解剖学-消化系统

内脏学总论

专业词汇Splanchnology内脏学

viscera内脏

digestivesystem消化系统

mouthcavity口腔

permanentteeth恒牙

deciduousteeth乳牙

salivarygland唾液腺

pharynx咽

esophagus食管

stomach胃

smallintestine小肠

duodenum十二指肠

jejunum空肠

ileum回肠

largeintestine大肠

caecum盲肠

vermiformappendix阑尾

colon结肠

ascendingcolon升结肠

transversecolon横结肠

descendingcolon降结肠

sigmoidcolon乙状结肠

rectum直肠

analcanal肛管

anus肛门

liver肝

gallbladder肝囊

cysticduct肝囊管

commonbileduct(orcholedochalduct)胆总管

pancreas胰DigestiveSystem消化系统

消化系统——消化管（上下消化道分界），大、小消化腺概念、消化系统功能

口腔——

颚——硬腭、软腭、颚舌弓、颚咽弓、颚垂、咽峡

牙——乳牙、恒牙、牙式、牙的基本结构（冠、根、颈）

舌——功能、分部、四类舌乳头、舌系带、舌下阜、舌下襞

三大唾液腺——名称、位置、开口

咽——位置、分部（鼻咽、口咽、喉咽及各部的重要结构）及交通

食管——位置、分部、三个狭窄的位置、壁肌层的特点

胃——位置、形态、分部、胃壁肌层（幽门括约肌）

小肠——分部，功能

十二指肠——形态、分部及各部特点和重要结构（十二指肠大乳头等）

空、回肠的区别

大肠——分部、功能

盲肠——位置、回盲口、回盲瓣

阑尾——位置、根部体表投影（麦氏点）

结肠——分部、特点

直肠——位置、两弯曲、三横襞

肛管——位置、结构（肛柱、肛瓣、肛窦、齿状线）

消化腺

肝脏——位置、功能、形态（膈面、脏面）、脏面H型沟、肝门和肝蒂

肝外胆道——胆囊作用、底的体表投影、胆囊三角、输胆管道

胰——位置、分部和功能、胰管开口

Constituents:2partsAlimentarycanal消化管

Digestiveglands消化腺

GeneralDescriptionFunctions:

IngestfoodsSecreteenzymesAbsorbnutrientsEliminateunusedresidues三维动画：消化系统DigestiveSystemmouth口腔

pharynx咽

esophagus食管

stomach胃

smallintestines小肠

duodenum十二指肠

jejunum空肠

ileum

回肠

largeintestines大肠

cecum盲肠

appendix阑尾

colon结肠

rectum直肠

analcanal肛管AlimentarycanalⅠ.TheMouth（口腔）oralcavity:

2parts:

oralvestibular,oralcavityproper

Walls:orallips,cheeks,palate,tongue.isthmusoffauces

Contents:teeth,tongue,salivaryglands

palate腭

hardpalate硬腭

softpalate软腭*

palatinevelum腭帆

palatoglossalarch腭舌弓

palatopharyngealarch腭咽弓

palatinetonsil腭扁桃体

isthmusoffauces咽峡*

uvula悬雍垂

freemarginofpalatinevelumpalatoglossalarch腭舌弓

rootoftongue.舌根

Theteeth牙

deciduousteeth乳牙

permanentteeth恒牙

Thestructure*:

