中国石油大学石油英语初级教程课后答案Unit-3-Key-to-Exercises

Unit3RegionalDevelopmentofPetroleumIndustryEngineeringCommunicativeFocusesILanguageTask1GlossaryMatchMatchtheexpressionsontheleftwithitscorrespondingdefinitionsontheright.1f2a3b4d5g6c7h8eTask2WordsorExpressionsCheckSelectonewordorexpressionforthetenblanksfromthetwelvechoicesgiveninthetable,andgetitderivedifnecessary.1profile2volatility3extricate4vexing5artificial6surged7perpetual8acquisition9contriving10consolidationIIOralPresentationTask1QuestionsandAnswersAnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotheinformationfromTextA,BorC.1Inordertosatisfyitsgrowingconsumptionandhigheroilimports,ChinaisdiversifyingitssuppliersandencouragingitsnationaloilcompaniestoinvestinAfrica,theMiddleEast,andelsewhere.Chinaispursuingalong-termpolicyofenergysecurityratherthanfollowingtheapproachofWesterncompaniesthattendstoemphasizeshort-termprofits.

(TextA,para16)2ItistruethatAfricanoil,minerals,andtimberareimportanttomaintainingChina’seconomyandtheyconstitutenearlyallofAfrica’sexportstoChina.Buttheargumentisdisingenuous.

ThesameargumentcouldbemadefortheUnitedStates,Europe,andJapan.Chinapurchasedonly9percentofAfrica’spetroleumexportsin2006whiletheUnitedStatestook33percentandEurope36percent.

ThefourmajorAfricansupplierstoChinain2006inorderofimportancewereAngola,Congo-Brazzaville,EquatorialGuinea,andSudan.

