2025-2026普通高中英语学业考试复习专题05 说明文阅读（解析版）

试卷第=page2020页，共=sectionpages4141页专题05说明文阅读知识讲解——学考英语说明文阅读全面复习指南一、出题类型详解与例题精析1.细节理解题这是最基础的题型，考查对文中明确陈述的具体信息的捕捉能力。答案通常可以直接从原文中找到。例题1：原文段落：

"Robotshavenowbecomeanimportantpartofagriculturalandindustrialworkforceinvariouscountries.Theymarkanimportantadvanceinmechanization(机械化)oftheproductionprocess.InafieldinEngland,threelittlerobotshavebeengivenagreatjob:tofindandkillgrasswithelectricitybeforeplantingseedsinthesoil."题目：

WhatcanweknowaboutthethreerobotsfromParagraph1?A.Theyarehuge. B.Theycanplantseeds.C.Theyworkinafield. D.TheycomefromAmerica.答案：

C解析：

细节理解题。根据第一段中的“InafieldinEngland,threelittlerobotshavebeengivenagreatjob:tofindandkillgrasswithelectricitybeforeplantingseedsinthesoil.(在英国的一块田地里，三个小机器人被赋予了一项重要任务：在播种前用电除草。)”可知，这三个机器人在田地里工作。故选C项。例题2：原文段落：

"Wewaste1.3billiontonsoffoodeveryyear.Thisistoomuchthewasteweighsasmuchas200millionelephants!"题目：

Howmanytonsoffoodarewastedeveryyear?A.1billion. B.1.3billion. C.100million. D.200million.答案：

B解析：

细节理解题。根据第一段“Wewaste1.3billiontonsoffoodeveryyear.(我们每年浪费13亿吨食物。)”可知，每年有13亿吨食物被浪费，故选B。2.词义/句意猜测题考查学生根据上下文语境推断生词、短语或句子含义的能力。例题：原文段落：

"HavebeingsfromouterspacealreadyvisitedEarth?Probablynot...Scientistsbelievewewillmakecontactwithotherlifeformsinouruniversewithinthenext20years."

题目：

Whatdotheunderlinedwords"lifeforms"inParagraph4mean?

A.Messages. B.Beings. C.Planets. D.Stars.答案：

B解析：

词义猜测题。文章一直在讨论外星是否存在智慧生命的问题，如第一段"IsthereintelligentlifeonotherplanetsbesidesEarth?"以及第四段"HavebeingsfromouterspacealreadyvisitedEarth?"。根据上下文语境，这里的"lifeforms"指的就是前文提到的外星智慧生物。故选B项。3.主旨大意题考查对段落或全文中心思想的概括能力。例题（段落主旨）：原文段落（第五段）：

"TheBritishcompanysaysfarmerscouldreducecostsby40%andchemicalusagebyupto95%.Thelittlerobotsallowfarmerstofreetheirsoilsfromchemicals.Usingfewerchemicalsisgoingtosavemuchmoneyandisgoodfortheenvironment.Aswellasreducingtheuseofchemicals,robotswillalsobringusbettersoilqualityandmoreplantsandanimals."题目：

WhatisParagraph5mainlyabout?A.Theharmthatchemicalscause.B.Thecostfarmersspendonfarming.C.Afamouscompanythatproducesrobots.D.Theadvantagesthatthefarmingrobotsbring.答案：

D解析：

主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“农民可以减少40%的成本和高达95%的化学药品使用量...使用更少的化学物质将节省很多钱，并且对环境有益。除了减少化学物质的使用，机器人还将给我们带来更好的土壤质量以及更多的动植物。”可知，第五段主要讲述了农业机器人带来的优势。故选D项。4.推理判断题考查基于文章已知信息进行合理逻辑推断的能力。答案不能直接找到，需要“拐个弯”想一下。例题：原文线索：

第二段提到“Thereweremanypowerstrugglesbetweennoblesandkings,andamongthenoblesthemselves.”，最后两段详细描述了各种攻击城堡的残酷方式。题目：

Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?A.KingsinancientEuropeweremoregenerous.B.Somecastleswerebuilttoattractmorevisitors.C.WarfaremustbecommonduringtheMiddleAges.D.Drawbridgeswereusedtobreakthroughcastledoors.答案：

C解析：

推理判断题。根据第二段“贵族与国王之间，以及贵族彼此之间存在许多权力斗争”以及最后两段提到的各种攻击城堡的方式可知，中世纪战争频繁。故选C项。5.指代关系题考查对文中代词（如it,that,they）或指示性词语所指代内容的理解。例题：原文段落：

"Butsomenoblessimplyclaimedlandastheirownandbuiltacastleonit.Thatwasaskingfortrouble."题目：

Theunderlinedword"That"inPara.2referstothefactthat_______.A.thenoblesclaimedlandastheirownandbuiltacastleonitB.thenoblespromisedtoservethekinginreturnC.thenoblesprovidedthekingwithsoldiersD.thenoblessimplylivedontheirown答案：

A解析：

指代猜测题。根据第二段“Butsomenoblessimplyclaimedlandastheirownandbuiltacastleonit.Thatwasaskingfortrouble.(但有些贵族只是宣称土地归自己所有，并在上面建造城堡。那是自找麻烦)”可知，“That”指代的是前文“有些贵族宣称土地归自己所有并在上面建造城堡”这一事实。故选A。6.观点态度题考查对作者或文中某人物所持观点和态度的判断。例题：原文线索：

作者在文中使用“themostpopulargame”,“goodforboththebodyandthemind”,“everyschool'sgame”等积极正面的评价性语言。

题目：

Whichwordbestdescribesthewriter'sfeelingaboutfootball?A.Supportive. B.Concerned. C.Excited. D.Surprised.答案：

A解析：

推理判断题。通读全文可知，全文通过描述足球在英国的普及、青少年的了解程度及学校对足球的重视，强调足球对教育（如团队合作、品格培养）的积极作用。以及最后一段中作者用“goodteamgame(很好的团队运动)”“goodbothforthebodyandthemind(它对身体和精神都有好处)等表述，态度明显支持。故选A项。二、解题技巧深度剖析与易错点警示题型深度解题技巧易错点警示细节理解题1.定位关键词：

圈出题干中的核心名词、动词、数字、专有名词等，2.精准比对：

回到原文，找到关键词所在句子，仔细比对选项和原文的同义转换（如“reducecosts”对应“savemoney”）。1.张冠李戴：

选项信息在原文中确实存在，但并非题目所问的内容。2.偷换概念：

选项对原文信息进行了细微修改，造成意思偏差。词义猜测题1.上下文逻辑：

利用定义、解释、举例、对比、因果等逻辑关系。2.词根词缀：

分析生词的构成来辅助猜测。3.代入验证：

将选项代入原文，看哪个最符合语境，使文章通顺。脱离语境，盲目猜测：

仅凭单词本身或自己的常识猜测，而不看其所在句子的前后文。主旨大意题1.首尾句原则：

文章和段落的中心思想常出现在开头或结尾。2.高频词/重复词：

反复出现的词汇往往是文章的核心话题。3.概括性：

正确选项通常具有宏观性和概括性，错误选项往往是某个细节。以偏概全：

误将某个段落或细节的主旨当作全文的主旨。推理判断题1.立足原文：

推理必须源于原文，有据可依。2.合理逻辑：

答案应是原文信息的必然延伸，而非凭空想象。3.警惕绝对词：

含有“never”,“always”,“all”等绝对化词语的选项往往是错误的。过度推理：

推理出的内容超出了原文所能支持的范围，加入了过多主观臆断。指代关系题向前看原则：

代词（it,they,that等）通常指代前文最近出现的名词或句子。指代方向错误：

向后寻找或指代过远的名词。三、备考方法与注意事项类别具体项目说明与建议📚备考方法1.词汇积累持续背诵高频核心词汇及学科术语（如环保、科技、健康等主题词），并注意积累常见的同义替换表达。2.题型专练分题型进行专项训练（如细节题、推理题、主旨题等），熟悉每种题型的提问方式和解题技巧，总结规律。3.限时训练模拟真实考试环境，严格控制每篇阅读的答题时间（建议5-8分钟/篇），提升阅读速度和答题效率。4.精读与反思对做过的每一篇文章进行精读分析，尤其关注错题，弄明白错误原因（是定位错误、理解偏差还是逻辑推断失误）。5.真题演练考前集中刷历年真题，感受出题风格和难度，保持题感，并对反复出现的考点进行重点复习。⚠️注意事项1.答题顺序推荐

