阅读社第1次活动topic 22笔记胡学长团队

经过两周的研讨和谈判，第23届气候大会于18日在德国落下帷幕。2017年是全球应对气候变化进程中，承前启后的重要交汇期，气候大会的召开显得尤为重要。本周以此次会议为，走近气候变化这一话题。另外，阅读时你需要建一个Excel表格，该表格包含若干表单，平时读到的东西批注[HH2]:批注[HH2]:这种表述在 章里经常遇到Newfiguresshowingglobalcarbonemissionsin2017arelikelytoriseforthefirsttimeinfouryearsmakeagloomybackdroptotheUNclimatetalksinBonnthisweekthatwerealreadylookingdifficult.20174年来首次上升，这给本周在举行的本就看起来重重的(UN)气候谈判平添了一层黯淡的气氛。批注[HH3]:正式用词，批注[HH3]:正式用词，toseparatetwoobjects,ideasor Manyscientistssayemissionsshouldpeakbyabout2020tohaveanyhopeofpreventingdangerouslevelsofwarmingthiscentury.2020年左右达到峰值，才有希望在本世纪防止气批注批注[HH5]:化 〔如煤、石油等[HH6adj.happening,done,ormadeonlyn.[countusuallysingular]somethingthatonlyhappenssomeonewhoisveryunusualandnotlike[HH7Asharprisefollowedbyasharpdeclineinagraphorinthetracingofascientificinstrument批注[HH8]:TheParisAgreement(French:AccorddeParis),ParisclimateaccordorParisclimateagreementisanagreementwithintheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC， 化框架公约)dealingwithgreenhousegasemissionsmitigation,adaptationandfinancestartingintheyear量可能会上升2%，原因是碳排放超级大国中国的化石 这一点还为时过早。无论如何，这给2015年12几乎所有国家通过 Thatagreementissupposedtoholdglobaltemperaturerises“wellbelow”2Cfromthepre-industrialera,andpreferablynomorethan1.5C.Toachievethis,countrieshaveeachpublishedaninitialroundofnstocutorslowtheiremissions.Thetroubleis,wealreadyknowthisfirstroundofpledgesisnowherenearenoughtomeettheParisaccord’sgoals.[HH9]:cause([HH9]:cause(sth)toremainasaresult使（某事物留下而造成某结果，这时leave后面跟的是名词。我们还常见到的leavesthadj的搭配。批注[HH10]:the~ofsth(fig比喻)pointorstateveryclosetosthunknown,dangerousorexciting（未知的 onthebrinkofdeath,war,disaster,在成功的边Scientistsareonthebrinkof(making)abreakthroughinthetreatmentofcancer.[HH11]:toincreaseorcausetoThenscurrentlyadduptoonlyathirdofthereductionsneededtoavoid2Cofglobalwarmingatleastcost,accordingtoaUNEnvironmentProgrammereportlastmonth.ThatbeevenhardertocloseifweareonthebrinkofanewperiodofcarbonObama,tocutUSemissionsbyatleast26percentfrom2005levelsby唐纳德•(DonaldTrump)退出巴黎气候协定的决定让这一努力得更加复杂。是继中国之后的第二大排放国，尽管要到2020年以后才能合法地退出巴黎协定，已经明确表示，他对前任巴拉克•奥巴马(BarackObama)做出的承诺——到2025年将排放量相比2005年水平至少减少26%NumerousUSstatesandbusinessleaderssaytheyarestillcommittedtotheParisagreement,despiteMrTrump.尽管如此表态，许多州和商界表示依然会致力于实现巴黎协定Butthatstillleavesalargequestionmarkabout .BeijinghasleapttofillthepoliticalgapleftbytheUSinglobalclimateleadership.Andtherehadbeensignsthat批注[HH14]:大家回顾下这篇文章出现过的类似动词，都wasoncoursetomeetitsParisnto emissionsgrowthby批注[HH14]:大家回顾下这篇文章出现过的类似动词，都批注[HH15]:1Adepressioninasurfacemadebypressureora批注[HH15]:1Adepressioninasurfacemadebypressureorablow凹痕：由于压力或打击在表面生成的凹陷：adentinthesideofacarInformalAsignificant,usuallydiminishingeffectorimpression【非正式用语】（的）重大的影响：明Thelossputadentintheteam'sInformalMeaningfulprogress;headway【非正式用语】atleastmadeadentinthe本文dentThathopehasbeendentedbythenewfigures.ItishardtoseetheParisaccordsucceedingunlesstheyprovetobeatemporaryblip.Atemporaryorinsignificantphenomenon,especiallyabriefdeparturefromthenormal:sound屏幕上的）光点，或quickAtemporaryorinsignificantphenomenon,especiallyabriefdeparturefromthenormal:sound屏幕上的）光点，或quick（锐[HH16]:具象含义是spotoflightonaradar请在周四晚八点之前将自己的Word笔记上传到阅读社 ，第64次打卡”。