crown牙冠

root牙根

neckofteeth

牙颈

dentine牙本质

enamel釉质，珐琅质

cement粘合质

periodontal

membrane牙周膜

dentalcavity,rootcanalapicalforamendentalpulp牙髓国外惊艳的牙科三维医学动画deciduousteeth乳牙:20

2pairsofincisors切牙

1pairofcaninetooth尖牙

2pairsofmolars磨牙permanent

teeth恒牙:28-322pairsofincisors切牙

1pairofcaninetooth尖牙

2pairsofpremolars前磨牙

3pairsofmolars磨牙(wisdomtooth智齿)deciduousteeth乳牙:20

2pairsofincisors切牙

1pairofcaninetooth尖牙

2pairsofmolars磨牙deciduousteeth:developmentdeciduousteeth:developmentpermanent

teeth恒牙:28-322pairsofincisors切牙

1pairofcaninetooth尖牙

2pairsofpremolars前磨牙

3pairsofmolars磨牙

(wisdomtooth智齿)Thetongue舌

3parts---root,apexandbody

2surfaces---dorsumandinferiorsurface

Dorsum

V-shapedterminalsulcus

4kindsofpapillae乳头*哪些有味蕾----filiformpapillae丝状乳头

fungiformpapillae菌状乳头

foliatepapillae叶状乳头

vallatepapillae轮廓乳头

lingualtonsil舌扁桃体

Inferiorsurfaceoftongue

frenulumoftongue（舌系带）

sublingualcaruncle（舌下阜）

sublingualfolds（舌下襞）Structures

mucosa黏膜,musclesofthetongue舌肌Thesalivaryglands:唾液腺

parotidgland腮腺

sublingualgland舌下腺

submandibulargland下颌下腺

Thename,positions,andopeningofitsducts

Oropharynx口咽Nasopharynx鼻咽*Laryngopharynx喉咽Ⅱ.Thepharynx咽:Position:

infrontofthe1~6thcervicalvertebrae分部及各部的重要结构重点Featuresandstructures:

nasalpart*----tubaltorus咽鼓管圆枕

pharyngealrecess咽隐窝

oralpart---

palatinetonsil腭扁桃体,tubaltonsil舌扁桃体

laryngealpart---

piriformrecess梨状隐窝

Communicationofpharynx咽的交通:

anteriorly---choanae（鼻后孔）---nasalcavity---isthmusoffauces（咽峡）---oralcavity---apertureoflarynx（喉口）---laryngealcavity

inferiorly---esophagus食管

laterally---pharyngealopeningofauditorytube---tympaniccavity

（鼓室）三维医学动画上消化道Ⅲ.Theesophagus食管:

3parts:cervical,thoracicandabdominalparts3constrictions（狭窄）*:

1st---c6atitscommencement,15cmfromtheincisorteeth2nd---t4whereiscrossedbytheleftprincipalbronchusanteriorly,25cmfromtheincisorteeth

3rd---t10whereitpassesthroughthediaphragm,40cmfromtheincisorteethⅣ.Thestomach胃/分部*:Theshapeandparts2openings:cardia贲门,pylorus幽门

2surfaces:anteriorandposterior

2curvatures:greatercurvature胃大弯

lessercurvature胃小弯

angularincisure角切迹

4parts:cardiacpart贲门部

fundusofstomach胃底

bodyofstomach胃体

pyloricpart幽门部

pyloricantrum幽门窦

pyloriccanal幽门管Thepositionandrelations---theposition:

Itsbetweentheendoftheesophagusandthebeginningofthesmallintestine.Itliesintheepigastric,umbilicalandlefthypochondriacregionsofabdomen.

cardiacorifice贲门–atleftsideof11ththoracicvertebrapyloricorifice–atrightsideof1stlumbarvertebra

---therelations:

anteriorly---

leftcostalmargindiaphragm横隔膜leftpleura胸膜thebaseoftheleftlungtheleftpleuralcavitythepericardium心包膜leftandquadratelobesofthelivertheanteriorabdominalwalltransversecolon

posteriorly---

thediaphragmthespleentheleftsuprarenalglandtheupperpartoftheleftkidneythesplenicarterytheleftcolicflexuretheanteriorsurfaceofthepancreastheupperlayerofthetransversemesocolon

“stomachbed

”

omentalbursa

Thestructuresofthewallofstomach:

4layers

---mucosa:

粘膜

mucousfoldslongitudinalmucousfoldspyloricvalve

---submucosa粘膜下层

---muscularlayers:

肌层

innerobliquelayerintermediatecircularlayerpyloricsphincter

outerlongitudinallayer

---serousmembrane外膜Ⅴ.Theduodenum

十二指肠*C-shaped4parts---

superiorpart上部

descendingpart降部*

horizontalpart水平部

ascendingpart升部

longitudinalfoldandmajorduodenalpapilla

Ⅵ.Jejunumandileum空肠和回肠Jejunum三多一少IleumUpper2/5Lower3/5Widerindiameterandwallisthicker;ThinerindiameterandwallisthinnerColorisredderandhasmorevascularColorisnotredderthanjejunumandhaslesservascularThecircularmucosalfoldsarelargerandmoreThecircularmucosalfoldsareshorterandfewOnlysolitarylymphaticfolliclesSolitaryandaggregatedlymphaticfollicles

