译后编辑分析研究英语论文论文

摘要译后编辑现已在机器翻译领域占据了十分关键的地位。它不仅是为机器翻译服务的一项重要工具，而且其相关操作的执行还需要专业译后编辑人员的参与。本文旨在对译后编辑这一新兴领域进行全面详尽的介绍，包括其自1933年以来经历的萌芽期、发展期和繁荣期三个阶段的发展；译后编辑的必要性和可行性；译后编辑的分类和步骤；以及对译后编辑人员的要求与训练及发展前景等。译后编辑大体分为由人工手动操作的和由机器自动操作的译后编辑，以及可以达到出版要求的充分译后编辑（fullpost-editing）和只以理解为目的的浅显译后编辑（lightpost-editing）。为了对译后编辑的介绍尽量做到足够准确和详尽，本文将集中介绍由人工即译后编辑人员执行的充分译后编辑。译后编辑现已成为一项日益兴起的翻译实践，然而其重要性与其受到的关注度并不匹配。本文的写作目的是为了将译后编辑全面详尽地介绍给翻译专业的学生，以增进并提高大家对这一职业的理解与重视，并意识到译后编辑这项工作需要的是专业的双语人士，而仅仅对目标语言熟练的人员是无法胜任该岗位的。本文将介绍由国际标准化组织编纂的《译后编辑手册》，并总结该领域先进研究成果，以增加大家对这一职业的了解，并指明该领域的发展方向。关键词:译后编辑；发展历史；必要性；译后编辑人员AbstractPost-editinghasbeengainingastrongfootholdinmachinetranslationservices,whichservesnotonlyasacriticaltoolformachinetranslation,butalsotobeaprofessionalpracticeimplementedbypost-editorsorrevisers.Thisthesisaimstogiveacomprehensiveandexhaustiveintroductiononpost-editing,involvingitsthreephasesofdevelopmenthistorysince1933s,necessity,viability,classification,processes,aswellasrequirementsandtrainingonpost-editors,etc.Inamovetomakeitasconcreteandconciseaspossible,thethesiswillfocusitsintroductiononpost-editingcarriedoutbymanualpracticesratherthanautomatedone,andonfullpost-editingwiththeobjectivetomaketranslatedworkssufficeforpublicationinsteadoflightpost-editingthatpurposeonlycomprehensibility.Thethesisiswritteninabidtointroducetheemergingprofessionaltranslationpracticetotranslation-majoredstudentsandtoraisepeople’sattentiontopost-editingasanindispensableprocessthatneedstobeperformedbybilingualprofessionalsotherthananyonewhoisonlyproficientinthetargetlanguages.ByintroducingthePost-editingGuidelinesregulatedbyInternationalStandardizationOrganization(ISO)andconcludingtheresultsofresearchonpost-editingstudiedbyformerresearchers,thearticleisprojectedtobeapreliminaryentrancetopost-editingthatwillhighlightpeople’semphasisonitandcarveoutapromisingandguaranteedfutureofit.KeyWords:post-editing;developmenthistory;necessity;post-editorsContents摘要……………….…iAbstract.........................................................................................................................iiIntroduction...................................................................................................................6ChapterOneTheDevelopmentHistoryofPost-editing..............…………..……….7DevelopmentHistoryofPost-editingfrom1930sto1970s..........................7DevelopmentHistoryofPost-editingfrom1980sto1990s..........................8DevelopmentHistoryofPost-editinginthe21stCentury.............................9ChapterTwoTheNecessityandViabilityofPost-editing...........…………..…...…112.1TheNecessityofPost-editing…….......................................………………112.2TheViabilityofPost-editing........................................................................13ChapterThreeTheClassificationandProcessesofPost-editing..............................163.1TheClassificationofPost-editing................................................................163.2TheProcessesofPost-editing.......................................................................18ChapterFourTheCompetencesandTrainingonPost-editors.................................204.1TheCompetencesonPost-editors...............................................................204.2TheTrainingonPost-editors........................................................................214.3TheFutureofPost-editing............................................................................21Conclusion……………23WorksCited.................................................................................................................24IntroductionPost-editingisanimportantandcomplementarytoolofmachinetranslationincludingthepracticeofidentifyingandcorrectingproblemsanderrorsofmachine-translatedversion.Withtherisingdevelopmentofmechanicaltechnologiesandsomeinevitableproblemsgeneratedbymachineintranslation,post-editingstartstogainmoreattentionaroundtheglobeduetoitsnecessityandviability.However,post-editingisstillgreatlyneglectedbytranslation-majoredstudentsanddeniedbymanyprofessionalsasanoccupation.Asaresult,thisreportaimstogiveacomprehensiveandgeneralintroductiononpost-editingbasedonmultiplestudiesandresearchathomeandabroadaswellastheguidelinesonpost-editorsissuedbytheInternationalStandardizationOrganization(ISO),asanefforttodeepenpeople’sunderstandinginpost-editinganddissipatesomecommonmisapprehensionaboutit.Thereportwillintroducepost-editinginfourparts.First,thedevelopmenthistoryofpost-editingwillbeintroducedinChapterOnetohelpreaderscraveoutabroadoutlineofhowpost-editingisdeveloped.Second,thenecessityandviabilityofpost-editingwillbeextrapolatedinChapterTwobasedontheanalysisofinaccuracyandincorrectnessofmachinetranslation.Third,theclassificationandprocessesofpost-editingwillbeintroducedinChapterThreetoenrichreaders’knowledgeonpost-editing.Forth,thecompetencesandtrainingonpost-editorswillbeexplainedandtheprospectofpost-editingandthefutureofpost-editorswillbeforeseeninChapterFour.Fromthisreport,itistemptingtoconcludethatpost-editingwillbecomemoreandmorepopularasanindispensabletoolofmachinetranslationwithstricterrequirementsonpost-editorsandontranslationindustryasawhole.ChapterOneTheDevelopmentHistoryofPost-editingAsisexplainedbyAllen,post-editing,inbasicterms,is“thetaskofthepost-editorstoedit,modifyand/orcorrectpre-translatedtextthathasbeenprocessedbyamachinetranslationsystemfromasourcelanguageintoatargetlanguage”(Allen297).Soisacriticaltoolappliedtoimprovethequalityofmachinetranslation,thusitsdevelopmenthistoryisinevitablyassociatedwiththatofmachinetranslation.In17thcentury,theconceptofmachinedictionarieshadbeenputforwardandmaterializedbyproductivecitizensasDescartesandLeibniz,whowentoutoftheirwaystosurmountlanguagebarriersbyintroducinganintermediatelanguage.In1903,thetermof“machinetranslation”wasfirstlyusedbyCouturatandLeautodescribemechanically-aidedtranslation.In1933,thenotionofmechanically-aidedtranslationwasputintopracticebyaninvestoroftheSovietUnion.Thiswaswhenmachinetranslationwasinitiallymadeintoreality.Thenceforward,post-editinghascommenceditsunnoticeabledevelopmentwithlittleattention,whosedevelopmenthistoryhasbeenconcludedintothreephases:formingstage,revivingstageandprosperousstage.DevelopmentHistoryofPost-editingfrom1930sto1970sTheperiodfrom1930sto1970switnessedpost-editing’sincipientphaseofdevelopmentsinceitsoriginalityin1933.Thisyear,aninvestorfromtheSovietUnionnamedTroyanovskyinventedamachine,whichwasabletotranslatealanguageintoanotherinmechanicalway.Hecreatedasetoflogic-analyzingsymbolsanddividedtheprocessesoftranslationintothreeparts.Inthefirstandthethirdparts,professionally-trainededitorswouldrelativelyencodethesourcelanguageinthesymbolsanddecodethesymbolsintothetargetlanguage,whileinthesecondpart,themachinewouldplayitspartbytransferringthemeaningofsymbolsfromthesourcelanguagetothetargetone.Inthemechanically-aidedtranslationprocesses,thoseprofessionally-trainededitorswerepracticallytheinitialrudimentofpost-editors.In1946,theworld’sfirstcomputer,ENIAC,wasdesignedandproducedbyJ.P.EckertfromtheUnitedStates,whosestartlingcomputingratesgaverisetopeople’sconcernontherevolutionoftranslation.Fromthenon,thepracticeofmachinetranslationhadstartedtospringup,which,undoubtedly,couldnotbeachievedwithouttheaidofpost-editing.However,duetothebackwardmechanicaltechniquesandthepoorapplicationofpost-editing,thequalityofmachinetranslationstillletmanypeopledowndespiteitsdecadesofdevelopment.Therefore,in1966,AutomaticLanguageProcessAdvisoryCommittee(ALPAC)organizedbyAmericanScienceAcademypublishedareportnamed“LanguageandMachine”,inwhichtheviabilityofmachinetranslationwasfullydisavowedbysayingthattherewerefewreasonsforustogivegeneroussupporttomachinetranslationatthemoment(AutomaticLanguageProcessingAdvisoryCommittee16).Thedevelopmentofmachinetranslation,andpost-editingcorrespondingly,remainedlifelessuntil1976whenapracticalmachinetranslationsystemTAUMMETEOwasinventedbyCanadatoprovideofficialweatherforecastservices.Thismarkedtherenaissanceofmachinetranslationandtheinitialstartingpointofpost-editing.Sincethen,ahandfuloftranslatorsstartedtobefreedfromlengthyandtiresometranslatingworksbyhandandturnedtocheckandimprovetheoutputofmachinetranslationsystem(MachineTranslation8).DevelopmentHistoryofPost-editingfrom1980sto1990sThestageof1980s-1990shadseenaphaseofrenaissanceofpost-editing,orbettertosayoflightpost-editing,whichwasactuallydrivenbydintoftherelativelypoortechnologicaldevelopment.Inthe80sand90s,withtherisingdemandforinternationalexchangesandtrade,lightpost-editingrosetobecomethemaintoolformachinetranslation.AccordingtoGarcia,“Lightpost-editingaimedtomakethemachine-generatedtextcomprehensible.Itwasnotmeantfordisseminationpurposes,butratherforassimilation”(218).Thisindicatesthatattheperiod,post-editingwasonlyusedtoimprovethecomprehensibilityofthemachine-translatedversionratherthanforthepurposeofpublication,whosequalityishighlyrequired.Nevertheless,thoughmicroprocessorofcomputerhadbeensignificantlyimprovedinthelate1980s,thetranslatableversionofmachinetranslationwasstillgreatlyconstrained(AMiner5).In1991,Hutchinsputforwardthatthevariationandspecifictypesofthetextsofthesourcelanguageshouldbestrictlylimitedinamovetopromotetheoverallqualityofthemachinetranslation(Hutchins358).furthermore,ChinesecomputationallinguistFengZhiweialsofoundoutthatcomparedwithlongsentences,shortonesmightbetranslatedmoreunderstandablybymachine.Machinetranslationandpost-editingcouldbemadebetteruseofinthoseareasrequiredhugeworkloadsandquickupdatelikeweatherforecastandfinancialnews(Feng7).In1996,Humentionedinherreportthatpost-editinghadbecomeacrucialsectorofmachinetranslation,anditsefficiencyimprovementwoulddirectlygoalongwaytowardthatofmachinetranslation(Hu147).DevelopmentHistoryofPost-editinginthe21stCenturyThetrendofcommercializationandglobalizationofpost-editinghasbeenobservedsinceitenteredintothe21stcentury.Aftertheturningofthenewcentury,computertechnologyhasadvancedtremendouslywhiletheprogressionoflanguageprocessingwaslesswitnessed.AccordingtoWeiandZhang,theimprovementofthequalityofmachinetranslationwasunclearandindistinctoverthepast50years(23).LuoandLialsofoundoutthatalthoughthetranslatabilityofmachinetranslationhadreachedover85%,thequalityofitwouldbegreatlythreatenedwhenthetranslatedsentenceswaslongandcomplexduringthetenth-five-yearperiodinChina(84).Apartfromthat,enteringthenewcentury,globaltradestartedtogaingreatmomentumandinternationalconnectionsbecameever-morecloseandintense.Thisiswhytheneedforlanguagetranslationsurgedaccordinglyinanunprecedentedway.Thusthiswaswhenpreviouslightpost-editingfailedtomeetthemountingdemandofculturalexchangesamongdifferentnationsandwhenfullpost-editingrequiringcomprehensiveandprofessionaltexteditingstartedtoplayamoreimportantrole.Withthematureapplicationoffull-editing,machinetranslationcommencedtobeappliedinnotonlyindustry,butalsobygovernment(Garcia218).Accordingly,onthegroundthatthequalityofpuremachinetranslationisfarfrombeingsatisfactoryandtherequireforqualitytranslationhassurged,post-editing,especiallyfull-editinghasstartedtobeappliedgloballyandcommercially.AremarkmadebyGarciacanbeappropriatelyquotedtodescribetheconditionofpost-editingatthemoment,“whatconcernsushere,however,isnotwhethertranslatorswouldhavetotranslatebypost-editingwhentheclientrequestsit(itwillnotbeoptional,iftheywanttokeepthejob),butwhethertranslatorsshoulddoitevenwhentheclientdoesnotexplicitlyrequireit”(229).Itistemptingtoarguethatpost-editinghasentereditsstageofpropertyinthe21stcenturyandunquestionablyitwillcontinuetoplayamuchbiggerrolefromourgenerationtogenerationstocome.However,post-editorsrecruitedintheearlyfewyearsof21stcenturyweremainlyfromin-housetranslationstaffwhowereuniversallyshortofprofessionalpost-editingskills(Allen298).ChapterTwoTheNecessityandViabilityofPost-editingAsisshowninthedevelopmenthistoryofpost-editingofmachinetranslation,itistemptingtoarguethatthepopularityanduniversityofitsapplicationisontherise.Inthischapter,twofeaturesandcharacteristicsthatunderpinthewidespreadadvancementofpost-editing--itsnecessityandviabilitywillbeintroduced.Inarguingitsnecessity,thefallibilityofpuremachinetranslationwithoutartificialeffortswillbeexplained.Inrationalizingthereasonwhypost-editingisviableandfeasible,thequalityofitsoutcomewillbejustifiedwhiletheproductivityofitwillbequestioned.Moreover,thechapterwillalsolayoutseveralproblemsthatarerecentlyidentifiedinthepracticeofpost-editing,whichareconduciveforguidingthefurtherdevelopmentofpost-editingandregulatingtheprofessionalpracticesofpost-editorsinthefuture.2.1TheNecessityofPost-editingSincetheoriginalintroductionofmachinetranslation,thequestioningonthequalityofthemachine-translatedversionhasneverfaded.Enteringthe21stcentury,withtherisingdemandofqualifiedtranslationduetorapideconomicgrowthandsurginginternationalexchanges,lightpost-editingstartedtogivewaytofullpost-editingwithhigherstandardsandrequirements.Thiswasalsowhenthelousymachine-translatedversioncouldnolongeraccommodateitselftostricterrequirements.First,accordingtotheresearchconductedbyLuoandLifromTongjiUniversity,thequalityofthetranslatedversionofmachinetranslationhaslongbeenviewedasoneofthemostsignificantandcriticalindicatorsofthefeasibilityofmachinetranslation.However,intheirstudyonthecomparisonbetweenmachine-translatedversionandhuman-translatedversionoftechnologicaldocumentsaboutautomobiles