments

havealready

taken

to

inspire

further

action.missed

the

opportunity

to

tackle

problems

at

theintersection

of

gender

and

environment.

However,innovative

and

promising

policies

that

promoteboth

environmental

objectives

and

genderequalityhave

been

introduced

in

a

variety

of

countries

andcontexts,

signalling

the

opportunity

and

necessityfor

policy

learning

and

uptake

across

settings.This

factsheet

highlights

the

scope

of

gender-sensitive

and

green

policymaking

during

COVID-19response

and

provides

some

concrete

examples

ofpolicies

that

are

leading

the

way.Overall,

the

findings

provide

a

sobering

picture.So

far,

response

and

recovery

efforts

have

largelyBOX1:TheCOVID-19Global

Gender

Response

Tracker

with

a

GreenLensThe

analysis

in

this

factsheet

is

based

on

a

collaboration

of

the

UNDP-UN

Women

COVID-19

GlobalGender

Response

Trackerand

the

OECD

Green

Recovery

Database.

From

these

two

datasets,

thethree

organizations

in

partnership

reviewed

over

6,000

emergency

measures

across

226

countriesand

territories

that

were

adopted

by

governments

between

March

2020

and

August

2021

in

responseto

COVID-19.

Using

a

methodology

adapted

from

both

databases,6

the

measures

were

assessed

fortheir

gender-sensitive

and

environmentally

friendly

design.

In

total,

2,079

measures

were

identified,based

on

their

design,

as

having

the

potential

to

reduce

the

risks

that

women

and

girls

faced

duringthe

pandemic

or

as

likely

to

have

a

positive

impact

on

the

environment.The

measures

that

are

gender-sensitive,

environmentallypositive,or

both,areincluded

in

the

COVID-19Global

Gender

ResponseTracker

with

a

Green

Lens.Like

all

policy

monitors,

this

dataset

may

have

gaps

or

biases

due

to

a

lack

of

available

information,underreporting

of

measures

being

announced,

overreporting

of

measures

that

have

been

suspended,or

the

lack

of

data

on

the

gender

orenvironmental

components

of

existing

measures,

includingbudgetary

allocations.

Information

was

more

readily

available

forsome

countries

and

territoriesor

policyareas

thanfor

others.Hence,

findingsshouldbeinterpreted

withcaution.

Theanalysisofmeasures

fortheirgreen

and

genderobjectives

was

conducted

based

on

policy

design,

with

noassessment

of

implementation

or

impact.

Still,

there

is

great

potential

for

countries

to

learn

from

oneanotherways

to

adopt

an

integrated

approach

and

improve

theirpolicy

responses.

More

informationabouttheclassificationofpolicies,thedefinitionofgender-sensitive

andgreen

measuresandthedata

collection

and

analysis

process

can

be

found

in

the

methodological

note.1.1

What

are

gender-sensitive

and

green

measures?The

COVID-19

Global

Gender

Response

Trackerwith

a

Green

Lens

identifies

three

subsets

of

policymeasures

taken

by

national

governments

as

part

ofCOVID-19

stimulus

packages

and

recovery

efforts:2BuildingBack

Better:Gender

andEnvironmentalConsiderationsinCOVID-19ResponseandRecovery•

Environmentally

positive,

or

“green,”measures

aim

to

have

a

positive

impact

onone

or

more

environmental

issues

—

such

asclimate

mitigation

or

adaptation,

airqualityand

pollution,

water

resources,

waste

andrecycling,

biodiversity

and

ecosystem

services,or

plastics.

Green

measures

also

include

thosethat

address

environmental

or

climate

disasterrisk

management

and

recovery.and

vulnerabilities

faced

by

women

duringthe

pandemic.Even

though

achieving

gender

equality

andenvironmentalsustainabilityarekey

prioritiesforthe

international

community

and

countries

acrossthe

globe,

analysis

of

the

synergies

and

trade-offs

between

these

two

priorities

are

scarce

andoften

limited

to

a

small

set

of

countries.

Examiningpolicymaking

at

the

gender-environment

nexusduring

the

COVID-19response

providesa

uniqueopportunity

to

fill

this

gap.