[HH17]:批注[HH17]:批注[HH18]:美剧看多了可能就逐渐忘了suck原本的含1;啜;（指泵等）抽出（液体或气体等从（某物）将（某物）（以水或气体的巨大吸力）把[某物]吞将卷入（争论等）之中（通常为不情愿者suckup(tosb)(贬,俚 ;拍马批注[HH19]:的字眼还挺相似的批注[HH20]:《生活大》里面有首歌“SoftKitty”结尾是“PurrPurrPurr”就是模拟猫叫。这里purr是：人高兴得发出低而愉快批注[HH21]:批注[HH22]:instanceof[HH23]:pull(sth)withasuddensharptug(ofteninspecifieddirection)猛拉（某物）（常为向某方向批注[HH24]:Apeculiarorcharacteristicimpression;an批注[HH25]:Among[HH26 Whatthey lyouaboutclimateBonnthismonthfor批注[HH27]:痉挛批注[HH27]:痉挛 ;发2suddenshortburst(ofactivity,emotion,（活动情感等的）突发,批注[HH28]:oflittleimportanceorsize;notworth不重要的;很小的;[HH29]:Somethingthatprovides [HH30]:accept(sth)astruebeforethereis批注[HH31]:这一句话的fastenough、sufficientlysmall，在意思是都表示达到某种极限，尤其是sufficientlysmall，(andevenlessaboutthemoreradicalideaofloweringthetemperaturebyblockingoutsunlight).Unlessthatchanges,thepromiseoflimitingtheharmofclimatechangeisalmostcertaintobebroken.Don’tbeso[HH32]:ininorderforWhatmight?Oneoptionistontmores(whichactasacarbonsink)or[HH37[HH38[HH37[HH38[HH39]:Biomass在这里的意思是ntandanimalsubstancesusedforfuel。[HH40]:storesthsafelyandsecretly;hidesth物;[HH41批注[HH42]:Ground的原型，grind[HH43]:periodoftimesolongthatitcannotbemeasured极长而无法计算的时期;万古:TheearthwasformedaeonsandretainmoreCO2).Anotheristoapplycarboncaptureandstorage groundsea,acceleratingfromaeonstoyearsthenaturalweatheringprocessthatbindsthemtoCO2toformcarbonaterocks.Whetheranyofthesecandothejobintimeisunknown.Allofthemareveryexpensiveandnoneisprovenatscale.PersuadingEarth’sswellingpopulationtontan’sworthofnewtreesorcropstoproduceenergy,astheclimatesimulationsrequire,lookshighlyimprobable.Changingagriculturalpracticeswouldbecheaper,butscientistsdoubtthatthiswouldsuckupenoughCO2eventooffsetthegreenhousegasesreleasedbyfarming.Directaircaptureandenhancedweatheringuselessland,butbotharecostlier.Thoughrenewableenergycouldprofitablygenerateafairshareoftheworld’selectricity,nobodyknowshowtogetrichsimplybyremovinggreenhousegases.Whentheneedisgreat,thescience批注[HH45]:这句话意思是说，全世界应该 。此处acollective 批注[HH46]:[HH47]:thing批注[HH45]:这句话意思是说，全世界应该 。此处acollective 批注[HH46]:[HH47]:thinggivenforaparticularpurpose,moneyfrom ernment授予物;（尤 的）拨批注[HH48]:Lackingimportanceorsignificance;[HH49]:OftenpotsInformalAlarge常作potsmadepotsofmoneyontheirMoresciencewouldserveasacollectiveinsuranceagainstagraveHowever,thisyearBritainbecameprojects;Americaiseyeing