,itwasfoundoutthattheerrorrateofmachinetranslationwasashighas85%,withterminologymistranslationamongthemostfrequenttypesofinaccuracy.Othererrortypesincludedmistranslationinconjunctions,partsofspeechandabbreviations,falselexicalreplacementandomissions(2012).Second,instudyofZhaoandFuin2018,itwasprovedthatmachinetranslationdidaevenworsejobwhenitcametotranslatingsentenceswithoutsubjects.Intheresearch,machinetranslation,students’translationandprofessionaltranslationwerecomparedintranslatingsentenceswithoutsubjects.Basedontheprerequisitethatthequalityofpost-editingwillultimatelydeterminetheoverallqualityofmachinetranslation,itwasconcludedthatintranslatingpoliticaldocumentswheresentenceswithoutsubjectsprevailed,studentsdidbetterthanmachinetranslationbyconsciouslyaddingcorrespondingsubjectstothesentences.Moreover,comparedwiththeversionofstudents’,professor-translatedversionwasevenmorequalifiedandnativebyreadjustingthevoicesofthesentences(frompositivetonegative)andbalancingthestructureofthesentencesthroughthedivisionoflongsentencestoshortones(2018).Soitistemptingtoconcludethatmachinetranslationisstillfarfrombeingcomparablewithprofessionalpost-editorsinsentenceswithoutsubjectslikepoliticaltexts.Third,apartfromtechnologicalandpoliticaltexts,thequalityofmachinetranslationisfarfrombeingsatisfactoryinordinaryterms.Themachine-relatederrorsthatrequiretherevisingofpost-editorsprimarilystemfromtheinborndifficultiesaccompanyingtheprocessofnaturallanguagesbycomputers,especiallyintranslatingcompoundsentences.Errorsincludingwhatarousedfromredundantwordsoromissions,fromtheincompetentselectionofaversionfrommultipleversions,fromthepoortransformationofsentencestructures,fromthemisuseofparticularwordsinalanguageandfromwrongformsofsentences,etc.Thesedifficultiesdeterbigstridesofmachinetranslationinthequalityofitsversion.Sodespiteitsdevelopmentoverthepasthalfacentury,theintelligibilityofmachinetranslationisstilllowerthan40%(WeiandZhang22).Asaresult,themistranslationofmachinetranslationiscommoninordinaryversions.Forth,thequalityofmachinetranslationisbynomeansqualifiedeveninthemostreliableparts:namesofplaces,peopleandpropernouns.Eventhoughmachinetranslationisaidedwithcorpustobetterdrawfromthepreviousversions,falseomissionsandmistranslationarestillcommonproblems.Forexample,“秦始皇”wasmistranslatedto“QinShiHuang”,whichshouldbeamendedas“QinShihuang”(Hu147).Asaresult,itistemptingtoconcludethatthequalityofmachinetranslationisbynomeansparalleltothatofpost-editedversionsnomatterinordinarytextsorprofessionaldocumentsintechnologicalorpoliticalareasbesetwithtechnicalterminologies.Theintelligibilityandinaccuracymakeitnecessaryandessentialtointroducepost-editingtomachinetranslationinordertosecureitsquality.2.2TheViabilityofPost-editingAstheoutputofmachinetranslationfallsshortofcomprehensibilityandaccuracy,thenecessityofpost-editingisjustified.Inthispart,theviabilityofpost-editingwillbearguedthroughthequalityandproductivityofpost-editing,especiallyinitscomparisonwithtraditionalmanualtranslation.Problemsinthepracticeofpost-editingwillalsobeintroduced,whichwillbesalutaryinguidingthefurtherdevelopmentofpost-editing.InthestudyofGarcia,theoutputofpost-editingandtraditionaltranslationwasfirstlycompared.Fromtheresearch,itwasfoundoutthatintermsoftheproductivity,theadvantageofpost-editingwaslimitedandmarginal(224).