The

global

picture

itreveals

will

allow

policymakers

to

recognizethe

extent

to

which

slow

progress

on

achievingenvironmental

policy

priorities

may

hamperwomen’s

livelihoods

and

opportunities,

and

atthe

same

time,

how

gender

equality

and

women’sempowerment

can

also

deliverpositive

impacts

onclimate

resilience

and

the

environment.7•

Gender-sensitive

measures

seek

to

reduce

thespecific

risks

and

challenges

that

women

andgirls

face

as

a

result

of

the

pandemic,

includingviolence

against

women

and

girls

(VAWG),unpaid

care

work,

and

economic

insecurity.•

Gender-sensitive

and

green

measures,

ormeasures

atthe

“gender-environment

nexus,”pursue

both

aims

simultaneously:

to

protecttheenvironmentandjointlyattendto

therisks1.2

The

COVID-19

policy

response:

Has

it

tackled

gender

equality

orenvironment

goals?The

pandemic

response

and

recovery

effortsside-lined

women’s

needs

and

largely

ignored

thequickly

unravelling

effects

of

climate

change

andenvironmental

destruction.Despite

the

growing

urgency

to

move

towardssustainable

solutions

as

countries

recover

from

thehealth

crisis,

the

OECD

Green

Recovery

Databaseshowed

that

only

33

per

cent

of

the

total

recoveryspending

in

OECD

member

countries

and

keypartner

countries

announced

from

the

start

of

thepandemic

until

April

2022

was

green.9

Worryingly,at

the

same

time,

the

budget

allocated

tomeasures

with

a

mixed

or

negative

environmentalimpact

also

slightly

increased,

likely

due

to

theincreases

in

environmentally

harmful

governmentspending.10

In

recovery

packages

too,

the

OECDdatabase

found

that

less

than

three

percent

ofall

measures

with

a

discernible

environmentalimpact

and

assessed

with

a

gender-lens

had

anexplicit

commitment

to

gender

equality.11The

dataanalysed

forthis

factsheet

builds

on

this

analysisexpanding

it

to

a

universe

of

196

countries.The

UNDP-UN

Women

Global

GenderResponseTrackerdemonstratedhowdespitetheir

beingatthe

forefront

of

the

pandemic

emergency

responsein

their

roles

as

educators

and

health

service

andcare

providers,womenhavebeenlargelylockedout

of

emergency

planning

and

decision-making:only

seven

percent

of

226

COVID-19

task

forcesachieved

genderparity,

while

83

percent

weremale-dominated.

It

is

then

not

surprising

thatonly

18

percent

of

economic,

labourmarket

andsocial

protection

measures

supported

women’seconomic

security

or

unpaid

care.

The

globalresponse

to

violence

against

women

and

girlswas

more

encouraging,

with

163

countries

andterritories

taking

853

measures

responding

tothis

issue.

However,

few

took

a

comprehensiveresponse.832.

Policymaking

at

the

gender

and

environment

nexus:ArareoccurrenceIn

total,

the

COVID-19

Global

Gender

ResponseTracker

with

a

Green

Lens

recorded

2,079measures

that

are

either

gender-sensitive

orgreen

from

196

countries

orterritories

(see

Box

1for

moredetails).Yet

onlyaminusculefractionofthese

(54

measures

across

32

countries)

addressthe

needs

of

women

in

light

of

the

intersectingpublic

health

and

climate

crisis

(Figure

1).

Overall,gender-sensitive

measures

account

for

only

elevenper

cent

of

all

479

green

measures;

and

greenmeasures

account

for

only

three

percent

of

the1,654

gender-sensitive

measures

in

the

database.This

demonstrates

that

while

both

gender

andenvironment

were

independently

overlookedduring

the

pandemic,

measures

addressing

thegender-environment

nexus

were

exceedinglyrare.

Measuresthatare

bothgreenandgender-sensitive

were

identified

in

only

32

countries.FIGURE

1.Overview

ofgender-sensitive

and

greenmeasures

in

the

COVID-19Global

GenderResponse

Tracker

with

a

GreenLens54measures

at

thegender-environmentnexus479

1654greenmeasuresgender-sensitivemeasuresSource:

Authors’

elaboration

based

on

the

UNDP-UN

Women-OECD

Global

Gender

Response

Tracker

with

a

Green

LensNote:

Dataset

includes

2,079

total

measures

from

196

countries

and

territories.Of

the

measures

at

the

gender-environment

nexus,the

large

majority

(34

of

54)

are

from

Europe,NorthernAmerica,Australia,

and

New

Zealand

–largely

reflecting

the

over-representation

of

OECDmember

countries

and

key

partner

countries

inthe

dataset.

