大学英语深层语法

大学英语深层语法AdvancedCollegeEnglishGrammar大学英语深层语法Realknowledge,likeeverythingelseofvalue,isnottobeobtainedeasily,itmustbeworkedfor,studiedfor,thoughtfor,andmorethanall,mustbeprayedfor.byThomasAmoldContentsChapter1英语语法结构Chapter2英语句子类型Chapter3名词Chapter4动词Chapter5情态词Chapter6非谓语动词Chapter7形容词的级Chapter8数词Chapter9代词Chapter10介词Chapter11连词Chapter12副词和状语Chapter13形容词从句Chapter14名词从句Chapter15引语Chapter16主谓一致Chapter17信息结构与强调第一章英语语法结构词素（自由词素和粘附词素）单词词组

分句

句子

段落

篇章第二章句子类型句子的表意类型（肯定句+否定句）肯定句（陈述句、祈使句、感叹句、疑问句）否定句（否定陈述句、否定疑问句、否定祈使句、否定感叹句）陈述句

陈述疑问句（表感叹、疑问、祈使）Idon’tdaretoaskyou,myyounglady,howoldyouare.I’dliketoknowthenameofyourlastemployer.祈使陈述句I’dlikeacupofcoffee.=Pleasebringmeacupofcoffee.Yourflyisopen.=Examineyourzipper.疑问句Whoknows?=Idon’tknow.CharlesgaveDiannaanengagementring?(陈述疑问句）Aren’ttheflowerslovely?(感叹疑问句）Whydon’tyoutakeanaspirin?(祈使疑问句）祈使句

RememberthatIamalwaysreadyforyou.(陈述祈使句）Tellmewhatyouwant!(祈使疑问句)AmIhungry!(感叹祈使句）感叹句Whatabeautifulgirlyouare!(陈述感叹句）Hasn’tshegrown!(疑问感叹句）Howslowyourmovementis!(祈使感叹句）肯定句陈述句（陈述事实或看法）Knowledgeispower.Therecanbenoeconomywherethereisnoefficiency.(没有效率就没有经济）祈使句（表示请求、命令、号召、祝愿、诅咒、建议、告诫）Theshipisgoingtosuckusdown.TakeadeepbreathwhenIsay.Kickforthesurfaceandkeepkicking.Getonit.Alwaysremembertosmile!Don’tbestandingintherain!感叹句（表示惊叹、喜悦、气愤）How+（被强调形容词、副词、动词）+主语+谓语Howwonderfulapictureitis!What+被强调名词、名词词组+主语+谓语Whatawonderfulpictureitis!疑问句分类：一般、特殊、混合、选择、附加一般疑问句（多用yes/no回答并有助动词、系词、情态词开头的句子）Isheaworker?Yes,heis.DoeshespeakEnglish?No,hedoesn’t.Haveyouabike?Yes,Ihave.特殊疑问句（特殊疑问词+一般疑问句）Whatdoyouwant?WhatcanIdoforyou?WhoisyourEnglishteacher?Whichishis?Whatbooksareinit?Whichbookismine?Whosebookisonthedesk?常见特殊疑问句句型Whatabout….?Howabout…..?(征求意见）=whatdoyouthinkabout….?Whatabouthavingawalk?HowaboutonSunday?Whynot+V.?=whydon’tyou…..?Why

