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PUBLICLYAVAILABLESPECIFICATION
PAS2050:2011
Specificationfortheassessmentofthelifecyclegreenhousegasemissionsof
goodsandservices
ICScode:13.020.40
BIS
DepartmentforBusiness
Innovation&Skills
NOCOPYINGWTHOUTBSIPERMISSIONEXCEPTASPERMITTEDBYCOPYRIGHTLAW
PAS2050:2011
Publishingandcopyrightinformation
TheBSIcopyrightnoticedisplayedinthisdocumentindicateswhenthedocumentwaslastissued.
OBSI2011
ISBN9780580713828ICS13.310;91.190
ThefollowingBSIreferencesrelatetotheworkonthisstandard:CommitteereferenceZZ/1
Publicationhistory
Amendmentsissuedsincepublication
DateTextaffected
PAS2050:2011
Contents
Page
Foreword iii
Introduction iv
1Scope 1
2Normativereferences 1
3Termsanddefinitions 2
4Principlesandimplementation 7
4.1Generalrequirements 7
4.2Principles 7
4.3Supplementaryrequirements 7
4.4Record-keeping 8
4.5Implementation 8
5Emissionsandremovals 9
5.1ScopeofGHGemissionsandremovals 9
5.2TimeperiodforinclusionofGHGemissionsandremovals 9
5.3Globalwarmingpotential(GWP) 10
5.4Aircraftemissionsandremovals 10
5.5Carbonstorageinproducts 10
5.6Inclusionandtreatmentoflandusechange 10
5.7Treatmentofsoilcarbonchangeinexistingsystems 11
5.8Offsetting 12
5.9Unitofanalysis 12
6Systemboundary 13
6.1Establishingthesystemboundary 13
6.2Cradle-to-gateGHGemissionandremovalsassessment 13
6.3Materialcontributionandthreshold 13
6.4Elementsoftheproductsystem 14
6.5Systemboundaryexclusions 17
◎BSISeptember2011—
PAS2050:2011
7Data 18
7.1General 18
7.2Dataqualityrules 18
7.3Primaryactivitydata 18
7.4Secondarydata 19
7.5Changesinthelifecycleofaproduct 19
7.6Variabilityinemissionsandremovalsassociatedwiththe
productlifecycle 20
7.7Datasampling 20
7.8Non-CO₂emissionsdataforlivestockandsoils 20
7.9Emissionsdataforfuel,electricityandheat 20
7.10Validityofanalysis 21
8Allocationofemissions 22
8.1Generalrequirements 22
8.2Emissionsfromwaste 22
8.3Useofrecycledmaterialandrecycling 22
8.4Treatmentofemissionsassociatedwithreuse 22
8.5EmissionsfromenergyproductionusingCHP 23
8.6Emissionsfromtransport 23
9CalculationoftheGHGemissionsofproducts 24
10Claimsofconformity 24
10.1General 24
10.2Basisofclaim 25
10.3Permittedformsofdisclosure 25
Annexes
AnnexA(normative)Globalwarmingpotential 26
AnnexB(normative)Recordingofsupportinginformation 28
AnnexC(normative)Defaultlandusechangevaluesfor
selectedcountries 29
AnnexD(normative)Assessmentofemissionsarisingfromrecycled
orrecyclablematerialinputs 31
AnnexE(normative)Calculationoftheweightedaverageimpact
ofdelayedemissionsarisingfromtheuseandfinaldisposalphases
ofproducts 33
Bibliography 34
Listoftables
TableA.1-Direct(exceptforCH₂)globalwarmingpotentials
(GWP)relativetoCO₂ 26
TableC.1-Defaultlandusechangevaluesforselectedcountries 29
ii—0BSISeptember2011
PAS2050:2011
Foreword
TherevisionofthisPubliclyAvailableSpecification(PAS)hasbeenundertakenbyBSItoupdatethespecificationforquantifyingthelifecyclegreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsofgoodsandservicesinlinewiththelatesttechnicaladvancesand
currentexperience.