“先题后文”：先快速浏览题目和选项，带着问题去阅读文章，目标明确，效率更高。2.时间分配合理分配时间，避免在某一道难题上过度纠结。如超过2分钟无头绪，可先标记，完成全卷后再回头思考。3.处理生词遇到生词勿慌！

多数生词可通过上下文猜测其大致含义，或完全不影响答题。不要因个别单词打乱阅读节奏。4.定位与比对答案一定源于原文。找到题干关键词在文中的位置后，仔细比对选项与原文，注意选项的同义转述或偷换概念。5.主旨把握时刻思考段落或文章的核心思想。选择主旨题答案时，排除那些只涉及细节信息、表述片面的选项。6.逻辑推理推理判断题的答案必须是文章信息的合理延伸，有据可依，切忌脱离原文进行主观臆想或过度推理。7.检查环节检查时，优先确认答题卡填涂是否准确无误。对于修改答案要谨慎，除非有充分理由，否则相信第一印象。📌考前注意事项清单：事项具体说明时间分配每篇阅读建议在5-8分钟内完成，为后续题目和检查留出时间。答题顺序推荐先快速浏览题目，带着问题去读文章，目的性更强，效率更高。处理生词遇到生词不要慌！

多数生词不影响理解主旨，可根据上下文猜测。关键人名、地名等不必知道意思。长难句处理抓住主干（主谓宾），暂时忽略插入语、定语从句等修饰成分，先理解核心意思。检查环节检查时，再次确认答案是否源自原文，是否有逻辑支撑，避免因粗心改错答案。心态调整保持冷静。说明文阅读是“有章可循”的，答案都在文中，相信自己一定能找到。二：习题训练Passage1Robotshavenowbecomeanimportantpartofagriculturalandindustrialworkforceinvariouscountries.Theymarkanimportantadvanceinmechanization(机械化)oftheproductionprocess.InafieldinEngland,threelittlerobotshavebeengivenagreatjob:tofindandkillgrasswithelectricitybeforeplantingseedsinthesoil.TherobotsarenamedTom,DickandHarry.Tomisthefirstofthethreecleverrobotstostartworking.Hewatchesthecropscarefullyandcollectstheinformationabouteachplant.Hecancreateashortintroductiontoeachplantandevenmakedecisionsonwhatchemicalsareneededforyourcrops.Dickdoesthedirtywork.Hecangotoeachplantthatisdoingbadtothecropsandtakeitout.Plantsthataregoodforthecropsareleft.Hecanspray(喷洒)thingslikechemicalsinordertokeepplantshealthy.Harryisaplanter.Hedigsholesintothefieldandputsseedsintotheground,andrecordswhereheputsthem.Ifaseeddoesn’tgrow,hecaneasilytravelthereandplantsanewseed.ThesmartrobotsaremadebySmallRobot.TheBritishcompanysaysfarmerscouldreducecostsby40%andchemicalusagebyupto95%.Thelittlerobotsallowfarmerstofreetheirsoilsfromchemicals.Usingfewerchemicalsisgoingtosavemuchmoneyandisgoodfortheenvironment.Aswellasreducingtheuseofchemicals,robotswillalsobringusbettersoilqualityandmoreplantsandanimals.