nottryagain?Whatif+分句?=whatwouldbetheresultif….?Whatifwemissthefirstbus?常见特殊疑问句句型Howcome+that分句“怎么会”=Howdoesitcome?Howcomeyouarelate?Whatthough+陈述句？表让步=whatdoesitmatterif….?Whatthoughwearepoor?Westillhaveeachother?(穷又有什么关系？只要你还有我，我还有你。）混合疑问句（一般+特殊）Whodoyouthinkisthemasterhere,Ioryou,Eh?Howmuchdidyousaythisonecost?Whodoyouthinkmurderedthelady?Whatdoyouthinkshewouldfeel?反义疑问句主语用such时，单数用it,复数用they.Suchishisnature,isn’tit?Suchareyourexcuses,aren’tthey?陈述句It（high/about)time+同位语从句（动词用过去时），用itItistimewewenttobed,isn’tit?Itwillbethethirdtimethathehasbeeninlovethisyear,won’tit?选择疑问句（用or连接两个或以上的并列成分）Areyougoingtothecinemaortothetheater?Doyouwantcoffeeorcoco?Whichwouldyouratherhave–steakorfish?Nowdoyoupeoplewanttoliveordoyouwanttodie?附加疑问句（陈述句、祈使句、感叹句+附加疑问句）Sheisanurse,isn’tshe?Thatclockisslow,isn’tit?Openthedoor,won’tyou?Don’tforgettoposttheletter,willyou?Readthetext,willyou?Whatalovelychild,isn’tis?反义疑问句主语Eachof….作主语，用相应的人称代词Eachofthepupilspassedtheexam,didn’tthey?陈述句用one，正式场合用one,非正式用you,美国英语用heOnecan’tbetoocareful,canone(you?)(he?)反义疑问句主语不定代词（nobody/noone/none/everybody/everyone/somebody/anybody)作陈述句主语时，反义疑问句的主语在英国英语中用theyEverybodyhasgotaticket,haven’tthey?不定代词（everything/something/anything/nothing)时，用itEverythinglooksfresh,doesn’tit?反义疑问句主语名词，相应人称代词Thisanswerisn’tcorrect,isit?Yourfatherusedtobeamusician,didn’t/usedn’the?不定代词、动名词、词组、从句，用ItLiftingweightswillbuildarmmuscles,won’tit?Thattheyarefriendsisnottrue,isit?反义疑问句主语That/this/these/those,用it（单数）、they(复数）Thisisabook,isn’tit?Thesearenotbooks,arethey?主从复合句，反义疑问句主语与主句主语一致YouwereinthefactorywhenIlastsawyou,weren’tyou?反义疑问句主语主从复合句，主句主语是第一人称，谓语think,consider,guess,believe,expect,imagine,suppose时，与从句主语一致Idon’tthinkyouareserious,areyou?Idon’tsupposehecares,doeshe?反义疑问句主语第一部分是第二人称祈使句，用youDon’ttakeawaymydictionary,willyou?感叹句的反义疑问句：反义疑问句的谓语用be的一般现在是的否定式。主语用he,you等人称代词，主语是物用itWhatafunnyman,isn’the?Howhottheteais,isn’tit?反义疑问句主语准反义疑问句不表示“是不是”，反义疑问句可有自己的主语。Ifindthisfilmveryinteresting,don’tyou?(=whatdoyouthink?)反义疑问句谓语否定词与反义疑问句主语有否定意义，谓语用肯定Nobooksareperfect,arethey?Thereisnorealdemocracyinthiscountry,isthere?Nobodycandoit,canthey?Noonecame,didthey?反义疑问句谓语宾语有否定，谓语肯否均可Hesaidnothingatthemeeting,did/didn’the?谓语有don’tthink之类的宾语从句时，用肯定Idon’tthinkhewillcometomorrow,willhe?有准否定词hardly,seldom,little,few时，用肯定反义疑问句的谓语Itseldomrainsinthedesert,doesit?Therewerefewpeoplethere,werethey?Hehadlittleworkthatday,hadhe?有否定意义的谓语或前缀、后缀是，用否定Heiscareless,isn’the?Hefailedtocome,didn’the?反义疑问句的谓语

主语是”noneof+名词“，反义疑问句的人称和数和主语中的名词保持一致。NoneofthestudentsarefromJapan,arethey?Noneofthenewssoundstrue,doesit?带有only时，肯否均可。Therewereonlytwopeoplepresent,weren’t/werethey?情态词与反义疑问句陈述句must表“必须”，用mustn’tWemustgosoon,mustn’twe?Must表“必要”，用needn’tThenursemusttakegoodcareofthechildren,needn’tshe?Mustn’t表“禁止”，用mustYoumustn’tparkyourcarhere,mustyou?反义疑问句谓语Mustbe表“猜测、准是”，视情况而定（be,have,do等）Yourparentsmustbeinthekitchen,aren’tthey?TommusthavebeentoBeijing,hasn’the?Thescientistsmusthavesucceededintheirnewexperiment,didn’tthey?反义疑问句的谓语陈述句有haveto时，用do的适当形式Ajournalisthastobegoodatwriting,doesn’tthey?陈述句有need(实义）时，用doIneedtobuyanEnglishbook,don’tI?Need（情态），用needn’tHeneednotcomeatpresent,needhe?反义疑问句谓语Dare(情态），用daren’t;dare(实意），用do的适当形式Youdarenotwalkinthedarkness,dareyou?Hedaredthedangeroflosinghisjob,didn’the?有oughtto时，用ought/shouldIoughttocomplain,shouldn’t/oughtn’tI?反义疑问句谓语有usedto时，用usedn’t/usen’t/didn’tYouusedtosmokeapipe,usedn’tyou?有hadbetter时，用hadn’tWehadbettertakeoffourshoes,hadn’twe?反义疑问句的谓语有wouldrather时，用wouldn’tYou’dratherstayinbedthangetuptoeat,wouldn’tyou?其他句型的反义疑问句陈述句wish,反义疑问句用may，两部分都用肯定。Iwishtostayherealittlelonger,mayI?有hadsomethingdone,用didShehadherhaircut,didn’tshe?当Have“有”，用Have；have“吃、经历、得到、遭遇”，用do反义疑问句的谓语HehadahouseinBeijing,hadn’the?Hehasbreadandmilkforbreakfast,doesn’the?当有am时，用aren’tI/amInotIambeautiful,aren’tI/amInot?陈述句是肯定祈使句，用willyou/won’tyou；否定祈使句，用willu/canu;Let’s开头的祈使句，用shallwe反义疑问句的谓语Let’sgo,shallwe?Letusgo,willyou?