Latin

America

and

the

Caribbeanand

Central

and

SouthernAsia

each

account

forseven

green-

and

gender-sensitive

measures.Sub-SaharanAfrica

and

EasternAsia

combinedto

have

six

gender-sensitive

and

green

measures,whilenosuchmeasureshave

yet

beenidentifiedfrom

the

Northern

Africa

or

Western

Asia

region.4BuildingBack

Better:Gender

andEnvironmentalConsiderationsinCOVID-19ResponseandRecoveryAll

measures

are

classified

into

four

differentpolicy

areas:

violence

against

women

and

girls,social

protection,

labourmarket,

and

economicand

business

support.

Figure

2

presents

thebreakdown

of

gender-sensitive

and

greenmeasures

across

each

of

these

areas.

Eight

out

often

green

measures

are

in

the

form

of

economicand

business

support

(364

of

479)

–

a

policy

areawhich

accounts

for

a

relatively

smaller

share

ofgender-sensitive

measures.

In

contrast,

mostgender-sensitive

measures

target

VAWG

(853

of1,654)

or

social

protection

(442

of

1,654).FIGURE

2.Number

ofmeasures

that

areonly

gender-sensitive,

only

green,

or

both

gender-sensitiveand

green,

by

policy

category

in

the

COVID-19Global

Gender

Response

Tracker

with

aGreenLens090048007006004350068534003643001844220014301000155150VAWGSocialProtectionLabourmarketEconomicandbusinesssupportOnlygender-sensitiveGender-sensitiveandgreenOnlygreenSource:

Authors’

elaboration

based

on

the

UNDP-UN

Women-OECD

Global

Gender

Response

Tracker

with

a

Green

Lens.Notes:

Dataset

contains

2,079

total

measures.

1,654

are

only

gender-sensitive,

479

are

only

green,

and

54

are

both

gender-sensitive

and

green.

Because

VAWG

measures

are

gender-sensitive

by

default,

there

are

no

VAWG

measures

that

arejust

green.Measures

at

the

gender-environment

nexusfollowadistributionthatresemblestheonefromenvironmentally

positive

measures,

leaving

socialprotection

and

VAWG

measures

as

the

policy

areasleast

connected

with

green

priorities.

Of

the

54policies

situated

at

the

gender-environment

nexus,5more

than

half

(30

of

54)

provide

support

forbusinesses12

and

a

quarterare

geared

to

protectjobs

through

labourmarket

interventions

(14

of

54).Social

protection

and

VAWG

measures

togetheraccount

for

less

than

a

fifth

of

green

and

gender-sensitive

measures

(6and

4

of

54,

respectively).into

three

different

gender-sensitive

dimensions:women’s

economic

security,

unpaid

care

work,and

violence

against

women

(Figure

3).

Women’seconomic

security

is

by

far

the

most

active

area

ofpolicymaking

at

the

gender-environment

nexus,accounting

for

43

of

54

gender-sensitive

and

greenmeasures,

with

measures

tackling

unpaid

care

andviolence

against

women

lagging

far

behind.Across

these

four

policy

areas,

the

54

gender-sensitiveandgreenmeasuresare

thenclassifiedFIGURE

3.Breakdownofmeasures

at

the

gender-environment

nexusby

gender-sensitive

dimension47ViolenceagainstwomenWomen’seconomicsecurityUnpaidcare43Source:

Authors’

elaboration

based

on

the

UNDP-UN

Women-OECD

Global

Gender

Response

Tracker

with

a

Green

Lens.Notes:

Figure

represents

in

total

the

breakdown

of

the

54

measures

that

are

at

the

gender-environment

nexus.2.1

Most

green

and

gender-sensitive

measures

promote

women’s

economicsecurityTwenty-eight

countries

introduced

43

greenmeasures

that

supported

women’s

economicsecurity.

Over

halfofthese

measures

were

in

theform

of

economic

and

business

support

(23

in

17countries),

with

labour

market

(14

measures

in11

countries)

and

social

protection

measures

(6measures

in

6

countries)

accounting

for

the

rest.targeted

financial

support

for

environmentally-friendly

objectives

in

female-dominated

economicsectors,

such

as

education,

healthcare,

ortourism,13often

as

part

of

broader

national

recovery

orresilience

plans.