ThedevelopmentofthisPASwasco-sponsoredby:
·Defra(DepartmentforEnvironment,FoodandRuralAffairs,UK);
·DECC(DepartmentofEnergyandClimateChange,UK);·BIS(DepartmentforBusiness,InnovationandSkills,UK)
Acknowledgementisgiventothefollowing
organizationsandindividualsthatassistedwiththedevelopmentofthisspecification:
ADASUKLimited,DrJeremyWiltshire
BuildingResearchEstablishment(BRE)Group,
DrJoanneMundy;
CarbonTrust,DrGrahamSinden;
CentreforEnvironmentalStrategy,UniversityofSurrey,
ProfessorRolandClift;
DepartmentforEnvironment,FoodandRuralAffairs,
MaureenNowak;
EnvironmentalResourcesManagement(ERM),
KarenFisher;
GHGProtocol,DrLauraDraucker;
InstituteofEnvironmentalManagementand
Assessment,NickBlyth;
ISOTC207/SC7/WG2UmweltbundesamtWein,
DrKlausRadunsky,co-convenor;
SCAPackaging,JohnSwift;
SJSConsulting,SandySmith;
SustainabilityandCompetitivenessDivision,FoodandDrinkFederation,StephenReeson;
UnileverSafetyandEnvironmentalAssuranceCentre,
HenryKing;
WRAP(WasteandResourcesActionProgramme)
KeithJames
TechnicaladvisortoDefra:Dr.DorothyMaxwell,GlobalViewSustainabilityServicesLtd.
CommentsfromotherpartieswerealsosoughtbyBSI.TheexpertcontributionsfromalltheorganizationsandindividualsconsultedinthedevelopmentthisPASaregratefullyacknowledged.
Supersession
ThisPubliclyAvailableSpecificationsupersedesPAS2050:2008,whichiswithdrawn.
Useofthisdocument
IthasbeenassumedinthepreparationofthisPAS
thattheexecutionofitsprovisionswillbeentrustedtoappropriatelyqualifiedandexperiencedpeople,forwhoseuseithasbeenproduced.
ThisPAShasbeenpreparedandpublishedbyBSI,
whichretainsitsownershipandcopyright.BSIreservestherighttowithdraworamendthisPASonreceiptofauthoritativeadvicethatitisappropriatetodoso.ThisPASwillbereviewedatintervalsnotexceedingtwo
years,andanyamendmentsarisingfromthereviewwillbepublishedasanamendedPubliclyAvailableSpecificationandpublicizedinUpdateStandards.
ThisPASisnottoberegardedasaBritishStandard,EuropeanStandardorInternationalStandard.IntheeventthatthisPASisputforwardtoformthebasisofafullBritishStandard,EuropeanStandard
orInternationalStandard,itwillbewithdrawn.
Presentationalconventions
TheprovisionsofthisPASarepresentedinroman
(i.e.upright)type.Itsrequirementsareexpressed
insentencesinwhichtheprincipalauxiliaryverbis
"shall".Itsrecommendationsareexpressedinsentencesinwhichtheprincipalauxiliaryverbis"should".
Commentaryexplanationandgeneralinformativematerial(e.g.Notes)ispresentedinitalictype,anddoesnotconstituteanormativeelement.
Contractualandlegalconsiderations
Thispublicationdoesnotpurporttoincludeallthe
necessaryprovisionsofacontract.Usersareresponsibleforitscorrectapplication.
CompliancewiththisPASdoesnotinitselfconferimmunityfromlegalobligations.
◎BSISeptember2011iii
PAS2050:2011
0Introduction
0.1Generalinformation
Climatechangecontinuestobeoneofthegreatest
challengesfacingnations,governments,businessandcitizensandwillinfluencethewayweliveandwork
infuturedecades(IPCC2007[1]).Pastandcurrent
actions,includingthereleaseofcarbondioxide(CO₂)andothergreenhousegasesthroughhumanactivitiessuchastheburningoffossilfuels,emissionsfrom
chemicalprocessesandothersourcesofanthropogenicgreenhousegases,willhaveaneffectonfutureglobalclimate.
Whilegreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsareoften
viewedatglobal,national,corporateororganizationallevels,emissionswithinthesegroupingscanarisefromsupplychainswithinbusiness,betweenbusinessesandbetweennations.TheGHGemissionsassociatedwithgoodsandservicesreflecttheimpactofprocesses,
materialsanddecisionsoccurringthroughoutthelifecycleofthosegoodsandservices.
PAS2050wasdevelopedinresponsetobroad
communityandindustrydesireforaconsistentmethodforassessingthelifecycleGHGemissionsofgoodsandservices.LifecycleGHGemissionsaretheemissions
thatarereleasedaspartoftheprocessesofcreating,modifying,transporting,storing,using,providing,
recyclingordisposingofsuchgoodsandservices.