Won’tyou?Don’tmakeanynoise,canyou?/willyou?Letmehelpyou,mayI?Goandshutthedoor,willyou/won’tyou?反义疑问句谓语陈述句是并列句，与邻近的分句谓语保持一致Shewastoldagainandagain,butshestillcouldn’trememberit,couldshe?陈述句部分的句子过长，可将反义疑问句置于（系词、助动词、情态词）后，前后用逗号隔开Shehadn’tatthetime,hadshe,beenfullyrecognizedasaseriouswriter?否定句（含有否定词半否定词的句子）Youarenotastudent.Youarenostudent.(你根本不配当学生）Ican’tseethescreen.Idon’tthinkyouareright.Whydon’twesingittogether?Youwon’tgottheworkshop,willyou?否定句

Don’tbotheraboutgenius.Don’tworryaboutbeingclever.Trusthardwork,perseveranceanddetermination.不要为自己是否有天分烦恼，不要而自己是否聪明而忧心，要相信勤奋、毅力和决心。句子的结构类型分类简单句（单部和双部）单部简单句Night.Afracturedskull.Apoolofblood.Abrokenneck.…Ayoungmandead.Yearsofhardwork,littlefood,onlyacoldroomtoliveinandnever,neveramomenttorest.双部简单句SV型：Everybodylaughed.SVC型：Timeismoney.SVO型：ShestudiesEnglish.SVOO型：Shegavemeabook.SVOC型：WecalledherAnnie.SVA型：IliveinBeijing.SVOA型：Shetreatedmekindly.复合句

主从复合句WhathesaidisnotwhatIheard.Mybeliefisthatyouareright.Iinsistthathegoatonce.Hewhoknowsheknowslittleknowsmuch.复合句