“Wehavetochangefarmingnow,orelsetherewon’tbeanythingtofarm,”saysSmallRobot.1．WhatcanweknowaboutthethreerobotsfromParagraph1?A．Theyarehuge. B．Theycanplantseeds.C．Theyworkinafield. D．TheycomefromAmerica.2．WhichmaybedonebyDick?A．Collectinginformation. B．Killinginsects.C．Diggingholes. D．Plantingseeds.3．WhatisParagraph5mainlyabout?A．Theharmthatchemicalscause.B．Thecostfarmersspendonfarming.C．Afamouscompanythatproducesrobots.D．Theadvantagesthatthefarmingrobotsbring.4．Whatisthebeststructureforthepassage?A． B． C． D．5．Whatisthesuitabletitleforthepassage?A．TheChangesonFarming B．ProtectingthePlantsC．LivingaModernlife D．TheHistoryofRobots【答案】1．C2．B3．D4．A5．A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍英国三个名为Tom、Dick和Harry的农业机器人的工作内容，以及它们给农业带来的优势。1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“InafieldinEngland,threelittlerobotshavebeengivenagreatjob:tofindandkillgrasswithelectricitybeforeplantingseedsinthesoil.(在英国的一块田地里，三个小机器人被赋予了一项重要任务：在播种前用电除草。)”可知，这三个机器人在田地里工作。故选C项。2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Dickdoesthedirtywork.Hecangotoeachplantthatisdoingbadtothecropsandtakeitout.Hecanspraythingslikechemicalsinordertokeepplantshealthy.(Dick做脏活。他可以找到每一株对庄稼有害的植物并把它除掉。他可以喷洒化学物质之类的东西来保持植物健康。)”可知，Dick可能会做杀死昆虫的工作。故选B项。3．主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“TheBritishcompanysaysfarmerscouldreducecostsby40%andchemicalusagebyupto95%.Thelittlerobotsallowfarmerstofreetheirsoilsfromchemicals.Usingfewerchemicalsisgoingtosavemuchmoneyandisgoodfortheenvironment.Aswellasreducingtheuseofchemicals,robotswillalsobringusbettersoilqualityandmoreplantsandanimals.(这家英国公司表示，农民可以减少40%的成本和高达95%的化学药品使用量。这些小机器人可以让农民的土壤摆脱化学物质。使用更少的化学物质将节省很多钱，并且对环境有益。除了减少化学物质的使用，机器人还将给我们带来更好的土壤质量以及更多的动植物。)”可知，第五段主要讲述了农业机器人带来的优势。故选D项。4．推理判断题。通读全文，第一段介绍三个机器人在英国田地里工作这一总体情况；第二至四段分别介绍Tom、Dick和Harry三个机器人的具体工作内容；第五段讲述这些机器人带来的优势；最后一段引用公司的话强调改变农业的必要性。因此，文章结构为“总—分—总”，与选项A的结构相符。故选A项。5．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章主要介绍了农业机器人的工作及其给农业带来的变化，包括成本降低、化学物质使用减少、土壤质量改善等，因此“农业的变化”适合作为本文标题。故选A项。Passage2IsthereintelligentlifeonotherplanetsbesidesEarth?Foryears,scientistsweren’tsure.Today,thisischanging.Scientistsbelieveintelligentlifeexistselsewhereintheuniverse.Theyalsothinkwewillsooncontactthesebeings.Whydotheythinkintelligentlifeexistsonotherplanets?Thefirstreasonistime.Scientistsbelievetheuniverseisabout12billionyearsold.Thisistoolongforonlyoneplanetinthewholeuniversetodevelopintelligentlife.Thesecondreasonissize—thereareatleast100billiongalaxies.Andourgalaxyhasatleast100billionstars.SomeplanetsthatcirclethesestarsmightbesimilartoEarth.Inthepast,itwasdifficulttosearchforsignsofintelligentlifeintheuniverse.Butnow,advancedtelescopes(望远镜)allowscientiststoidentifymanymoresmallplanetsinothersolarsystems.IftheseplanetsaresimilartoEarth,theymighthaveintelligentlife.HavebeingsfromouterspacealreadyvisitedEarth?Probablynot.Thedistancebetweenplanetsistoogreat.Despitethis,scientiststhinkintelligentbeingsmighteventuallycontactususingothermethods,butnowwemaynothavetherighttoolstoreceivetheirmessages.However,thisischanging.Scientistsbelievewewillmakecontactwithotherlifeformsinouruniversewithinthenext20years.6．Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext?A．TodiscusshowlifeprobablystartedonEarth.B．Totellwhentheuniversepossiblycameintobeing.C．Todescribewhatlifeonotherplanetsmightlooklike.D．ToexplainwhywemayfindintelligentlifeoutsideofEarth.7．Whichstatementwouldscientistsagreewith?A．Intelligentlifeonlyexitsononeplanet.B．Intelligentbeingswillnevercontactus.C．Advancedtelescopeshelptodiscovermoreplanets.D．Thereareatleast100billionplanetsinourgalaxy.8．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“lifeforms”inParagraph4mean?A．Messages. B．Beings. C．Planets. D．Stars.9．What’sscientists’attitudetowardsfindingintelligentlifeinthefuture?A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Uncertain. D．Doubtful.【答案】6．D7．C8．B9．A【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了科学家认为外星可能存在智慧生命的原因，如宇宙的时间跨度长和规模大，还探讨了目前寻找外星智慧生命的情况及未来的可能性。6．推理判断题。根据第一段“IsthereintelligentlifeonotherplanetsbesidesEarth?Foryears,scientistsweren’tsure.Today,thisischanging.Scientistsbelieveintelligentlifeexistselsewhereintheuniverse.Theyalsothinkwewillsooncontactthesebeings.(除了地球，其他行星上是否存在智慧生命呢？多年来，科学家们一直不确定。如今，这种情况正在改变。科学家们认为宇宙中的其他地方存在智慧生命。他们还认为我们很快就会与这些生命取得联系)”以及根据第二段“Whydotheythinkintelligentlifeexistsonotherplanets?(为什么他们认为其他星球上存在智慧生命呢？)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要解释了科学家认为外星可能存在智慧生命的原因，如宇宙的时间跨度长和规模大，还探讨了目前寻找外星智慧生命的情况及未来的可能性。所以短文的目的是解释为什么我们可能会在地球以外发现智慧生命。故选D项。7．细节理解。根据第三段“Butnow,advancedtelescopes(望远镜)nallowscientiststoidentifymanymoresmallplanetsinothersolarsystems.(但现在，先进的望远镜使科学家能够在其他太阳系中识别出更多的小行星)”可知，先进的望远镜有助于发现更多行星，故选C项。8．词义猜测题。文章一直在讨论外星是否存在智慧生命的问题，如第一段“IsthereintelligentlifeonotherplanetsbesidesEarth?(除地球外，其他行星上是否存在智慧生命？)”“Scientistsbelieveintelligentlifeexistselsewhereintheuniverse.(科学家认为宇宙中其他地方存在智慧生命)”以及第四段“HavebeingsfromouterspacealreadyvisitedEarth?(外星生物已经访问过地球了吗？)”“Scientistsbelievewewillmakecontactwithotherlifeformsinouruniversewithinthenext20years.(科学家们相信，在未来20年内，我们将与宇宙中的其他生命形式取得联系)”可知，根据上下文语境，这里的“lifeforms”指的就是前文提到的外星智慧生物。故选B项。9．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Scientistsbelievewewillmakecontactwithotherlifeformsinouruniversewithinthenext20years.(科学家们相信，在未来20年内，我们将与宇宙中的其他生命形式取得联系)”可知，科学家们对未来发现智慧生命持积极态度。故选A项。Passage3Wewaste1.3billiontonsoffoodeveryyear.Thisistoomuch—thewasteweighsasmuchas200millionelephants!MostoffoodwastehappensinNorthAmericaandEurope,whereabout100kgoffoodperpersoniswastedeachyear.However,therearestillmillionsofpeoplethatdon’thaveenoughtoeat.Foodwasteisn’tjustbadforhumans,though.It’salsobadfortheenvironment.Whenweputfoodwasteintothelandfill,itproducesadangerousgasthatcankeepheatinsideoftheEarth’satmosphere.That’swhyit’soneofthecausesofglobalwarming.Therearealsochemicalsthatcomeoutofthefoodandgointothesoil.Whenitrains,thechemicalsthengointoourriversandlakes.Asaresult,foodwasteseriouslyharmsourbodiesofwater.