PAS2050offersorganizationsamethodtodeliver
improvedunderstandingoftheGHGemissionsarisingfromtheirsupplychains,buttheprimaryobjectiveofthisPASistoprovideacommonbasisforGHGemissionquantificationthatwillinformandenablemeaningfulGHGemissionreductionprogrammes.
Duringthefirsttwoyearsofitsuse,thisPAShasbeenshowntobegenericallyapplicabletoawiderangeofgoodsandservicesandthereforedoesnotitself
makeprovisionforthespecialtreatmentofparticularproductsectors.However,itisrecognizedthatthe
availabilityofsupplementaryrequirementscouldaidconsistentapplicationofthePAStoproductswithinspecificproductsectorsbyproviding:
a)asectororproductgroupfocusforaspectsofthePAS2050assessmentwhereoptionsarepermitted;
b)rulesorcalculationrequirementsthataredirectlyrelevanttothemainsourcesofemissionsfora
specificsectororproductgroup;
c)clarityonhowtoapplyspecificelementsofthePAS2050assessmentwithinaspecificsectororproductgroup.
Tofacilitatethis,thisneweditionofPAS2050includesasetofprinciples(see4.3)governingthedevelopmentofsupplementaryrequirementsfortheapplicationofPAS2050toparticularproducttypes.Theseprinciplesareintendedtoensurethatsuchsupplementary
requirementsarenotinconflictwiththerequirementsofthisPAS.
Althoughthereisnorequirementfor,or
standardizationof,communicationtechniquesinthisspecification,thisPASsupportstheassessmentoflifecycleGHGemissionsofgoodsandservicesinamannerthatcanbelaterdisclosed.Forthisreason,great
emphasisisgiventoproperrecordingofprocessesandoutcomes.WhereanorganizationimplementingthisPASchoosestodiscloseallorpartoftheresultsofanassessmentofGHGemissions,allrelevantsupportinginformationshouldalsobemadeavailable.
Wherecommunicationisdirectedtotheconsumer,theusershouldrefertoadditionalspecificationsorfurtherguidanceonenvironmentalclaims(e.g.ISO14021¹orUKDepartmentofEnvironmentFoodandRuralAffairsGreenClaimsGuidance[7]2).
UsingPAS2050toquantifythelifecycleGHGemissionsfromgoodsandservicesaidsinformeddecision-makingwhenconsideringreducingemissionsforproductsandservices.
ThisPASisfocusedonasingleenvironmentalissue
(i.e.GHGemissionsandtheircontributiontocimatechange),butthisisonlyoneofarangeofpossible
environmentalimpactsfromspecificgoodsorservices.Therelativeimportanceofthoseimpactscanvary
significantlyfromproducttoproduct,anditis
importanttobeawarethatdecisionstakenonthebasisofa"singleissue"assessmentcouldbedetrimentaltootherenvironmentalimpactspotentiallyarisingfrom
theprovisionanduseofthesameproduct.
1
/iso/catalogue
_detail?csnumber=231462)
.uk/publications/2011/06/03/pb13453
-
green-claims-guidance/
ivOBSISeptember2011
PAS2050:2011
0.2Background,benefitsandcontext
ofPAS2050
PAS2050buildsonexistinglifecycleassessment
methodsestablishedthroughBSENISO14040andBSENISO14044bygivingrequirementsspecificallyfor
theassessmentofGHGemissionswithinthelifecycleofgoodsandservices.Theserequirementsfurtherclarifytheimplementationofthesestandardsinrelationto
theassessmentofGHGemissionsofgoodsandservices,andestablishparticularprinciplesandtechniques,
including:
a)cradle-to-gateandcradle-to-graveGHGemissionsassessmentdataaspartofthelifecycleGHG
emissionsassessmentofgoodsandservices;
b)scopeofgreenhousegasestobeincluded(see5.1);
c)criteriaforglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)data(see5.3)
d)treatmentofemissionsandremovalsfromlandusechangeandbiogenicandfossilcarbonsources;
e)treatmentoftheimpactofcarbonstorageinproductsandoffsetting;
f)requirementsforthetreatmentofGHGemissionsarisingfromspecificprocesses;
g)datarequirementsandaccountingforemissionsfromrenewableenergygeneration.
ThisPASbenefitsorganizations,businessesandotherstakeholdersbyprovidingaclearandconsistent
methodfortheassessmentofthelifecycleGHG
emissionsassociatedwithgoodsandservices.