复合句并列复合句Calcomeslookingforher,butsheturnsherfaceawayfromhimandhedoesn’tseeher.Notonlydoeshehelpme,butalsoIhelphim.Knowingisnotenough;wemustapply.Willingisnotenough;wemustdo.并列主从复合句Hewasverybusy,buthesaidhewouldcome.Ifyougiveamanafish,youfeedhimforaday;butifyouteachhimhowtofish,youfeedhimforlife.Ifwebeginwithcertainties,weshallendindoubts,butifwebeginwithdoubts,andwearepatientwiththem,weshallendincertainties.主从并列复合句Ifwegoback,they’llswamptheboat,they’llpullusdown.Ifyouhavetakenadvantageorhurtotherstoearnyourwealth,youwillnotbehappy,youwilllikeyourself,andyouwillnotfeelyouarecapable.多级主从复合句Happinessisabutterfly,which,when,pursued,isalwaysjustbeyondyourgrasp,butwhich,ifyouwillsitdownquietly,mayalightuponyou.幸福是一只蝴蝶，你要去追逐她，她总是在你前面不远的地方让你抓不到；但是如果你悄悄坐下来，也许她会落在你的身上。第三章名词名词的分类从词义学：具体名词；抽象名词从结构学：起名词、形容词、副词、数词、动词作用的名词名词的词汇意义（表示具体概念或抽象概念的名称）普通名词（有形的事物）和专有名词（无形的事物）具体名词（按涵盖面的大小，代表的多寡）：普通名词（表泛指）；专有名词（表特指）专有名词的用法专有名词普通化（前可加a/an，词尾可有复数）TheylistentotheirWalkmanswhiletheteacheristalkingtothem.普通名词专有化theWhiteHousetheGreatWalltheUnitedStates个体名词与集体名词普通名词（个体名词与集体名词）集体名词与谓语动词搭配分三类：单数型、复数型、两用型可数名词与不可数名词可数名词：有一定形象或界限、前面可加基数词、可用a/an限制、有复数词尾。不可数名词：无复数形式、前不能加a/an、家单位名词计数twoglassesofwater。凡是物质名词不可数water,sand,fish，无固定的形状或范围，将物质取出一部分，名称不变。不可数名词用法不可数名词的可数化：物质名词一旦有了复数形式，词汇意义变化waters(洪水）sands(沙滩）times（时代、次数）物质名词表种类awine,agrass,asteel抽象名词转化twodifficulties,threedifferences少数抽象名词可数ahope,anidea不可数名词的用法不可数名词有了定语、动作名词有了逻辑宾语就变成可数名词AhatredofdictatorshipAloveoffreedomThreeblackcoffees可数名词的不可数化Makeroom腾出空地方Keephouse管家具体名义与抽象名词具体名词特征：看得见、摸得着Lap-topcomputerCell-phone绝大多数具体名词时可数名词。抽象名词用法：抽象名词具体化（抽象名词前加形容词、冠词，词尾有复数）Stop(停止）twostops(两个站）具体名词的抽象化具有地方意义的名词前用零冠词，都是具体名词抽象化，要译成汉语的动词。Gotoschool去上学Gototheschool到学校去英语动作名词动作名词有动词性的特点：有暗含的及物性、被动意义、时间意义、体的意义、虚拟式的意义；有逻辑的主语、宾语、状语、状定语；在谓语中起实义动词的作用。动作名词的动词性特征词汇意义Itismyprivatepersuasionthatheishonest.我哥热恩相信他是诚实的。Hisactionsareinconsistentwithhisprofession.Heactsinconsistentlywithhisprofession.词法特征及物性与不及物性具有及物意义的动作名词的逻辑宾语要用所属格（s所属格、of的所属格、物主代词）Thearmydefeatedtherebels.Thearmy’sdefeatoftherebels.Therebels‘defeatofthearmyTheirdefeatbythearmy.词法特征有些具有及物意义的动作名词逻辑宾语不用of，而用其他介词引导后跟for：apology，admiration，urge,consideration后跟to:address,answer,assistance,damage,devotion后跟on：advice,attack,comment,dependence,demand,mercy词法特征动作名词后面的介词和动词的搭配一致。Heagreedtopaythepricedemandedforthecomputer.Theworker‘sdemandforhigherwagesisreasonable.Don’tjudgeamanuntilhahasdied.Don’tpassjudgmentonamanuntilhehasdied.词法特征表思想感情的动作名词（love,hatred,admiration,patience,tolerance,affection,respect,hope等）的逻辑宾语用of或for引导都可以。Herlovefor/ofhermotherHishatredfor/ofallcorruptofficials词法特征复合宾语的动作名词要复合宾语AfteranhourortwoIcaughtsightofamanridingaponydownthestreet.Ilookedup,andsawamansittingonthetopofahugeearthmover.词法特征有及物意义的动作名词后可跟that引导的宾语，即同位语从句Ipredictthatitwillrain.Mypredictionthatitwillraincertainlycometrue.Theyrecommendedthatsheshouldbepromoted.Therewasarecommendationthatsheshouldbepromoted.词法特征两用动词的动作名词有两种结构Everybookisnetgainfortheadvancementofknowledge.(提高）Oneofthegreatestadvancesinmoderntechnologyhasbeentheinventionofcomputers.(进展）词法特征

不定式作宾语派生的动作名词依然可带todo作逻辑宾语（decision,demand,desire,determination,failure,offer,plan,promise,refusal,request)Wedecidedtowait.Ourdecisiontowaitwaswise.词法特征被动意义与主动意义动作名词可用作主动意义也可用作被动意义Respectissomethingyouhavetohaveinorderget.Hecommitsatheftofbicycle.Theprisonersreactedsharplytothetreatment.词法特征动作名词中用by引导的短语表示动作主体。这时动作名词具有被动意义。ThearrestofthethiefbythepolicemanHerpraisebytheteacherwasright.Chinaremainedtobeafeudalstateuntilinvasionbyimperialism.词法特征

做介词宾语的动作名词也可有被动意义SeveralseniorofficialsintheTreasuryareundersuspicioninthisbriberycase.Hisconductisabovecriticism.Theroadisunderrepair.Thehouseisforsale.Thebookisnotinprint.词法特征

“介词+动作名词”表被动肯定：underconsideration,underrepair,forsale,insight,inquestion否定：beyondcompare,beyondcontrol,beyondcure,beyondsaving,beyondhope,abovereproach,pastcure,outofsight词法特征

时态/时间的意义根据句中谓语动词的时态或时间状语推断动作名词暗含的时间意义。Whentheywereindanger,Gordonwenttotheirhelp.Thearrestofacitizenmustbedoneinaccordancewithlegalprocedures.词法特征

体的意义在上下文中判断完成体（已经完成的活动）或进行体（表示动作正在进行）Hisexplorationofthemountaintook/willtakethreeweeks.Hisexploringofthemountainistakingalongtime.词法特征虚拟式的意义下列动作名词后的that从句中谓语用be型虚拟式：demand,desire,motion,order,proposal,recommendation,requirement,suggestionHeorderedthattheygo.Hegaveordersthatthey(should)go.词法特征

动作名词本身无虚拟式，但根据句中谓语动词的要求，有暗含的虚拟式意义。TheNazisorderedhisarrest.TheNazisorderedthathe(should)bearrested.句法作用逻辑主语和逻辑宾语动作名词短语中的所属格可作动作名词的逻辑宾语，也可作逻辑主语。Theking’spraise国王对某人的赞许某人对国王的赞许句法作用有不及物意义，无被动意义，只能是逻辑主语。AftertheirarrivalinPersiathePoloscontinuedtheirjourneybyseaandbyland.有及物意义的动作名词，根据上下文来判断.Whentheywereindanger,Gordonwenttotheirhelp.(=theyhelpedhim.)Thenwiththatman’spermissionandevenwithishelp,hetookheraway.(=hehelped.)句法作用在一动作名词词组中，有逻辑主语和逻辑宾语，则逻辑宾语用of属格，逻辑主语用s属格。逻辑主语s属格，则逻辑宾语用by短语表示，表被动。Theman’sexamofthestudentsTheman’sexambythedoctorThetenants’scrutinyofthelandlordThetenants’scrutinybythelandlord句法作用无生命名词作逻辑主语，用of属格；逻辑宾语用to/for等介词宾语来表示。Thewelcomeofthelandtothemenfromseawaswarmandgenerous.Theattractionofthemoonfortheearthcausesthetides.句法作用及物意义的动作名词后可跟宾语从句，传统语法叫做，同位语从句或主语从句。Itismyprivatepersuasionthatheishonest.Ipersuadedmyselfthatheishonest.句法作用

不定式可作及物动作名词的逻辑宾语。Herrefusaltoanswerpuzzledme.Itpuzzledmethatsherefusedtoanswer.若动作名词无自己的逻辑主语，则句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语。Heisresponsibleforthemanagementoftheoffice.句法作用动作名词的逻辑状语副词、副词短语、副词从句可修饰动作名词，作其逻辑状语。Theydidnotcontinuedrivewestward.Ishallneverforgetherappearancethismorning.Itwasquiteadisappointmenttome.Aftersupperwehadaquitesmoke.句法作用动作名词的定状语修饰动作名词的各种定语（形容词、介词短语、名词通格或属格等）有状语意义（表时间、地方、度量、方式）MysecondflightfromLondontoParisinasmallplanewasaterrifyingexperience.句法作用凡修饰动词带-ly的副词，修饰动作名词可其形容词。Theyinterruptedhisspeechcontinually.Theircontinualinterruptionofhisspeech.句法作用Verymuch修饰动词，great修饰动作名词。Helovedhischildrenverymuch.Hisgreatloveforhischildren动作名词在句中可起实意动词作用。Thematterisunderconsideration.Thematterisconsidered.动作名词的名词性特征句法作用动作名词起名词的任何作用Hisrejectionofthatgoodoffersurprisesme.(主语）Ican’tunderstandhisrejectionofthatgoodoffer.（宾语）WhatIcan’tunderstandisthathisrejectionofthatgoodoffer.(表语）句法作用同源宾语Wesingasong.Herunsarace.Hebreathedhislastbreath.Idreamedadream.英语动作者名词动词加后缀–or,-er,ar,ee,ess,ant,ent等词义特征Youarealiar.Youlie!Hehasneverbeenagoodphotographer.他从来就拍不出好照片。英语名词的比较级和最高级比较级Senior年长senioritySuperior较好superiorityMajor较多、较大majorityPrior优先priorityJunior较年轻juniorityInferior较差priorityMinor较小minorityPosterior较后posteriority英语名词的比较级Iknowthesuperiorityofherbeautytomine.我知道她比我漂亮。Itwillmakeyoufeelhersuperiorityandyourinferiority.这会使你觉得她比你优越，你比她低劣。英语名词的最高级Supreme最高、最优supremacyMaximal最大、最多maximumExtreme最后、最末extremityMinimal最小、最少minimalTheyhaveachievedthemaximumofefficiencywiththeminimumoflabor.他们用最少的劳动力达到了最大的工作效率。限定词限定词：名词词组总队名次中心词起特指，泛指及数量等限定作用的词限定词的分类：按词汇意义分：特指限定词（definiteidentifiers）The,my,his;Tom’s,theoldman’s;whose,which,;such,thefirst;thenext,theother,thelast,this,that,those,these泛指限定词（indefiniteidentifiers）A,an,either,neither,other,another,what,whatever,zeroarticle定量限定词（definitequantifiers）Half,double,once,twice,onetime,twotimes,threetimes;onethird,twofifths;one,each,every,too,there,both不定量限定词（indefinitequantifiers）Some,any,enough,many,much,more,most,several,few,afew,fewer,thefewest,alittle,little,less,theleast,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,abitof,agoodnumberof限定词按词序分：前位限定词：量限定词（all,both,half）;倍数词（double,twice,threetimes）;分数词（onethird,twofifths）中位限定词；冠词（a,an,the,some,any）;指示词（this,that,these,those）;形容词性物主代词（my,his,our）;名词属格（Mary’s,thepeople’s）;不定代词（no,every,each,some,any,either,neither,enough）;wh-词（what,whoever,whose,which,whichever）