Post-editingaftermachinetranslationfailedtodofasterthantranslatingfromthesourcetextwithbothsharinganalmostsametimespanintranslatingthesameversion.However,whenitcametothequalityoftwodifferentways,theoutputofpost-editedoneperformedbetterthanthatoftheartificialonewiththeoverallmarkgainedbypost-editedversionhigherthanthattranslateddirectlyfromthesourcetext.Soitcanbeconcludedthatpost-editingismoreviablethanthetraditionalwayoftranslationinqualitywhilelessfeasiblethanthatinproductivity.However,thevalueofGarcia’sstudyismorethanthesheercomparisonofpost-editingandmanualtranslation.Thefollowingfeaturesofpost-editingwerealsofoundout.First,theparticipatorsinGarcia’sstudydidbetterusingpost-editingwhentranslatingintotheirweakerlanguages,namelytheiracquiredlanguages.AccordingtoGarcia’sstudy,“theydobetter,in67%ofthecasescomparedwith63%whotranslatedintotheirstrongestlanguages”.Thegapbetweenthequalityofpost-editingandmanualtranslationwaswidestwhentranslatingtoparticipators’weakerlanguages,whileitwasnarrowestwhentranslatingintotheirstrongerlanguages.Second,thegapbetweenthequalityoftheoutputofthestrongerpost-editorsandthatoftheweakerpost-editorswasnarrowerthanthequalityoftheoutputofthestrongermanualtranslatorsandthatoftheweakertranslators.Thismeansthatpost-editingsuitsboththecompetenttranslatorsaswellasthelesscompetitiveones.Asaresult,themostsalientfindingofGarcia’sstudyisthatpost-editingismorefeasiblethantraditionalonewhenitcomestothepoorertranslatorstranslatingintotheiracquiredlanguages(224).Alongsidethat,intheresearchofKoponenandSalmi,thecorrectnessandviabilityofpost-editingwerefurtherextrapolated.Theexemplarypartofthestudyisthattheauthorsfocusedontheanalysisofthecorrectnessofthecorrectionsmadebypost-editors,whichhavelongbeenperceivedtobebothcorrectandnecessary.Thecorrectnessofpost-editingwasdefinedbyaccuracyandgrammaticalityofthepost-editedversion.Accordingtothestudy,itwasfoundoutthatmostofthepost-editedcorrectionswerecorrect,especiallywhenitcametorevisingincorrectwordformsonmeaningsandgrammars.However,intermsofchangesofword-orderandreordering,11%to15%ofthemturnedouttobeunnecessaryand5%ofthemevenintroducedsomenewerrors.Inthetypesofchanges,itwasshownthan70%ofword-formedit,84%ofinsertionand67%ofsubstitutionwereevaluatedtobecorrectandnecessary.Nevertheless,80%ofword-orderchanges,70%ofdeletionandpunctuationwereanalyzedtobecorrectbutunnecessary.Apartfromthat,differentpost-revisersmighthavedifferentinterpretationstothesameversion,givingrisetodistinctiveoutputofpost-editedversions(144).AsafurthersupportofKoponenandSalmi’swork,Tezcanandhiscolleaguesconcludedfromtheirresearchthattherewasnoneedtofocusonalltypesoferrorswhenpracticingandevenevaluatingpost-editing.Rather,withthefocusmainlyonseveraltypesoferrorswouldsynergizemoreeffortsandmaketheoutputofpost-editedversionsmorereadableandcomprehensible(138).Thefindingisalsoformativeandinfluentialinguidingthefurtherpracticesofpost-editing,asanefforttoelevateitsqualityandproductivitytoahigherlevel.Toconclude,fromtheresearchabove,itistemptingtoarguethatthecorrectnessofpost-editingisreliablenomatterinitscomparisonwithtraditionalmanualtranslationorwithsheermachinetranslation,whichgoesalongwaytowardstheviabilityofpost-editing.Moreover,itisarguedthatthepracticecanbemoreviableandbeneficialconductedbypoorertranslatorstranslatingintheirweakerlanguages