Specifically,thisPASprovidesthefollowingbenefits:
a)fororganizationsthatsupplygoodsandservices,
thisPAS:
·allowsinternalassessmentoftheexistinglifecycleGHGemissionsofgoodsandservices;
·facilitatestheevaluationofalternativeproductconfigurations,sourcingandmanufacturing
methods,rawmaterialchoicesandsupplier
selectiononthebasisofthelifecycleGHG
emissionsassociatedwithgoodsandistobeusedasabasisforcomparisonofservices;
·providesabenchmarkforprogrammesaimedatreducingGHGemissions;
·allowsforthequantification,managementand
potentialcomparisonofGHGemissionsfrom
goodsorservicesusingacommon,recognizedandstandardizedapproachtolifecycleGHGemissionsassessment;and
·supportsreporting(e.g.oncorporate
responsibility).
b)forconsumersofgoodsandservices,thisPAS
providesacommonbasisforunderstandingthe
assessmentoflifecycleGHGemissionswhenmakingpurchasingdecisionsandusinggoodsandservices.
BSISeptember2011-V
PAS2050:2011
1Scope
ThisPubliclyAvailableSpecification(PAS)specifies
requirementsfortheassessmentofthelifecycleGHGemissionsofgoodsandservices(collectivelyreferred
toas"products")basedonkeylifecycleassessment
techniquesandprinciples.ThisPASisapplicableto
organizationsassessingtheGHGemissionsofproductsacrosstheirlifecycle,andtoorganizationsassessingthecradle-to-gateGHGemissionsofproducts.
Requirementsarespecifiedforidentifyingthesystemboundary,thesourcesofGHGemissionsassociatedwithproductsthatfallinsidethesystemboundary,thedatarequirementsforcarryingouttheanalysis,andthe
calculationoftheresults.
ThisPASaddressesthesingleimpactcategoryofglobalwarming.Itdoesnotassessotherpotentialsocial,
economicandenvironmentalimpactsorissuesarisingfromtheprovisionofproductsorissuesassociatedwiththelifecycleofproducts,suchasnon-GHGemissionsacidification,eutrophication,toxicity,biodiversity
orlabourstandards.ThelifecycleGHGemissionsofproducts,ascalculatedusingthisPAS,donotprovideanindicatoroftheoverallenvironmentalimpactoftheseproducts,suchasmayresultfromothertypesoflifecycleassessment.
PAS2050isgenericallyapplicabletoawiderangeof
goodsandservices.However,thisrevisionincludes
principlesforthepreparationanduseofsupplementaryrequirementstoprovideafocusedapproachforspecificindustrysectorsorproductcategoriesinamannerthatwillfacilitateconsistentapplicationofPAS2050withintheparticularsectororproductcategory
2Normativereferences
Thefollowingreferenceddocumentsareindispensablefortheapplicationofthisdocument.Fordated
references,onlytheeditioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferenced
document(includinganyamendments)applies.
BSENISO14021,Environmentallabelsanddeclarations
-Self-declaredenvironmentalclaims(TypeIlenvironmentallabelling)
BSENISO14044:2006,Environmentalmanagement-
Lifecycleassessment-Requirementsandguidelines
IPCC2006,GuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories.NationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesProgramme,IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange
NoteSubsequentamendmentstoIPCC2006alsoapply.
IPCC2007,ClimateChange2007:ThePhysicalScience
Basis.ContributionofWorkingGroupItotheFourthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange[SolomonS,QinD,ManningM,ChenZ,MarquisM,AveryKB,TignorM,MillerHL(editors)].Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUniversityPress,996pp.
NoteSubsequentamendmentstoIPCC2007alsoapply.
ThisPASdoesnotspecifyrequirementsforthe
disclosureorcommunicationoftheresultsofa
quantificationofthelifecycleGHGemissionsofgoods
andservices.
1OBSISeptember2011
PAS2050:2011
3Termsanddefinitions
ForthepurposesofthisPAS,thefollowingtermsanddefinitionsapply.
3.1allocation
partitioningtheinputstooremissionsfromasharedprocessoraproductsystembetweentheproduct
systemunderstudyandoneormoreotherproductsystems
3.2anticipatedlifecyclegreenhousegas
emissions
initialestimateofgreenhousegas(3.19)emissionsforaproduct(3.35)thatiscalculatedusingsecondarydata(3.41)oracombinationofprimaryactivititydata(3.34)andsecondarydata,forallprocessesusedinthelifecycleoftheproduct
3.3biogenic
derivedfrombiomass,butnotfromfossilizedorfossilsources
3.4biogeniccarbon
carbonthatiscontainedinbiomass
NoteForthepurposeofcalculationsinaccordance
withthisPAS,CO₂fromairconvertedtonon-biomasscarbonatesiscalculatedasbiogeniccarbon.