后位限定词：基数词（one,two）;序数词（first,second,third）;不定代词（many,much,more,most,several,little,few,alittle,less,least）;last,next,other,another,such,additional,furtherAlltheotherstudents(=前位限定词+中位限定词+后位限定词+中心名词)在一个名词词组中只能有一个前位限定词或一个中位限定词，但后位限定词则相互不排斥。如:allthethreeotherstudents

限定词中位限定词（按句法搭配分类）同单复数可数名词搭配也可同不可数名词搭配：定冠词the;物主代词my,our,your;关系限定词whose,which;whatever,whichever;疑问限定词whose,what;否定限定词no同复数可数名词搭配也可同不可数名词搭配：零冠词；肯定限定词some;非肯定限定词any;数量限定词enough同单数可数名词、不可数名词搭配的词：指示限定词that,this同单数可数名词搭配：不定冠词a/an;普通限定词every,each;非肯定限定词either;否定限定词neither限定词在名词词组中，限定词多位于名词前，如：agoodman限定词语形容词的辨别限定词受中心名词单复数、可数不可数限制，形容词不受限制。如：agoodman,不能说thesegoodman形容词描述中心名词特征，限定词从特指、泛指或数量方面对中心名词加以限制。如：agoodman,thegoodman,manygoodpeople形容词可后置，限定词只能前置。如;peopleyoungorold,不能说peoplemanyorfew形容词有极的变化，限定词无级的变化（可兼作形容词的限定词除外few,little,many,much）如：abetterman,themostimportantman限定词不定代词限定词用法小结Loveall,trustafew,befalsetonone.博爱天下所有的人，相信少数几个人，不要负于天下的任何人。Beciviltoall,serviceabletomany,familiarwithfew,friendtoone,enemytonone.要用礼貌对待天下所有的人；要帮助许多人；要亲近少数人；要真心去交一个真心的朋友；不与任何人为敌。限定词不定代词用法No的用法No=notmany=nota=notatall=notoneNo后面不能加a/anyNo与单数可数名词连用相当于a/an的否定形式，意为“一个也没有”。ThereisnoTVsetinourhouse.也可跟不可数名词连用。Thereisnosugarinthebowl.也可跟不可数名词的复数连用。Therearenocloudsinthesky.也可加在抽象名词，动名词之前。Nosmoking。

限定词None的用法None是单数代词=noone，表示3个或3个以上的全部否定“都不”。指人也指物，不作定语，后面不能直接加名词，必须跟of短语。Noneofthemaremine.Noneofthesepensaremine.