For

example:•

Italy’s

recovery

plan

invests

in

greeninfrastructure

in

the

education

sector,

wherewomen

outnumber

men

three-to-one,through

funding

school

building

renovationsto

reduce

emissions,

creating

green

spaces,

andimproving

the

seismic

safety

of

buildings.14Economic

and

business

support

measures

providefinancial

benefits,

such

as

grants,

loans

or

taxrelief,

to

businesses

that

embrace

a

genderandenvironment

lens.There

are

two

primary

ways

thatcountries

have

done

this.

One

way

was

to

provide6BuildingBack

Better:Gender

andEnvironmentalConsiderationsinCOVID-19ResponseandRecovery•

Barbados

targeted

the

tourism

sector,

wherewomen

outnumber

men

two-to-one,

with

astimulus

package

that

focused

on

job

retention,training,

and

sustainability

initiatives,

includingwater

conservation

and

the

instalment

ofrenewable

energy

capacities.15As

economies

reopened

after

the

worst

of

thepandemic

was

over,

women

have

had

access

toonly

a

fraction

of

green

jobs

created.

For

instance,womenmakeonly20to25per

centof

workersinthe

renewable

energy

sectorin

some

advancedeconomies.20

If

measures

are

not

adopted

toincrease

women’s

participation

in

emerginggreen

occupations

and

expand

the

number

ofjobs

in

these

areas,

current

gender

stereotypesand

employment

gaps

are

likely

to

persist.Therefore,

upscaling

measures

such

as

the

onesdescribed

above

is

crucial

to

promote

women’sequal

participation

in

green

transitions

to

moresustainable

and

equitable

future.The

other

common

approach

was

to

promotewomen’s

inclusion

in

new

and

emerging

greenindustries,

such

as

sustainable

agriculture

orbiodiversity.

For

example:•

In

Bangladesh,

the

Perspective

Plan

2021-2041promotesgender-inclusivegreengrowththrough

investments

in

sustainable

fisheries,where

women

account

for

up

to

80

per

centof

workers.16While

less

common,

COVID-19

also

demonstratedthatgender-sensitivesocialprotectionmeasurescan

also

embrace

environmental

goals.

Sixcountries

introduced

social

protection

measuresthatsafeguardwomen’seconomicsecuritywhilealso

promoting

environmental

sustainability

orresilience.

For

example:•

The

“+Women

+Nature”

programme

in

CostaRica

provided

access

to

financing

forwomenconducting

innovative

projects

related

tobiodiversity,

with

special

loans

allocated

towomen

in

rural

areas.

In

2021,

120

women-ledgreen

enterprisesreceived

more

thanUSD1.4million

through

the

programme.17•

Liberia

worked

with

local

farms

anddevelopment

partners

to

grow

sustainablelocal

food,

distribute

excess

food

to

schools

toreduce

waste,

and

provide

food

to

2.5

millionvulnerable

people,

including

pregnant

womenand

persons

with

disabilities.21Green

labour

market

interventions

from

11

countriesmade

up

one-third

of

measures

targeting

women’seconomic

security.

These

measures

supportedwomen’s

training

or

re-skilling

to

access

greenjobs

or

provided

financial

support

for

womenentrepreneurs

to

promote

sustainable

businesspractices.

For

example:•

Belize

launched

a

direct

support

programme

tofinance

the

purchase

of

agricultural

inputs

andprovide

cash

transfers

to

small-scale

farmersand

women

in

agriculture.22•

Portugal’s

recovery

plan

prioritizes

climateand

an

inclusive,

future-oriented

labourmarket

through

funding

gender-equal

trainingprogrammes

in

STEAM

(science,

technology,engineering,

arts

and

mathematics),

includingin

environmental

fields.18Women’s

economicsecurityremainsapromisingareafor

policyinnovation,learninganddiffusion–

particularly

in

green

jobs

and

sustainablebusiness

practices.