3.5biomass
materialofbiologicalorigin,excludingmaterial
embeddedingeologicalformationsortransformedtofossil
[AdaptedfromCEN/TR14980:2004,4.3]
3.6capitalgoods
goods,suchasmachinery,equipmentandbuildings,usedinthelifecycleofproducts
3.7carbondioxideequivalent(CO₂e)
unitforcomparingtheradiativeforcingofagreenhousegastocarbondioxide
[BSISO14064-1:2006,2.19]
Note1Thetermcarbondioxide(CO₂)usedthroughout
thisPASshouldnotbeconfusedwithcarbondioxide
equivalent(CO₂e).
Note2TheCO₂eiscalculatedbymultiplyingthemassofagivenGHGbyitsglobalwarmingpotential(see
3.23foradefinitionofglobalwarmingpotential).
Note3Greenhousegases,otherthanCO,are
convertedtotheirCO₂eonthebasisoftheirperunitradiativeforcingusing100-yearglobalwarming
potentialsdefinedbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC).
3.8carbonstorage
retentionofcarbonfrombiogenicorfossilsourcesorofatmosphericorigininaformotherthanasanatmospheric
3.9combinedheatandpower(CHP)
simultaneousgenerationinoneprocessofusablethermal,electricaland/ormechanicalenergy
3.10consumable
ancillaryinputthatisnecessaryforaprocesstooccurbutthatdoesnotformatangiblepartoftheproductorco-productsarisingfromtheprocess
Note1Consumablesdifferfromcapitalgoodsinthattheyhaveanexpectedlifeofoneyearorless,oraneedtoreplenishonaoneyearorlessbasis(e.g.lubricatingoil,toolsandotherrapidlywearinginputstoaprocess).Note2Fuelandenergyinputstothelifecycleofa
productarenotconsideredtobeconsumables.
3.11consumer
userofgoodsorservices
3.12co-product
anyoftwoormoreproductsfromthesameunitprocessorproductsystem
[BSENISO14044:2006,3.10]
NoteWheretwoormoreproductscanbeproduced
fromaunitprocess,theyareconsideredco-productsonlywhereonecannotbeproducedwithouttheotherbeingproduced.
3.13cradle-to-gate
lifecyclestagesfromtheextractionoracquisitionofrawmaterialstothepointatwhichtheproductleavestheorganizationundertakingtheassessment
◎BSISeptember20112
PAS2050:2011
3.14cradle-to-grave
lifecyclestagesfromtheextractionoracquisitionofrawmaterialstorecyclinganddisposalofwaste
3.19(GHG)emissions
releasetoairanddischargestowaterandlandthatresultinGHGsenteringtheatmosphere
3.15dataquality
characteristicsofdatathatrelatetotheirabilitytosatisfystatedrequirements
[BSENIS014044:2006,3.19]
3.16downstreamemissions
GHGemissionsassociatedwithprocessesthatoccurinthelifecycleofaproductsubsequenttotheprocessesownedoroperatedbytheorganizationimplementingthisPAS
3.17economicvalue
marketvalueofaproduct,co-productorwaste(see3.49foradefinitionofwaste)atthepointofproduction
3.18emissionfactor
amountofgreenhousegasesemitted,expressedasCO₂e(3.7)andrelativetoaunitofactivity
NoteForexample,kgCO₂eperunitinput.Emissionfactordatawouldbeobtainedfromsecondarydata
Sources.
3.20foodandfeed
substancesinsolidorliquidformintendedtobeconsumedbyhumansoranimals
3.21fossilcarbon
carbonthatiscontainedinfossilizedmaterial
NoteExamplesoffossilizedmaterialarecoal,oilandnaturalgas.ForthepurposesofthisPAS,peatisalsotobetreatedasfossilizedmaterialwithregardtoitscombustion.
3.22functionalunit
quantifiedperformanceofaproductsystemforuseasareferenceunit
[BSENISO14044:2006,3.20]
NoteForthepurposesofGHGemissionsassessment,
thefunctionalunitcanbeasingleitemofproductoragenerallyacceptedsalesquantity(e.g.1roseor1dozenroses).