.Post-editingcanalsobemoreproductiveandeffectivewhenthechangesandcorrectionscanbemorefocusedonword-formedits,insertionandsubstitution.ChapterThreeTheClassificationandProcessesofPost-editingPost-editingisatoolofmachinetranslation,whichdenotestheeditionandcorrectionofmachinetranslation’soutput,asamovetoimprovetheoverallqualityofmachine-translatedversion.Asthereisnosuchamachinetranslationsystemthatisqualifiedenoughtobeonparwiththeoutputofhumantranslation,multiplemeansofeditionandcorrectioneffortsareappliedtomachinetranslationsystems,includingpre-editingandpost-editingsystems,automatedpost-editingandmanualpost-editing,andfullpost-editingandlightpost-editing.Inthischapter,thethreecategorieslinkedtopost-editingwillbediscussed.Apartfromthat,theprocessesofpost-editingwillalsobeexplainedintothreeparts:pre-productionprocesses,productionprocessesandpost-productionprocesses.Theprocesspartwillbeconfinedinfullpost-editingwhichiscarriedoutbyhumanpost-editors.3.1TheClassificationofPost-editingAsisdiscussedinChapterTwo,duetothelinguisticbarriersandtechnologicallimitation,theoutputofmachinetranslationisfarfrombeingsatisfactorynomatterinprofessionalorinordinarytexts.Thus,theapplicationofeditionismadenecessaryinmachinetranslation.First,pre-editingandpost-editingcomplementandsupplementeachotherinmachinetranslation.Themaindifferencebetweenpre-editingandpost-editingistheobjectsedited.Theobjectofpre-editingistheoriginaltextswhilethatofpost-editingistheoutputofmachinetranslation.Pre-editingsignifiestheeditiontooriginaltextsbeforetheapplicationofmachinetranslation.Itencompassescertainrewriting,deletionandaddingtotheoriginaltextswhereitisnecessary.Forexample,longsentenceswillbesegmentedintoshortonesandunnecessarycontentswillbedeletedtomakesentenceseasiertobeanalyzedbycomputers;rhetoricwillberewrittenintosimpleandprecisesentences,highlightingthemainideaofthesentences;interpretationandexplanationwillbeaddedtomaketerminologiesclearandunderstandable.Pre-editingiswidelyappliedinanefforttoimprovethequalityoftheoutputofmachinetranslationandtoeasetheburdenofpost-editors(ZengandHou18).Tothecontrary,post-editingdenotestheprocessofeditioncarriedoutaftertheapplicationofmachinetranslation,whoseeditedobjectistheoutputofmachinetranslation.Itincludesautomatedpost-editingwhichentailstheprocessingoftechnologicalpost-editorsandmanualpost-editingwhichisimplementedbyhumanpost-revisers(Wei22).Post-editingaimstorevisefaultsoutofmachine-bornebarriersintranslatingandsomelinguisticerrors.Bycenteringroundthepurposesofimprovingthecomprehensibilityandintelligibilityofthemachine-translatedversion,post-editingservestobethefinalguaranteeofmachinetranslation,thusplaysacriticalroleinsecuringtheoverallqualityofmachinetranslation.Second,asisintroducedabove,thepracticeofpost-editingcanbecarriedoutbymachinesautomaticallyorbyhumanrevisersmanually.Ingeneral,post-editorscanbeusedtodenotebothtechnologicalpost-editorsandhumanpost-editors.Post-reviserscanonlybeappliedtosignifyhumaneditors.However,humanpost-editorsaremorecommonthanautomatedones,sothisreportwillfocusonthediscussionofthem,whicharealsoknownaspost-revisers.AccordingtoTranslationServices--Post-editingofmachinetranslationoutput--RequirementsissuedbyInternationalStandardizationOrganization(ISO),automatedpost-editorsaredefinedas“thecorrectionoferrorsproducedbyamachinetr