ThefourlargestAfricanexportersofoiltotheUnitedStateswereNigeria,Angola,Algeria,andGabon.(TextA,para19)3AfterWorldWarII,thereweretwopricelevelsthatweremaintainedbythemajoroilcompanies.OnewasadomesticpriceintheUnitedStatesandtheotherwasaninternationalprice.(TextB,para4)4Sincetheoilcrisishadnotbeentheresultofarealshortageofoil,butanartificially-contrivedshortageforpoliticalreasons,whentheabove-describedmeasuresofconservationandincreasedreservesbegantotakeeffect,therewouldbealargesurplusofoil.Theincreaseinsupply,andtheincreasedvarietyofsourcesofoilmadeitimpossibleforOPECtosustainthehighpricesthathadbeenachieved.(TextB,para14)5CNOOC’sacquisitionofthestakeinBridasearliermarkedthecompany’sentryinLatinAmericaandtoppedthe$2.7billionitpaidin2006forashareinaNigerianoilfield.ThelatestacquisitiontakestotalChineseinvestmentsintheSouthAmericanoilindustrytomorethan$13billionthisyearafterChinaPetroleum&ChemicalCorp.,orSinopec,inOctoberagreedtopay$7.1billionfora40percentstakeofRepsolYPFSA’sBrazilianunit.InMarch,Ecuadorannounceda$500milliondealwithSinopectodevelopanoilbloc.(TextC,para11-12)Task2DiscussionandDebateDiscussordebatethefollowingquestionsaboutthetextsinpairsorgroups.Thefollowingthreequestionscomefromsomerelatedhotissues.Inthissectionstudentsareexpectedtoexpresstheiropinionsfreelybasedontheirunderstandingsofthethreepassagesinthisunit,andtoappreciatemultipleperspectivesduringthediscussion.Task3CriticalThinkingEnhancementPresentyourideaaboutthefollowingtopic.Thistaskisdesignedtodiscusswhatstrategiesshouldbetakentodefendtheterritorialintegrityandshowourstanceintheworld?ThecoreoftheSouthChinaSeaissuerestswiththeterritorialdisputesonislandsandreefs,andoverlappingclaimsonmaritimerightsandinterestsinwatersoftheSouthChinaSea,whicharecausedbytheillegaloccupationofsomeislandsandreefsofChina’sNanshaIslandsbysomecoastalcountries.Formedinthelonghistoriccourse,China’ssovereigntyandrelevantrightsintheThebasicguidelinesforChina’sneighboringdiplomacyistobuildgood-neighborlyrelationswithandbringingharmony,securityandprosperitytoneighboringcountries,andconcentrateontheconceptofamity,sincerity,mutualbenefitandinclusiveness.ThisconformstothetraditionalChineseculture,andisthestrategicoptionofChina.AsacoastalcountryoftheSouthChinaSea,Chinahasalwaysbeenastaunchforceformaintainingpeace,stabilityandpromotingcooperationanddevelopment.Chinaisthelastcountrythathopestoseeanyturbulenceinitsneighborhood,includingintheSouthChinaSea,whichdoesnotmeetthecommonaspirationandinterestsofallpartiesincludingASEANcountries.……(Directions:Thissectionisintendedtohelpstudentstoassociatethecurrentoccurringwiththeirunderstandingofthetopicindiscussion.Theirabilityofpresentingclearandlogicalargumentsisexpectedtobedeveloped.)IIITranslationTask1TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1全球石油产量的增长一直伴随着石油市场的整合。石油合同在液体商品市场进行交易，而正是这里，创造了世界的统一油价。由于这些变化，石油价格的差异只体现在质量或运输成本的实质性差别上。2许多因素都在发挥作用。对于石油资源丰富的国家，只需国家领导人大把花钱，应付一段时期的政治动荡不在话下；但他们现在不得不面对包含大量补贴和工资支出的预算。并且前所未有的，他们受制于国际油价—他们需要原油售价创历史新高，只为收支平衡不盈不亏。3汽油成为发动汽车和飞机的燃料。进入20世纪以来，随着新的石油储量的不断探明和燃料的日益充足及价格低廉，在其他用途方面，它成为替代煤的更优选择，因为它污染较少，而且随着管道的建设，更容易输送至最终用户。4石油是化石燃料中储量最少的，因此为了尽可能充分的利用资源，可以转为使用天然气。从长远来看，发展可再生能源，如太阳能，风能，地热，潮汐，水，将会推迟化石燃料的真正短缺那一天的到来。5中海油在10月份称，第三季度营收同比增长64%，因为公司加大了收购和产量，以满足世界上增长最快的主要经济体的燃料需求。产量今年可能达到3.29亿桶油当量，超过中海油高达2.9亿的目标。Task2TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.Mostscientistsbelievethatcrudeoilisformedbythedecomposedremainsofbillionsoftinyplantsandanimalswhichlivedintheseahundredsofmillionsofyearsago.Whentheseorganismsdied,theydecayedandovermillionsofyears,layersofslimewereformedontheoceanbed;withthepressureofmovementsintheearth’scrustandtheheatthispressurecaused,theselayerswereconvertedintopetroleum.Thelistofcrudeoilfractions(thingswhichmakeupthemixturecalledcrudeoil)andby-productsisnearlyendless:petrolforcars,dieseloilfortrains,busesandlorries,aviationfuels,lubricatingoilsforallengines,heavyoilforpowerstationsandships,asphaltforroads,petrochemicalsforplastics,syntheticfibersandevenforsyntheticfoodproducts,etc.Thefirstoilfromtheseawasproducedsomedecadesagobytheoff-shoredrillingrigs.Butmenarenowalsodrillingthecold,deepNorthSea.(deep-seadrilling).IVEssayWritingPleasewriteaninvitationletterof400-800wordsaboutthefollowingtopic.Argumentationisanalyzed,reviewofaproblemorsomething,thatastyleofthewriter’sownpointofview,position,attitude,viewsandpropositions.Itisareasoned,logicalwayofassertingthesoundnessofaposition,belief,orconclusion.Ittakesastand—supportedbyevidence—andurgespeopletosharethewriter’sperspectiveandinsights.PurposeofargumentationToconvinceotherpeopletoaccept—oratleastacceptthevalidityof—yourpositionTodefendyourposition,evenifotherscannotbeconvincedtoagreeToquestionorrefuteapositionyoubelievetobemisguided,untrue,ordangerouswithoutnecessarilyofferinganalternative2.Elementsofanargumentativeessay1)Evidence:evidenceshouldsupporttheessay’sthesisorclaimandbepertinenttotheargumentbeingmade.2)ThreelevelsofAppeals:Logical:anappealtothereader’smindandsenseofreason.Thisisthemostheavilyusedappealinargumentativeessays.Wewantourreaderstotrustouropinionsbecausetheytrustnotonlyourevidencebutourinterpretationsofit.Emotional:anappealtothereader’semotions.Usethistypeofappealmostsparinglyandbeespeciallycarefultoavoidusinganunfairappeal.Whenwritersemployinappropriateemotionalappeals—toprejudiceorfearforexample—toinfluencereaders,theydestroytheirowncredibilityandauthority.Social/Ethical:anappealtothereader’ssenseofrightandwrong.Wewantourreaderstoviewusasgood,trustworthypeople;thereforeitisimportantthatweestablishasharedsenseofethicsandweestablishourcredibility.Nodstoandrefutationoftheopposition:Arhetoricalstrategywherebyawriteracknowledgesthepointsofviewofthosethatdonotagreewithhimorherinordertoref