Ⅵ.Jejunumandileum空肠和回肠

Ⅶ.Largeintestine大肠

Parts---colon结肠

cecum盲肠

rectum直肠

analcanal肛管

Structures---

exceptrectumanalcanalandappendix*3colicbands结肠带

haustrations结肠袋

epiploicappendices肠脂垂Thececumandvermiformappendix

盲肠和阑尾

position:

intherightiliacfossa,abovethelateralhalfoftheinguinalligamentandbelowtheileocecalvalves.

structure:

ileocecalvalves回盲瓣

openingofthevermiformappendix

Vermiformappendix

阑尾:

shape:

wormshapedtube,2—20cminlength,about8.3cminaverage

Position:

rightiliacoringuinalregion,

spingsfromtheposteromedialwallofthececum.

commonpositionsofthetip:

retrocecally,盲肠后位

inferiortothececum盲肠下位，

behindorfrontofileum回肠前、后位,intothelesserpelvis盆位

Surfaceprojection

oftherootofvermiformappendix---

McBurney’spointMcBurney’spoint麦氏点Atthejunctionofthemeddleandlateralthirdsofalinethatjointstherightanteriorsuperioriliacspineandtheumbilicus.AppendicitisColon结肠:

4parts----

ascendingcolon升结肠

transversecolon横结肠

descendingcolon降结肠

sigmoidcolon乙状结肠

Therectum

直肠position---

Itliesintheposteriorpartoflesspelvis,anteriortothesacrumandcoccyx.shape---

2flexures:Sacralflexure骶曲

Perinealflexure会阴曲

Ampullaofrectum直肠壶腹

structures---

3transversefoldsofrectum

The

AnalCanal肛管:

position:structures:

mucousmembrane---

analcolumns肛柱

analvalves肛瓣

analsinuses肛窦

dentateline齿状线

analpecten(hemorrhoidalring痔环）

whiteline白线

submucosa---

muscularlayer---

sphincteraniinternus肛门内括约肌

sphincteraniexternus肛门外括约肌

salivaryglands唾液腺:parotidgland腮腺

submandibulargland

下颌下腺

sublingualgland舌下腺

liver肝

pancreas

胰腺Digestiveglands

消化腺TheliverExternalfeaturesPositionandrelationsInternalstructureGallbladderandthebiliaryducts

Theexternalfeatures:

---1.2~1.5kg(male)1.0~1.3kg(female)---cuniform:

2extremities:

right(larger)left(smaller)

2surfaces:

diaphragmaticsurface膈面

visceralsurface脏面

2borders:anteriorborderposteriorborder

---2ligaments:

falciformligament镰状韧带

coronaryligament冠状韧带

righttriangularligamentlefttriangularligament

---2lobes:

rightlobe(large)leftlobe(small)

---barearea裸区：膈面后部diaphragmatic(superior)surface:visceral(inferior)surface:---“H”shapedgroove:

thefissureforligamentumtereshepatis（肝圆韧带）

thefissureforligamentumvenosum（静脉韧带）

thefossaforgallbladder（胆囊）

thefossaforvenacava（下腔静脉）

(thesecondaryportahepatisandhepaticveins)

thetransversefissure横裂

(portahepatis肝门)

properhepaticartery肝固有动脉

hepaticducts肝管

hepaticportalvein肝门静脉

nerves,lymphaticvessels

---4lobes:therightandleftlobesthecaudatelobe尾叶

thequadratelobe方叶portahepatis肝门

Theanteriorborder:

---thenotchforligamentumtereshepatis肝圆韧带切迹

---thenotchforgallbladder胆囊切迹

Theposteriorborder:

barearea裸区

Thepositionandrelations:

Position:

righthypochondriacandepigastricregions.

righthalfoftheanteriorborderatthesameleveloftherightcostalarchatthemiddlelineofthebody,theanteriorborderbelowthexiphoidprocessabout2-4cm.

Relations:diaphragmaticsurface（膈面）--

diaphragm,lungs,pleuraandpleuralcavities,heart,pericardiumandpericardialcavityvisceralsurface(脏面）---esophagus,stomach,duodenum,

gallbladderrightcolicflexure,rightkidneyrightsuprarenalglandThefunction:

itisverycomplicated,butoneofthemissecretingthebiletodigestthefatinthefood肝动脉

TheinternalstructureGlissonsystemLiverse