Peopledon’tthinkabouthowfoodismadewhenthey’rethrowingitaway.Alotofwaterisusedtogrowplantsthatmakefood.Weusealotofenergybecauseweneedfueltotransportfood.Ifwewastethisfood,wewasteourplanet’snaturalresources.Forthesereasons,itisimportantforusalltoreduceourfoodwaste.10．Howmanytonsoffoodarewastedeveryyear?A．1billion. B．1.3billion. C．100million. D．200million.11．What’stheresultwhenthechemicalsgointoriversandlakes?A．Thebodyofwaterisseriouslyharmed.B．Theheatiskeptinsideoftheatmosphere.C．Adangerousgasisslowlydisappearing.D．Apieceoflandisgraduallyformed.12．WhatdoweknowfromParagraph3?A．Peoplethinktwicebeforethrowingfoodaway.B．Littlewaterisusedtogrowplantsthatmakefood.C．Weseldomneedfueltotransportfoodeveryday.D．Wastingfoodmeanswastingournaturalresources.13．Whatwillthewriterprobablytalkaboutinthenextparagraph?A．Reasonsforreducingourfoodwaste.B．Reasonsforsavingnaturalresources.C．Methodsofreducingourfoodwaste.D．Methodsofgrowingvariousplants.Passage4【答案】10．B11．A12．D13．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是每年全球存在大量的食物浪费现象，食物浪费不仅对人类不利，还对环境有害，包括造成全球变暖、污染水体以及浪费自然资源等，因此减少食物浪费对我们所有人都很重要。10．细节理解题。根据第一段“Wewaste1.3billiontonsoffoodeveryyear.(我们每年浪费13亿吨食物。)”可知，每年有13亿吨食物被浪费，故选B。11．细节理解题。根据第二段“Therearealsochemicalsthatcomeoutofthefoodandgointothesoil.Whenitrains,thechemicalsthengointoourriversandlakes.Asaresult,foodwasteseriouslyharmsourbodiesofwater.(还有一些化学物质从食物中出来进入土壤。下雨时，这些化学物质就会进入我们的河流和湖泊。因此，食物浪费严重损害了我们的水体。)”可知，当这些化学物质进入河流和湖泊，水体会受到严重损害。故选A。12．细节理解题。根据第三段“Ifwewastethisfood,wewasteourplanet’snaturalresources.(如果我们浪费这些食物，我们就浪费了地球的自然资源。)”可知，浪费食物就是浪费自然资源。故选D。13．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Forthesereasons,itisimportantforusalltoreduceourfoodwaste.(由于这些原因，减少食物浪费对我们所有人都很重要。)”可知，作者在下一段可能会谈论减少食物浪费的方法。故选C。Passage5Thecastle(城堡)wasthehomeofakingornobleman(贵族).MostofthecastleswethinkoftodaywerebuiltinEurope.Theywerebuiltfromabout1,000ADtoabout1,500AD,duringaperiodknownastheMiddleAges.CastlesplayedanimportantroleafterthefalloftheRomanEmpire.Whenakinggavelandtonobles,thenoblespromisedinreturntoservethekingandprovidehimwithsoldiers.Noblesbuiltcastlesonthelandsgiventothem.Butsomenoblessimplyclaimedlandastheirownandbuiltacastleonit.Thatwasaskingfortrouble.Thereweremanypowerstrugglesbetweennoblesandkings,andamongthenoblesthemselves.Manystonecastlesweresurroundedbyawideditchcalledamoat(护城河).Somemoatswerefilledwithwater,butmanywerenot.Theonlywayintothecastlewasacrossawoodendrawbridgeoverthemoat.Ifenemiesattacked,thedefendersraisedthebridge.Thentheyloweredaheavyiron-and-woodbarriercalledaportcullistoblocktheentrancetothecastle.Awell-builtcastlewasaprettysafeplacetobe.Attackershadahardtimegettingin.Buttheystillhadsomeoptions.Theycouldgooverthewallsusingladders.Theycouldbreakthroughthewallsordoors.Ortheycoulddigunderthewallsandtrytogetpartofthewalltofalldown.Ifnoneofthosethingsworked,theycouldjustcampoutsideuntilthedefendersranoutoffood.Attackerssometimesbroughtlargemachinescalledsiegeengineswiththemtobreakthroughcastledoorsorwalls.Thiswasaheavywoodenbeamwithametalcap.Intheearly1500s,cannons(大炮)enteredwideuseinwarfare.Cannonballscoulddigintothebaseofstonewallsandweakenthem.Thewallsthenfellundertheirownweight.Asaresult,castleswerenolongerneeded.14．