限定词Every/each的用法Every强调共性，指整体而言与单数可数名词连用，强调共同点；each强调个性，指个别而言，强调一群人或物的不同点。Theadviserknowseverystudentoftheclassbyname.Theadviserknowseachstudentoftheclassbyname.Every可用于两者以上，作形容词或限定词，不作名词。Each可用于两者或两者以上，可做限定词代词、副词。Thereisalineoftreesoneachsideoftheriver.Eachstudenthashisowndesk.Every与“一个以上的数词+名词复数”连用时，意为“每隔……”。Hecomestoseehereverythreedays.Each作主语时动词谓语用单数。Eachofthebooksisinteresting.限定词Few,afew,thefew,little,alittle,thelittle用法名词作用Fewknowandfewcare.Fewerhavecomethanexpected.Ifafreesocietycannothelpthemanywhoarepoor,itcansavethefewwhoarerich.限定词形容词作用Welivedonthelittlewildfruitwecouldfindthere.Thelestnoisewouldstartlethebaby.Thereisalittlewaterthere.Hemakeafewmistakesinhisexercises.Theyareveryfewinnumber.限定词副词作用HeknowsEnglishalittle.Hetalksleast.Heisalittlebettertoday.Littledidheknowtherealsituation.限定词Alittle和abit用法区别否定句：notalittle=verymuch;notabit=notatallIdonotlikeitalittle.Idonotlikeitabit.肯定句：Ifeelalittlecold.=Ifeelabitofcold.限定词Alittle或abitof修饰名词Heisabitofcoward.Ihadalittlemoneyleft.只能作表语形容词Thiscoatisabitlarge.Heisalittlenear-sighted.限定词Several的用法形容词性的不定代词，只能作定语。IhaveseenStarWarsseveraltimes.Some用法Some用作冠词+复数可数名词。Therearesomecupsinthisbox.Some作分冠词+不可数名词Iwouldlikesomericeplease.限定词Some用做量词+复数可数名词Somepagesinthisbookaretorn.Some用作数词+不可数名词Haveyoubroughtanyfirewood.Some=a或acertain,表不肯定。常加orother+单数可数名词Somegirlatthedoorisaskingtoseeyou.限定词Somebuilding!=whatabuilding!多好的大楼啊！什么破楼啊！Some在疑问句中，表希望得到肯定回答。Wouldyouhavesometea?Any用于肯定句时，意为“任何”。Youmaycomeatanytime.Anygirlsarejusthappytoseeherguys.限定词

Many,much,alotof的用法词汇意义:many表数，与可数名词复数连用；much表量和度，与不可数名词连用。Many/much主要用于否定句、疑问句、条件句HasJackmuchmoney?Hedoesnothavemuchmoney.Haveyougotmanysisters?限定词在肯定句中：agreat/largenumberof,numbersof,numerous,agreat/goodmany,plentyof,alotof,lotsof代替many；agood/largequantityof,agood/greatdealof,plentyof代替muchAnumberofpeoplewerekilled.Jackhasalotofmoney.限定词many/much用于句首，本身作主语或修饰主语。Manyarecalled,butfewarechosen.应召得多，选中的少。As,how,so,too后面用many/much，用于肯定句或否定句。Howmuchmoneyisthereinthisbox?Ithoughtasmuch.Iamsorrytogiveyousomuchtrouble.限定词在whether/if从句中，不论句子是肯定、否定、疑问，都可用many/muchIwonderifmanystudentshavetimetoworkonthereexercises.Most用法“Most+复数名词”表泛指，“most

ofthe+复数名词”表特指。Mostdoctorsdon’tsmoke.Mostofthedoctorsinourhospitaldon’tsmoke.限定词Mostof前不能加the，后必须加the,these,our等限定词。Ihaveeatenmostofthesalad.Ihavereadmostofthesebooks.“Mostof后面有人称代词宾格”时，则不能加限定词the。Mostofusfeelthesameaboutthewars.限定词Each,both,all的用法三个都可做限定词，有名词（宾语、同位语）、形容词（定语），each还可做副词（状语）作用。Eachbelievedthatheknewjustwhatthebeastlookedlike.Eachstudenthasaseparateroom.BoththechildrenaregoodatEnglish.Allmyfriendslikeswimming.第四章动词动词的分类从语义学分：实意动词、虚义动词、半虚义动词动词的词汇意义实意动词的词汇意义动词表示动作或状态实意动词:可单独作谓语的动词实意动词分类：动作动词(进行体动词）和状态动词（静态动词）动词的词汇意义虚义动词分类：基本助动词（be,have,do)；情态助动词；系动词半虚义动词：半助动词动词的句法作用不及物动词Thewaterboiled.Theladyvanished.Everybodylaughed.Thepricesarerising.动词的句法作用不完全不及物动词Knowledgeispower.Questioningisthedoorofknowledge.Kindheartsarethegardens;kindthoughtsaretheroots;kindwordsaretheflowers;kinddeedsarethefruits.善良是心灵的园子；高尚是思想的根子；文明的语言是鲜花；美好的行为是果子。动词的句法作用及物动词Hatredparalyzeslife;lovereleasesit.Hatredconfuseslife;loveharmonizesit.Hatreddarkenslife;loveilluminatesit.恨使生活陷入瘫痪，爱使生活摆脱苦难。恨使生活混乱不堪，爱使生活和谐香甜。恨使生活漆黑一片，爱使生活阳光灿烂。动词的句法作用

