阅读理解之说明文类-2023年高考英语一轮复习专项突破

专题24阅读理解之说明类

《考点•题型•技巧》

0考向分析

所谓说明文，就是指uF先自然科萃与技木的文章。说明文是对事物或事理讲行客不说明

的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，

在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说

明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说

明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事

理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的

前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读

理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对

比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明

文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用

法交替山现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了45%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言

特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以

及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。

趣^考点导航

考点01细节理解题

说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命

题，如用first（ly）、second（ly）^third。y）finally、notonly...butalso...、then、inaddition等表

示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案

项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as、suchas、forexample、forinstance等引导的短语或句

子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过

however、bul、yet、infacl等词语来引导。对比用unlik?、until、notsomuch…as等词语引

导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、

偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地

排除干扰。（5）在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要

考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。

细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选

择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。

考点02语意猜测题

说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生

词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以theunderlined

pan...inparagraph...refersto...或whaidoesihcunderlinedwordmean?或

whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedword?为设问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析其

对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通

过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、

同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象

时易发.生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it,they,them等代词为命题点，因此

考生要根据上卜文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准

确判断代词的其实际指代对象。

考点03主旨大意题

说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思

的概括和归纳。主要考杳考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以

Thispassagemainlytalksabout.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?为设问方式。

答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然

后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甑别、

分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。

考点04判断推理题

to...that...passageisintendedto...(2)theauthorsuggeststhat...(3)thestoryimplies

that.iniofviewmayihcaulhuragreelo?(5)fiomihcpassagewecanconcludelhal...(6)

thepurposeofthepassageisto...为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，

它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考

生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系

为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照

原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明

文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具令能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读

原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、

飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但

设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏，或对某个事物的

批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有whatwastheauthor\attitudetowards...?等。

高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细

节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大

意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。

一、词义猜测类题型

阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思、。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有

的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章

的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词

的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。

运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：

（一）内在逻辑关系

根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然

后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。

1、通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词

通过同义诃猜词，一是要看山and或or连接的同义诃诃组，如happyandgay,即使我们不

认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思。这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：

二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Manhasknownsomethingabouttheplanets

Venus,Mars,andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火

星）Jupiler（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一

义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如bul,while,however等；二是

看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：Heissohomely,notatallashandsomeashis

brother.根据notatall...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊，不漂亮的意思。

1、根据因果关系猜测词义

通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借

助关联词（如because,as,since,for,so,thus,asaresult,ofcourse,therefore等等）表

示前因后果。例如：

的，通晓的"，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指"一窍不通，不知道的"。

5、根据后缀猜测词义

例如：Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.后缀cide表示"杀者，杀灭剂"，结合大家熟

悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为"杀虫剂"。Thenthevapormaychangeinto

droplets.后缀let表示"小的"，词根drop指”滴，滴状物"。将两个意思结合起来，便可

推断出droplet词义"小滴，微滴"。

6、根据复合词的各部分猜测词义

例如：Growingeconomicproblemswerehighlightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.Hightlight或许

是一个生词,但是分析该词结构后,就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light

（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是"以强光照射，使突出"的意思。Bullfightisverypcpular

inSpain.Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运

动一斗牛。

二、主旨大意类题型

主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大

意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通

常有以下几种方法：

（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题

文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。

（二）寻找文章的主题句

分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章

特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.

若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落

中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说

明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，耍求学生重视阅读文章的首句和木句。

但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，时段落的内容要融

会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意

思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主

题句所表达的思想的。

总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想，伦者意图及关键词语，运用联想、比

较、归纳、推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加

进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划，有H的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速

度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统•起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际

的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我

们只有进行大量的课内外闻读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高

阅读理解能力。

【题型分析】

Asapopularsubjectofstudyamongevolutionaryecologists,thrcespinedsticklebackis

knownfortheirdifferentshapes,sizes,andbehaviors-theycanevenliveinbothseawaterand

freshwater,andunderawiderangeoftemperatures.Butwhatmakesthat?

Theresearcherstrackedsixpopulationsofthefishbeforeandafterseasonalchangestotheir

environment,usinggenomesequencing.Seasonalchangesresultingreatchangesinhabitat

structureandbalanceofsaltandfreshwater,andonlythosefishabletotoleratetheserapid

changessurviveintothenextseason.

“Thesechangesprobablyresemblethehabitatshiftsexperiencedbysticklebackpopulations

duringthepast10,00()years."saysProfessorBarrett“Wehopetogaininsightintothegenetic

changesthatmayhaveresultedfromnaturalselectionlonginthepast.”

Remarkably,(heresearchersdiscoveredtheevidenceofgeneticchangesdrivenby(he

seasonalshiftsinhabitats,whichmirroredthedifferencesfoundbetweenlongestablished

freshwaterandsaltwaterpopulations.uThesegeneticchangesoccurredinindependentpopulations

overasingleseason,highlightingjusthowquicklytheeffectsofnaturalselectioncanbe

detected,nsaysProfessorBarrett,“Thefindingssuggestthatwcmaybeabletousethegenetic

differencestopredicthowpopulationsmayadapttoenvironment.

Theresearchemphasizestheimportanceofstudyingspeciesindynamicenvironmentstogain

abelterunderstandingofhownaturalselectionoperates.Infurtherresearch,theyplanto

investigatehowrepeatabletheobservedgeneticchangesare,bytestingwhethertheyshowupyear

afteryear.Doingsowoulddemonstratetheirabilitytoreliablyforecasttheevolutionaryfutureof

thesepopulations.

1.Whatdocstheunderlinedword^thaf'refertoinParagraph1?

A.Sticklebackisunderawiderangeoftemperatures.

B.Sticklebackispopularw:thevolutionaryecologists.

C.Sticklebackcanadapttodifferentlivingconditions.

D.Sticklebackhasdifferentshapes,sizes,andbehaviors.

2.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?

A.Thedifficultiesof（heresearch.B.Thepurposeoftheresearch.

C.Thebackgroundoftheresearch.D.Themethodsoftheresearch.

3.Whatisthemainreasonforstickleback'ssurvival?

A.Habitatshifts.B.Geneticchange.

C.Seasonalchanges.D.Independentpopulations.

4.Whywillscientistsstudytherepetitionofthegenneticchanges?

A.Toknowwhatnaturalselectionis.

B.Tbstudyspecicesindynamicenvironments.

C.Totestthereliablilyofthepresentdiscoveries.

D.Toforecasttheevolutionaryfutureofcertainspecies.

Q检测训练

1、

Asagingpopulationgetsbiggeranddementia（老年痴呆症）moremon,morefamiliesare

strugglingwithaplexquestion:Howdoyousupportalovedonewithdementia,especiallywhen

youhaveafulltimejobandseveralkids?

RegUrbanowskimayhaveananswertothispressingissue:ROBOTS.

HeandhisteammanagedtodevelopanewtypeofrobotsnamedTProbots.Lookinglike

standupvauuunicleanersallachcdtoaniPad,liicycanbeau.ivaludicinolclyviaasniarlpliuneand

guidedremotelybyacontrollerappsimilartothewayamouseisusedonadesktopputcr.All

possessaudioandvisualmunicationcapabilities,allowingtheoperatortobe“intheroom”to

interactwithMomorDad.

HebelievesthatcaregiversandfamilymemberscanuseaTProbotto“lookin^^onpeople

withmilddementia.Hesays,“TProbotsprovideaneffectivesolutionfbrminimizingcaregiver

burden,especiallytorthosewhohavecareerorotheroutothomeactivlties.^^

UrbanowskiandhisteamhaveconductedastudythalinvolvesprovidingTProbotsfor15

Manitobafamilies.Theserobotsareprogrammedtoprovideremindersofnecessarydailyroutine

liketurningoffthegas,takingmedicineandhavingdinner.Theywillalsohelpensurepatientsare

gettingtheexercisetheyneedtomaintaintheirhealthandwellbeing.

ErinCrawford,ProgramDirectorwiththeAlzheimerSocietyofManitoba,saysshehasfaith

thatTProbotswillprovebeneficial,particularlywhenitestoremindingpeoplewithdementiato

docertainthingsatcertaintimes.<4Itmeansthatfamilymembersthatcan'tbethere,fbrwhatever

reason,knowthatthosethingsaretillhappening,shesays.