Theunderlinedword“That”inPara.2referstothefactthat________.A．thenoblesclaimedlandastheirownandbuiltacastleonitB．thenoblespromisedtoservethekinginreturnC．thenoblesprovidedthekingwithsoldiersD．thenoblessimplylivedontheirown15．Whatwouldhappentothewoodendrawbridgewhenenemiesattacked?A．Itwouldbedestroyed. B．Itwouldbelowered.C．Itwouldbeblocked. D．Itwouldberaised.16．Whatarethelasttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?A．Attackingacastle. B．Visitingacastle.C．Aprettysafeplace. D．Weaknessofacastle.17．Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?A．KingsinancientEuropeweremoregenerous.B．Somecastleswerebuilttoattractmorevisitors.C．WarfaremustbecommonduringtheMiddleAges.D．Drawbridgeswereusedtobreakthroughcastledoors.【答案】14．A15．D16．A17．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了欧洲中世纪城堡的相关信息，包括城堡的建造背景、防御设施以及遭受攻击时的应对情况和城堡逐渐不再被需要的原因。14．指代猜测题。根据第二段“Butsomenoblessimplyclaimedlandastheirownandbuiltacastleonit.Thatwasaskingfortrouble.(但有些贵族只是宣称土地归自己所有，并在上面建造城堡。那是自找麻烦)”可知，“That”指代的是前文“有些贵族宣称土地归自己所有并在上面建造城堡”这一事实。故选A。15．细节理解题。根据第三段“Ifenemiesattacked,thedefendersraisedthebridge.(如果敌人进攻，防御者会升起吊桥)”可知，当敌人进攻时，木质吊桥会被升起。故选D。16．主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“Attackershadahardtimegettingin.Buttheystillhadsomeoptions.Theycouldgooverthewallsusingladders.Theycouldbreakthroughthewallsordoors.Ortheycoulddigunderthewallsandtrytogetpartofthewalltofalldown.Ifnoneofthosethingsworked,theycouldjustcampoutsideuntilthedefendersranoutoffood.(攻击者很难进入城堡。但他们仍有一些办法。他们可以用梯子翻墙。他们可以突破城墙或门。或者他们可以在城墙下挖掘，试图使部分城墙倒塌。如果这些都不起作用，他们就只能在外面扎营，直到防御者耗尽食物)”，此段详细阐述了攻击者为进入城堡所采取的多种方法。根据最后一段“Attackerssometimesbroughtlargemachinescalledsiegeengineswiththemtobreakthroughcastledoorsorwalls.Thiswasaheavywoodenbeamwithametalcap.Intheearly1500s,cannons(大炮)enteredwideuseinwarfare.Cannonballscoulddigintothebaseofstonewallsandweakenthem.Thewallsthenfellundertheirownweight.(攻击者有时会携带被称为攻城器械的大型装备，用来攻破城堡的城门或城墙。这是一种带有金属头的沉重木梁。16世纪早期，大炮在战争中得到广泛应用。炮弹能够轰进石墙底部，使其结构变脆弱，随后城墙便会因自身重量而坍塌)”，该段进一步介绍了攻击者借助攻城器械和大炮等手段来攻破城堡。综合这两段内容，其核心都是围绕攻击者如何对城堡发起攻击展开，所以选项A“Attackingacastle.(攻击城堡)”能够准确概括这两段的主旨。故选A。17．推理判断题。根据第二段“Thereweremanypowerstrugglesbetweennoblesandkings,andamongthenoblesthemselves.(贵族与国王之间，以及贵族彼此之间存在许多权力斗争)”以及最后两段提到的各种攻击城堡的方式可知，中世纪战争频繁。故选C。