justthefirstcountrytodevotecashto($11.3m)isfootling.Roughly$15bnayeargoestoresearchintoalllow-;thatextracting

potneedstoincrease,andmoreofitshouldbechannelledAnotherformofclimateAbigmarketforCO2wouldprovideanextraincentivetomineitfrom批注[HH51]:这里的theatmosphere.批注[HH51]:这里的thedemandindustries,though,would批注[HH52]:tokillsomeonebypreventingthemfrombreathing,ortodiewhensomeonepreventsyoufrombreathing:SUFFOCATEIfthemarketwillnotprovideanincentive,ernmentscould.Thecaseforaproperpriceoncarbon(thispaperhasfavouredatax)isstrong.Itsabsenceisoneofthereasonscarboncaptureandstoragehasnottakenoffasawayofreducingemissionsfromfossil-fuelnts;thekitneededcandoubletheprice批注[HH52]:tokillsomeonebypreventingthemfrombreathing,ortodiewhensomeonepreventsyoufrombreathing:SUFFOCATEYet,settingapricehighenoughtoencouragenegativeemissionswouldtheeconomy.Subsidiesareanotheroption.Withoutthem,renewableswouldhavetakenlongertocompetewithfossilfuels.Buttheyarewasteful.Germanyhaslavished$1trnonlow-carbonelectricity,andeventhenstilldependsonfossilfuelsforoverhalfitspower.Still,ernmentscouldofferarewardforeverytonneofCO2thatisextractedandstored.Intheorysuchabountyshouldbepaidfromafund批注[HH55]:If批注[HH55]:Ifyoucoughupanamountofmoney,youpayorspendthatamount,usuallywhenyouwouldprefernotto 批注[HH54]:所以说，前篇文章有失公允，故意黑中国有existstogetthemIndeed,facingthe ingsofParisisbeyondmosternments.UnderMrTrump,Americaisnotpreparedtoreducetheflowofemissions,letalonethestock.ButtheproblemwouldnotmagicallybesolvedevenifAmericaManyrichcountriessaytheyare ngtheirbitbycuttingemissionsinitsbelching批注[HH57]:Belch~sthsendsthinitsbelching批注[HH57]:Belch~sthsendsthoutfromanopeningorafunnel;gush 或烟囱中放出（某物）;喷出factorychimneysbelchingsmoke(intothe工厂中（向天上）Thevolcanobelchedoutsmokeand[HH58]:inone'sownbecauseofa alclaim,qualification,etc凭本身的权利She'sapeeressinherownright,ienotmerelybymarriagetoapeer.她本身就是 lessgreenhousegas.ItisThisarticleappearedintheLeaderssectionoftheprinteditionundertheheadline"Whattheydon’t lyou"请在周五晚八点之前将自己的Word笔记上传到阅读社 “，第65次打卡”。Article Artificialleavesholdthepromiseofacleanenergy 2017830 Natureboaststurnoneformofenergyintoanother:ittakesincarbondioxide,pluswater,andusessunlighttoconvertitallintocarbohydrates.批注[HH60]:批注[HH60]:Foryears,scientistshavetriedtoemulatetheprocessofphotosynthesis.Finally,thoseeffortsareblooming.ThemagazineScientificAmerican,togetherwithexpertsfromtheWorldEconomicForum,hasnamedtheartificialleafoneofthebreakthroughof2017.(ScientificAmerican)与世界经济(WEF)的专家们将人工叶子2017年Laboratory-basedeffortsareattemptingntfoodbutfuelsthatcanbestoredforlateruse.Suchprojectsofferthepromise