5.WhatcanweinferaboutTProbotsfromParagraph3?

A.It'seasytooperate.B.Itcancleantheroom.

C.It'sconvenienttocarry.D.Itcanbeusedonaputer.

6.HowwillTProbotshelpthosewithdementia?

A.Byhavingdinnerwiththem.B.Byturningoffthegasforthem.

C.Bydoingactivitieswithihem.D.Byreminding（hemtolakepills.

7.What'sErinCrawford'sattitudetothefutureofTProbots?

A.Optimistic.B.Cautious.C.Doubtful.D.Critical.

8.Whatisthemainideaof:hetext?

A.TProbotsprovideanewsolutiontodementia.

B.TProbotshelptotakecareofdementiapatients.

C.CaregiversofdementiawillbereplacedbyTProbots.

D.Urbanowskiandhisteamaredevelopinganewrobot.

2、

AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeand

cunsumplioiiliabilsofuureatingpaniouscaninfluenceouiloudintake.Andcoiilrarytoexisting

researchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions（份），it's

thebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.

Totest（heeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwo

experiments.Inthefirst.95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabto

oslensibly（表面上）panicipateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,each

womanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfood

first.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspecially

designedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.

Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipants

followedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantly

morewhentheactorwasthin.

Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.

In(heothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipants

followedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.

Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remaking

decisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe11havewhatshe's

having”effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalarge

portion.I'liholdbackabitbecauseIsectheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsa

lot.I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?

12.Whatis(herecentstudymainlyabout?

A.Foodsafety.B.Movieviewership.

C.Consumerdemand.D.Eatingbehavior.

13.Whatdocstheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?

A.Bigeaters.B.Overweightpersons.

C.Pickyeaters.D.Tallthinpersons.

14.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?

A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.

B.TDtestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.

C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.

D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherwciylildown.

15.Onwhatbasisdowc“adjusttheinflucncc^^accordingtothelastparagraph?

A.Howhungryweare.B.Howslimwewanttobe.

C.Howweperceiveothers.D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.

3、

Callingsomeonea“birdbrain”isconsideredrude.Itimpliesthatsomeonehasasmallbrain

andthusisnotsmart.Anewstudyfoundthattheexpressiondoesn'tdobirdsjusticeeither:Birds'

brainsaremuchbiggerthanwethought—atleastparedtotheirsmallbodies.

Aninternationalteamof37scientistsmeasuredthebrainvolume（脑容量）ofhundredsof

dinosaursandextinctbirdsbyscanningfossilsoftheirskulls.Thereadingswereparedtoalarge

databasecontainingthebrainsizesofmodernbirds.Thesemeasurementswerethenanalyzed,

takingintoconsiderationeachbird'sbodysize——resultinginsomethingcalled“relativebrain

size”.Theresultsshowedthatadramaticchangeofbirds'bodysizehappenedrightafterthemass

extinctionofdinosaurs66millionyearsago.

According（othestudy,publishedonApril23inthejournalCurrentBiology,birdsand

dinosaurshadsimilarbrainsizesbeforetheextinction.Aftertheextinctionofthedinosaurs,

however,birdshadtofindawaytosurvive,sotheyshranktheirbodies—sincesmalleranimals

needlessfood—buttheykepttheirbigbrains.

“Thechangedlandscapemayhavecausedtherapidevolutionofnewbrainbodyscaling

patterns（缩放比例）byfavoringbothlargerbrainsandsmallerbodies,''USpaleontologist（古生

物学家）DanielKscpka,whoistheleadauthorofthestudy,toldCNN.

This"evolutionarybrainleap”一asscientistscallit—alsohappenedveryrapidly.Without

dinosaurs,birdsquicklyrepopulated.Theycameinalltypesandsizes,whichcontributedtothe

diversespeciesofbirdsweseetoday.

Butamongallthebirdspecies,certainones“showaboveaverageratesofbrainandbodysize

evolution"，studycoauthorAdamSmithatClemsonUniversity,US,saidinastatement-with

crowsandparrotsbeingthemostevident.Infact,previousstudieshavealreadydiscoveredthat

thesebirdshaveanamazingcognitivecapacity（认知能力）.Theyareabletousetools,imitate

humanspeechandevenrememberhumanfaces.