不完全及物动词MrSmithgotajoblastweek.MrSmithgotthejobcompletedlastweek.动词的时体动词的时“时”的外延（时态）与内涵（时间）动词的体：完成与未完成（进行体）体:一般体，完成体，进行体，完成进行体时：过去，现在，将来现在时间一般现在时态Iamateacher.Hegetsupatsixeveryday.Youlookpale.(现在时间）Weleavetomorrowat9o’clockinthemorning.(将来时间）IwasjustdozingoffinfrontoftheTVwhenmywiferushesin,shoutingthatthekitchenisonfire.(过去时间）现在进行时态Iamcookingthedinneratthemoment.(现在时间）Maryisleavingtomorrowmorning.（将来时间）Whyareyouhittingme?(过去时间）Doyouhearwhatsheissaying?(过去时间）现在完成时态Ihavetaughtthisclassfortwoyearsnow.(现在时间）IamsorrythatIhavemissedher.(过去时间）Youwilllikethebookwhenyouhavereadthroughit.(将来时间）现在完成进行时态Alltheseyearstheyhavebeenfightingheroicallyforindependenceandliberty.(现在时间）Gordonhasbeenridingabiketoworkforthepasttwomonths.(过去时间）Ifyouhavebeenmakingtroublewithushere,Iwillcallthepolice.(将来时间）过去时间一般过去时态IboughtthiscarinLondonin1999.(过去时间）IfIwereabird,Iwouldflytoyou.(现在时间）Donotcomeandseemetoday.Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow.(将来时间）将来时间现在将来时间Willwehaveachild?Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?Whenwegetthere,theywillprobablyhaveleft.过去将来时间Whatwillyoubedoingateightthisevening?HeaskedmewhatIshouldbedoingateightthatevening?BytheendofthistermhewillhavebeenteachingEnglishforfortyyears.Shetoldmeshewouldhavebeensayingthereforthreemonthsbytheendofthatweek.将来将来时ThistimetomorrowIwillbelyingonabeach.Ifwesucceed,generationstocomewillsayofusnowlivingthatwemasteredourmoment,thatwehelpedMaketheworldsafeformankind.IwillgivethelettertohimassoonasIseehim.动词被动语态只有及物动词有被动语态。Hewhorespectshimselfisrespectedbyothers.自重着，人恒重之。Get+-edWegotdelayedbecauseoftheholidaytraffic.Itgotbroken.Howdiditgetbroken?Itdidnotgetbroken.Be+-edThisproblemcanbediscussedatthenextmeeting.Theworkwillbefinishedinaweek.Thiscouldbedone,andmustbedone.动词虚拟式真实条件句Ifyoutouchme,Iwillscream.虚拟条件句Ifyoubeatme,Iwouldscream.含蓄虚拟条件句Itwouldbeapityforyoutomisstheshow.Withoutyoursupport,wecouldnotfinishthejob.Seenatadistance,theglassnecklacemighthavepassedforgenuinediamond.虚拟式的用法特征Were型虚拟式IfIwereabird,Iwouldflytoyou.Butthatyouhelpedus,weshouldhavefailed.Providedthatsheweresincerewithme,Iwouldforgiveheralot.Incaseofyourhelp,Iwouldfinishthejobaheadoftwodays.Be型虚拟式Hestoodawaysothatshe(should)enterfirst.Theteacherspokeslowlyinorderthatthestudentsshouldunderstand.Heputhiscoatoverherforfearsheshouldcatchcold.Iamsorrythatyoushouldbeinsuchpoorcondition.第五章情态词意义和用法用法特征：推测与非推测推测性用法：指“可能、预测、必然”，对客观情况的估计。Thepoundmaybedevalued.=itispossiblethatthepoundwillbedevalued.推测性用法factualmaymustPossibility+logicalnecessitycan(haveto)theoretical推测性用法Thepoundcanbedevalued.=itispossibleforthepoundtobedevalued.Amanmayleadahorsetothewater,buthecannotmakeitdrink.Lightningcanbedangerous.Youmusthaveleftyourhandbookinthetheater.非推测性用法Thespeakerhasauthority.maymustP