批注[HH61]:trytodoaswellasorbetterthansb赶 竞批注[HH62]:光合作用动词是photosynthesize。[HH63todosomethingwhichismoreadvancedormoregenerousthansomeoneelsemakingnewformsofenergygreenhousegas,fromtheatmosphere.Thatmakesartificialphotosynthesisoneofthepotentiallycleanestontheenergyhorizon.[HH65[HH65]:moleculeatomThecontainerishometohydrogen-eatingbacteria,whichfeastonthenewlychurn[HH66]:producesomethingatachurn[HH66]:producesomethingatafast哈佛大学(HarvardUniversity)的丹尼尔•诺切拉(DanielNocera)和帕梅拉•西尔弗(PamelaSilver)是这条道的先行者。他们的系统，或者说“叶子”，实际上是Whileeventhefastest-growingntsmanagetoconvertabout1percentofsunlightintofood,theHarvardscientistsmanagedanefficiencyof10percentwhenusingpurecarbondioxide.Theefficiencydropstoabout4percentwhenpullingcarbondioxidefromtheair.1%的阳光转化为养分，而哈佛大学的这如果从空气中抽取二氧化碳，效率就会下降至约4%。Thesunis批注[HH67]:这里其实是个比喻的说法，某个产业正“红forsolarfuelsmorewidely.TheUSDepartmentofEnergyrunsaspecialisthub,theJointCenterforArtificialPhotosynthesis,thatbringstogetherahostofacademicinstitutionssuchasCaltechandtheThesunis批注[HH67]:这里其实是个比喻的说法，某个产业正“红还有其他一些人在进行利用阳光制造能的研究。能源部(USDepartmentofEnergy)旗下有一个专门进行这方面研究的中心——人工光合作用联合中心(JointCenterforArtificialPhotosynthesis)，汇集了加利福尼亚理工学院(Caltech)和劳伦斯伯克利国家(LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory)等一批注[HH68]:capableofbeingscaled;possibletoItsmissionistodevelop批注[HH68]:capableofbeingscaled;possibleto批注[HH69]:energysunlightintorenewabletransportationfuels(eveninagreenfuture,trucks,nesandshipscan’tbepluggedintothegridwhileonthego).Therearealsoanumberofstart-upsdedicatedtotransforminglightenergyinto批注[HH69]:energyMITTechnologyReviewlistsOpus12,LiquidLight,JouleUnlimitedandLanzaTech.Onechallenge,amongmany,istofindcheapandplentifulcatalysts;sometechniquesusetinum.可再生的用（即使在一个绿色未来，卡车、飞机和船舶也不可能插着电线运行。还有多家初创公司致力于将光能转化为可的化学能；《麻省理工科技评论》(MITTechnologyReview)Opus12、LiquidLight、JouleUnlimitedLanzaTech。其中一个是，找到廉价和取之不尽的催化剂；目前一些技术批注[HH70]:difficultytobe e;obstacle难关;障Theexcitementoverartificialphotosynthesisstemsfromitspotentialtocreate“dispatchable”renewablefuels,whichcanbestoredandusedwhenneeded.Incontrast,windturbinesandsolarpanels批注[HH70]:difficultytobe e;obstacle难关;障hashamperedthebidtoputrenewablesmorefirmlyintotheenergymix:one[HH71]:Theycanbe[HH71]:Theycanbemovedeasily批注[HH72]:suffering/going分的努力：大学科学和政策交流中心(CambridgeUniversityScienceand的电力供应，前者的装机容量要达到后者的4倍。Thereisanotherbonustosolarfuels:theyneednoinfrastructure.Theycandeveloworld.Thoseadvocatingmorepublicsupportofthetechnologypointoutitcanbedeployedquicklyincessuchasrefugeecampsandisolatedvillagesabouttheneedforanenergymiracletohaltclimatechangeandprovideaccesstoelectricitytomillionsofthepoorestfamilieswholivewithoutit.Makingsolarfuelwouldbeoneofthosemiracles.”MrGates,amongothers,foundedbreakthroughenergyventurestoinvest$1bnincleanenergy.茨和其他人创立了突破性能源风投基金，对清洁能源投资10批注[HH76]:这个词可以理解为：糟糕的境遇因为某些原批注[HH76]:这个词可以理解为：糟糕的境遇因为某些原当一个国家经济所谓的螺旋，根据高盛(GoldmanSachs)的解释为，更高的负债率和更深的经济之间，透过本息、、公司利润及银行偿付能力等途径形成恶性循环。换言之，即