So,inthewordsofSmith,^callingsomeone'birdbrained'isactuallyquiteaplimenl（恭维）”！

13.Howdidthesuiciilislslearnihcbrainsizesofdinosaursandcxlinulbirds?

A.Bystudyingtheirfossilskulls.B.Bysearchingthedatabase.

C.Byexperimentingontheirbrains.D.Byanalyzingtheirbodysize.

14.Howdidthebirdschangeaftertheextinctionofthedinosaurs?

A.Thebirds'bodiesshrankastheirbrainsbecamesmaller.

B.Thebirds'bodiesbecamelargerwhiletheirbrainsbecamesmaller.

C.Ihebirds'brainsremainedalmostthesameastheirbodiesshrank.

D.Thebirds'brainsbecamelargertoadapttotheenvironment.

15.AccordingtoAdamSmith,callingsomeone“birdbrained"is.

A.tomakeruderemarksB.tolaughatone'ssmallbodysize

C.topraiseone'sintelligenceD.tosuggestthepersonisnotsmart

16.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?

A.Todescribehowbirds,evolutionhappened.

B.Toexplaintheoriginoftheword"birdbrain”.

C.Toshowtheamazingabilitiesofbirdspecies.

D.Topresentthelateststudyonbirds'brainsize.

4、

Smailphones,tablets,fitnesstrackers,headphonesandmostoftheelectronicdevicesweuse

todayarcmadeofmetal,plasticandglass.Butelectronicsdon'thavetobe.SaladeMedeirosand

hercolleaguesfoundawaytoturnanordinarypieceofpaperintoasimpleelectronickeypad.

Manyteamsaroundtheworldareworkingonpaperbasedelectronics.But（hisnewdeviceis

differentfromanyotherdevice.It'sthefirsttopoweritselfandalsoresistwateranddust.The

user'stouchgivesitallthepoweritneedstorun.

Nosinglemomentinspiredherpaperkeypad.Instead,shefocusedondevicesotherengineers

havebeenworkingon.Thenshediscoveredthathighcostwasaproblemwithsomeflexible

electronics.Soshedecidedtoworkwithlowcostmaterials.

Teflon（聚四氟乙烯）isachemicalcoatingthatkeepsfoodfromstickingtopotsandpans.

Similarpounds（复合物）canalsomakepaperwaterproof.Soshestartedtestingthechemicalbut

theonethatwassupposedtodothebestjobdidn'tworkatall.Aftersomeresearch,Salade

Medeirosfoundoutthatthischemicalreactswithair.Shehadtobuyspecialequipmentthat

forbadeanyairgellinginllicway.Now,llicuhcinicalworksasplanned.Thenlliclearnplaceda

stencil（钢板）withtheshapeofacircuit（电路）ontothebackofthepaperandsprayedonseveral

layersofmaterials.Finally,theteamfligedoverthepaperandprintedakeypadofnumberson

（heotherside.TheyalsoaddedalinyBluetoothchip,whichlettheirpaperdevice（alktoapu（er.

Thesourceofelectricityesfromthetapofafinger.Whenyou'retypingwecancreatetheenergy

bytouchingorrubbing.

1heelectronickeypadisregularpapermostpeoplecouldaftbrdbutwouldn'teasilygetwet

ordirty.Ilalsoshouldfitinyourpocket.

1.Whichofthefollowingistheuniquefeatureofthenewdevice?

A.It'sthefirstdevicemadeofpaper.B.Ithaslittleelectricityormetal.

C.Itgetspoweredthroughtouch.D.Ithasnotroublecleaningitself.

2.WhydidTeflonfailtoworkatfirst?

A.Itwasexposedtotheair.B.Itwasoflowquality.

C.ItdamagedIheequipment.D.Itkeptfoodstucktopots.

3.Whatisthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Theprocessofcreatingthedevice.B.Thesignificanceoftheresearch.

C.Theapplicationofthedevice.D.ThewaytodevelopTeflon.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedwords"flippedover"inPara.3?

A.Cleanedup.B.Cutup.C.Heldonio.D.Turnedover.