In

the

context

of

increasingrisk

of

climate-related

shocks,

such

as

droughts,floods

or

heat

waves,

it

is

critical

to

strengthenthe

foundation

of

gender-sensitive

and

climate-resilient

social

protection

policies

to

ensure

thatcountries

are

prepared

to

support

women

andgirls

at

risk

of

experiencing

extreme

climate-related

events.•

In

Zimbabwe,

where

agriculture

accounts

fornearly

70

per

cent

of

women’s

employment,5,200

smallholder

farmers

were

targeted

forsupport

and

training

to

increase

resilienceand

food

security

during

climate-related

andother

shocks.1972.2

A

handful

of

green

measures

support

unpaid

careThe

mandated

government

lockdowns

during

•

Spain’srecovery

plan

committed

to

both

a

greenCOVID-19made

clear

how

essential

carework

is,while

also

demonstrating

the

lack

of

infrastructureand

equitable

access

to

childcare

or

long-termcare

support.23

Recognizing

this,

at

least

sevencountries

–

Belgium,

Czechia,

Hungary,

Lithuania,Mexico,

Spain,

and

the

United

States

of

America–madeexplicitcommitmentsto

environmentallysustainable

care

infrastructure

as

part

of

COVID-19recovery.transition

and

genderequality,

with

specificplans

to

reduce

gender

employment

gapsthrough

improvements

to

the

care

economy.This

includes

extending

early

education

centresthat

are

accessible

to

underserved

families

andpromoting

better

conditions

for

care

workers.25Beyond

the

small

number

of

measures

thatpursue

both

green-

and

care-related

goals,some

countries,

such

as

Canada

and

Argentina,recognise

that

public

investments

in

the

caresector

can

be

a

keydriver

for

economic

recovery,with

the

potential

to

generate

jobs,

build

humancapital

and

promote

women’s

employment.26

Thesemeasures

may

not

necessarily

be

“green”

becausethey

do

not

explicitly

pursue

environmentalobjectives.

Yet,

large-scale

investments

in

careservices

promote

the

creation

of

jobs

that

arelikely

to

disproportionately

benefit

women

withoutexacerbatingglobal

warmingin

the

process.27

Asthe

world

tries

to

build

back

better,

investmentsin

care

are

therefore

essential

to

ensure

thatwomen

are

equally

able

to

participate

in

a

greeneconomic

recovery.Frequently

as

part

of

broadernational

recoveryplans,

these

measures

enabled

countries

todirect

efforts

towards

investing

in

energy

efficientpublic

buildings

in

their

upscaling

of

existing

careservices,

providing

more

jobs

in

the

care

sector,and

promoting

infrastructure

that

supportsboth

caregiving

and

curbing

carbon

emissions.For

instance:•

Lithuania

budgeted

5.4

million

EUR

in

itsrecovery

plan

to

support

energy

efficientrenovations

in

long-term

care

and

daycarefacilities.This

is

part

of

broadercommitmentsto

modernize

and

strengthen

healthcareand

education,

and

improve

social

cohesionthrough

sustainable,

accessible

systems

andinfrastructure.242.3

Only

a

tiny

number

of

green

measures

tackle

violence

against

women

and

girlsAt

least

fourcountries,

Australia,

Ireland,

Portugal

•

In

Ireland,

24

million

EUR

was

allocated

toand

Turkmenistan,

introduced

innovativemeasures

during

the

pandemic

to

address

violenceagainst

women

and

girls,

while

also

promotingenvironmental

sustainability.

Portugal

and

Irelandintegrated

environmental

considerations

intoVAWG

interventions:improve

energy

efficiency

across

the

justicesector,

including

in

the

funds

to

rollout

protectiveservice

units

that

coordinate

investigations

ofGBV

and

human

trafficking.29Australia

and

Turkmenistan

prioritized

the

twopolicy

areas

in

parallel

but

as

part

of

broaderrecovery

packages:•

Portugal’s

recovery

plan

included

a

housinggrant

that

promotes

energy

efficient

temporaryhousing,

including

in

shelters

for

survivors

ofgender-based

violence

(GBV).28•

The

Peel

Recovery

Plan

in

Australia

includesinvestments

to

promote

economic

recovery8BuildingBack

Better:Gender

andEnvironmentalConsiderationsinCOVID-19ResponseandRecoveryacross

several

sectors,

including

renewableenergy

and

conservation,

while

allocating

morethan

15

millionAUD

towards

the

expansion

ofGBV

services.30all

critical

areas

of

VAWG

response,

includingexpanding

reporti