3OBSISeptember2011
PAS2050:2011
3.23globalwarmingpotential(GWP)
factordescribingtheradiativeforcingimpactofonemass-basedunitofagivengreenhousegasrelativetoanequivalentunitofCO,overagivenperiodoftime
[BSISO14064-1:2006,2.18]
NoteCO₂isassignedaGWPof1,whiletheGWPof
othergasesisexpressedrelativetotheGWPofCO,
AnnexAcontainsglobalwarmingpotentialsfora100-yeartimeperiodproducedbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC).
3.24greenhousegases(GHGs)
gaseousconstituentsoftheatmosphere,bothnaturalandanthropogenic,thatabsorbandemitradiationatspecificwavelengthswithinthespectrumof
infraredradiationemittedbytheEarth'ssurface,theatmosphereandclouds
NoteTheGHGsincludedinthisPASarespecifiedin
AnnexA.
3.25input
product,materialorenergyflowthatentersaunitprocess
[BSENISO14040:2006,3.21]
3.26intermediateproduct
outputfromaunitprocessthatisaninputtootherunitprocessesinvolvingfurthertransformationwithinthesystem
3.27landusechange
changeinthepurposeforwhichlandisusedby
humans(e.g.betweencropland,grassland,forestland,wetland,industrialland)
Note1Changeintheuseoflandatthelocationof
productionoftheproductbeingassessedisreferredtoasdirectlandusechange.
Note2Changeintheuseoflandelsewhereisreferredtoasindirectlandusechange.
3.28lifecycle
consecutiveandinterlinkedstagesofaproductsystem,fromrawmaterialacquisitionorgenerationofnaturalresourcestoendoflife,inclusiveofanyrecyclingor
recoveryactivity
[AdaptedfromBSENISO14040:2006,3.1]
3.29lifecycleassessment(LCA)
compilationandevaluationofinputs,outputsandpotentialenvironmentalimpactsofaproductsystemthroughoutitslifecycle
[BSENISO14040:2006,3.2]
3.30lifecycleGHGemissions
sumofgreenhousegasemissionsresultingfromallstagesofthelifecycleofaproductandwithinthespecifiedsystemboundariesoftheproduct
NoteThisincludesallemissionsandremovalsassociatedwiththeprocesseswithintheboundaryofthelife
cycleoftheproduct,includingobtaining,creating,
modifying,transporting,storing,operating,usingandend-of-lifedisposaloftheproduct.Toavoidundue
repetition,referencetoremovalsisnotalwaysincludedinthetext,butitisintendedthatassessmentshould
includeremovalswherevertheyoccur.
OBSISeptember20114
PAS2050:2011
3.31materialcontribution
contributionfromanyonesourceofGHGemissionsofmorethan1%oftheanticipatedtotalGHGemissionsassociatedwiththeproductbeingassessed
NoteAmaterialitythresholdof1%hasbeen
establishedtoensurethatveryminorsourcesoflife
cycleGHGemissionsdonotrequirethesametreatmentasmoresignificantsources.
3.32offsetting
mechanismforclaimingareductioninGHGemissionsassociatedwithaprocessorproductthroughthe
removalof,orpreventingthereleaseof,GHGemissionsinaprocessunrelatedtothelifecycleoftheproduct
beingassessed
NoteAnexampleisthepurchaseofCertifiedEmissionReductionsgeneratedbyCleanDevelopment
MechanismprojectsundertheKyotoProtocol[3].
3.33output
product,productionmaterialorenergythatleavesaunitprocess
[AdaptedfromBSENISO14044:2006,3.25]
NoteProductionmaterialsmayincluderawmaterials,intermediateproducts,co-products,productsand
emissions.
3.34primaryactivitydata
quantitativemeasurementofactivityfromaproduct'slifecyclethat,whenmultipliedbytheappropriate
emissionfactor,determinestheGHGemissionsarisingfromaprocess
Note1Examplesofprimaryactivitydataincludetheamountofenergyused,materialproduced,serviceprovidedorareaoflandaffected.
Note2Primaryactivitydatasourcesaretypically
preferabletosecondarydatasourcesasthedatawillreflectthespecificnaturelefficiencyoftheprocessandtheGHGemissionsassociatedwiththeprocess.
Note3Primaryactivitydatadonotincludeemission
factors.
3.35product
goodorservice
NoteServiceshavetangibleandintangibleelementsTheprovisionofaservicecaninvolve,forexample,thefollowing.
a)anactivityperformedonaconsumer-supplied
tangibleproduct(e.g.automobiletoberepaire
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