5、

AnartworkjointlycreatedbyarobotandahumanartistwillgoonsaleihisweekThe

artwork—knownasanNFT—istobesoldduringanonlineauction（拍卖）onTuesday.NFT

standsfornonfungibletoken.Itisapieceofartthatonlyexistsonaputertechnologyknownas

blockchain（区块链）.

NFTscanexistintheformofimages,video,musicandtext.Theyarcusuallyboughtwith

electronicmoney.WhileanyonecanviewNFTs,thebuyerhasofficialownershiprightsoverthe

objects.NFTshaverecentlybeengrowinginpopularityamonginvestorsandcollectors.Earlier

thismonth,anartworkintheformofanNFTsoldfornearly$70million.

Thepiecetobesoldthisweekwasacooperativeeffortbetweenahumanlikerobot,knownas

Sophia,andItalianartistAndreaBonaceto.ThepanybehindSophia,HansonRobotics,saysthe

auuliunwillbethefirslsaleufapiecejointlycreatedbyaliumaiiartist,arobotandartificial

intelligence（AI）.Theartwork,called“SophiaInstantiation'*,isa12sccondvideofile.Itbines

onlineandphysicalpaintingsfromSophiawithelements（要素）fromBonaceto'swork.The

artworkalsoincludesinfluencesfromarthistory.

ThedigitalartworkwillewithaphysicalartworkcreatedbySophiaonaprintedcopyofthe

onlinepiece.TheonlineauctionistobeheldbyapanycalledNiftyGateway.Afterthesale,

Sophiawillmeetwiththebuyertostudyhisorherface,beforeaddingafinalelementtothe

artwork.Sophia'screator,DavidHanson,saidthispartoftheprojectwillpermitthenewownerto

haveanunusual''personalconnection''totheartwork.

BonacctosaidhehopeshiscollaborationwithSophiawill“makeastatementintheartworld,

andeventhetechnologyworld'5aboutthewayrobotsandhumanscancooperateinthefuture.

Sophia'sartcouldbe“avery,veryimportanthistoricalpiece”,saidPabloFrailc,a

MiamibasedartcollectorandexpertinNFTs."It'sthefirsttimetheseideashavebeenput

together,Mhesaid.

21.Theauthor'smainpurposeinwritingparagraph2isto.

A.explainthevalueofdifferentformsofNFTs

B.teachreadershowtobuyNFTswithelectronicmoney

C.providereaderswithsomeinformationaboutNFTs

D.advisereaderstocollectorinvestinNFTs

22.Whatcanweknowabout"SophiaInstantiation”？

A.ItisthefirstNFTartwork(obesold.

B.ItisaphysicalartworkcreatedbySophia.

C.Itisanartworkwithelementsfromarthistoiy.

D.ItisthefirstartworkcreatedbyarobotandAL

23.WhatisPabloFraileda:titudctowards"SophiaInstantiation”?

A.Positive.B.Uncaring.C.Opposed.D.Skeptical.

24.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.AnNFTWillGainHighPopularityAmongInvestors

B.MoreNFTsWillBeCreatedbyHumansandRobots

C.SophiaWillBeNecessaryinCreatingOnlineArtworks

D.OnlineArtworkThalRobotHelpsCreateWillBeSold

6、

Wealreadyknowthatsaltcanleadtoheartdisease.Butcoulditalsoaffectourmind?

Scientists(bundthatahighsaltdietcausedcognitiveimpairmentsinmice»anditcouldproduce

thesameeffectonhumans.

Costantinoladecola,directoroftheFeilFamilyBrainandMindResearchtheInstitute,said

theytedthemiceeighttosixteentimestheirnormalsaltintakeandthentestedthemice.After

aboutthreemonths,themicehadabigchangeintheirbehavior.Miceareverycurious,andthey

liketolookfornewthings.However,thetestedmicelosttheabilitytoidentifyanormalobject.

Whenthemicewereputintheircageandaskedtofindaquietspot,theydidnotrememberwhere

thequietspotwas.Thenwhenthemicewerebuildinganest,whichissomethingthemicedodaily,

they,wereunabletodoso.Theresearchsuggestedhumansv/ouidexperienceasimilarresponse.

StudieshaveshownAustralianseatarounddoubletheremendedamountofsalteachday,

mostofi(ingfromprocessedfood.Dr.Ladecolasaid(heestimatedtwoteaspoonsofsaltthe

averageAustralianeatseachdaycouldaffectthebrainfunctioninthelongterm.However,the

declinemightnotbeasobviousasinthemice,whoweregivenextremelyhighlevelsofsalt."But

probablyoveryearsandperhapsdecades—asopposedtoafewmonthsforthemouse一even

lowerlevelsofsaltmayhaveaterribleeffect,"Drladecolasaid.

“Highlevelsofsaltcauseseriousimmunechangesinihcorgansinandaroundthestomach,

resultinginanalmostautoimmuneeffectonthebrain.Itispartofagrowingbodyofevidencethat

wereallyarewhatweeat,44BryceVissel,directoroftheCentreforNeuroscienceattheUniversity

ofTechnologySydney,said."Thosechangesinturncauseallsortsofresponsesinthebody,which

overtimecertainlycontributetocognitiveimpairments."

9.Whichcandescribethetestedmice?

A.Theyremainedquietallday.B.Theybecamesmarterthanever.

C.Theyforgotsomeroutinethings.D.Theywerequickatfindingobjects.

10.WhatdoweknowaboutAustralians?

A.Theyignorehealthadvice.B.Theyhaveahighersaltdiet.

C.Theydislikeprocessedfood.D.Theyvaluetheirbrainhealth.

11.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlyfocus।on?

A.StudiescarriedoulbyBiyucVisscl.B.Iiiiniiiiiculiaiigcsbroughtaboutbysalt.

C.Effectsofdailydietsonhumanbehaviors.D.Linksbetweensaltintakeandbraindamage.

12.Whatdoesthetextsuggest?

A.Brainhealthcountsmuch.B.Thebodynevertellsalie.

C.Lowsaltdietistobeadvocated.D.Heartdiseasescanbeprevented.

7、

Bioprintingisthemedicallyandbiotechnologicallyequalto3Dprinting.Byusingthesame

principles,theaimistorapidlydeveloplivingstructuressimilartohumangrownorgansandtissue

thatcanbeusedtohealpeopleortestnewdrugs.

Ofcourse,printingbiologicaltissueismuchmoreplexthanbuildingamechanicalpart.

Therearcplexlayersofcellsinlivingtissue.Bioprintersusebioinkmadefromcells,biochemical

nutrientsandbiologicalstandstosupportcellsinanexactorder.Bioinkshavetooperateunder

conditionsthataresuitableforliving,growingtissue,sotheycannotreallybeprintedat

temperaturesthatlopbody（emperature.

Perhapsthesimplestformofbioprintingisinkjetprinting.Bioinkissprayedthroughtiny

tubessoithastobealmostliquidandthislimitsthebiologicalmaterialsthatcanbeprinted.Most

3Dprintersoperatebysqueezingmaterialthroughapipeandbioprinterscanusesqueezingtoo,

thoughcarehastobetakennottodamagecellsthroughextremeforce.Othertechniquessuchas

laserassistedbioprintingorelectrospinning（静电纺绚areincrediblyexactandcanbeusedwith

thickerbioinks,but（heyaremoretrickytousewithlivingcellsandnotasrapidorabletocreate

largequantitiesoftissue.

Oncethebioprinterhasdoneitswork,thepostprocessingstagebegins.Bioreactorsystems

areoftenemployedtohelpthetissuegrowup.Theycanbeusedtocopytheforcesand

biochemicalsupportthattissueneedstogrowanddifferentiatecorrectly.

Bioprintingmaybearelativelynewfieldbuttheresultssofararcencouraging.Stemcells,

whichhavethepotentialtoturnintoseveraltypesofcells,arebeingusedtocreatebone.Organ

printingcanimprovethehealthofsocietyingeneralbywipingouttheproblemofdiseasescaused

byorganfailure,costlytreatmentsandsocialcare.Thalpromisemaybeyearsawayfrom

realizationbutrapidprototyping（原型技术）enabledbybioprintingispushingmedicaladvances

fonvardatpace.

29.Whaldocstheunderlinedword"ihcy"inparagraph2referlo?

A.Cells.B.