Passage6Inrecentdecades,globalratesofshort-sightednesshaverisenrapidly.Studiespredictthathalfoftheworld’spopulationcouldbeshort-sightedby2050.IntheUKandEuropealone,caseshavedoubledoverthepast50years.Arecentstudyanalyzingdatafrom107,442UKresidentsaged40—69revealedthatage,educationlevel,andethnicity(种族)arecloselylinkedtoshort-sightednessrisks.Theresearchersfoundthattherewasahigherpercentageofshort-sightednessinpeoplewhowereChinese.Infact,Chineseparticipantshada240%greaterriskofdevelopingshort-sightednessinchildhoodcomparedtowhiteparticipants.Interestingly,allotherethnicgroupsappearedtohaveareducedriskofdevelopingshort-sightednessinchildhood.Theresearchersalsolookedattheimpactthateducationhadonshort-sightedness.Theyfoundthatthemoreyearsspentineducation,thegreatertheriskapersonhadofdevelopingshort-sightednessinbothchildhoodandadulthood.Theyalsoshowedthattheyoungestparticipants(thosebornbetween1965—1970)whohadauniversityeducationwereeighttimesmorelikelytodevelopshort-sightednessinchildhoodcomparedtothosewhohadnoformaleducationqualifications.Thesignificantincreaseinshort-sightednessisconcerningforanumberofreasons.Forapersonwithshort-sightedness,havingtowearglassescanbecostly.Moresignificantly,italsoputsthematgreaterriskofeyediseases.Notonlycouldthisseriouslyimpactaperson’swayoflife,itwouldalsoputagreaterfinancialstrainonhealthcaresystems.Thereareanumberofactionsyoucantaketolowertheriskofdevelopingshort-sightednessduringchildhood.Spendingtimeoutdoorshascontinuedtodemonstrateaprotectiveeffectagainstdevelopingshort-sightedness.Butforchildrenwhomayalreadybeshort-sighted,specializedglassesareavailablethathavedemonstratedsuccessinreducingshort-sightednessprogression.18．WhichfactorisNOTcloselyrelatedtoshort-sightednessaccordingtotherecentstudy?A．Age. B．Height. C．Educationlevel. D．Race.19．FromParagraph2wecanguessthat________.A．Chineseparticipantshada240%riskofdevelopingshort-sightednessB．whiteparticipantshavethehighestriskofdevelopingshort-sightednessC．short-sightednessisacommonprobleminChinaD．short-sightednessismoreseriousinallotherethnicgroupsthaninChinesepeople20．Accordingtothewriter,whatisaneffectivewayforchildrentopreventshort-sightedness?A．Doingeyeexercise. B．Wearingspecializedglasses.C．Spendinglesstimeineducation. D．Havingoutdooractivities.21．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Differencesinshort-sightednessratesacrosscountries.B．Theimpactofoutdooractivitiesonchildren’shealth.C．Advancesinshort-sightednesscorrectiontechnology.D．Risingshort-sightednessratesandassociatedriskfactors.【答案】18．B19．C20．D21．D【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了近几十年全球近视率上升，研究表明年龄、教育程度和种族与近视风险相关，多户外活动等可降低儿童近视风险。18．细节理解题。根据第一段“Arecentstudyanalyzingdatafrom107,442UKresidentsaged40—69revealedthatage,educationlevel,andethnicity(种族)arecloselylinkedtoshort-sightednessrisks.(最近的一项研究分析了来自107442名40至69岁英国居民的数据，结果显示年龄、教育水平和种族与近视风险密切相关)”可知，身高与近视的关系不大。故选B。19．推理判断题。根据第二段“Theresearchersfoundthattherewasahigherpercentageofshort-sightednessinpeoplewhowereChinese.Infact,Chineseparticipantshada240%greaterriskofdevelopingshort-sightednessinchildhoodcomparedtowhiteparticipants.Interestingly,allotherethnicgroupsappearedtohaveareducedriskofdevelopingshort-sightednessinchildhood.(研究人员发现，中国人中近视患者的比例更高。事实上，与白人参与者相比，中国参与者在童年时期患近视的风险高出240%。有趣的是，其他所有族裔群体在童年时期患近视的风险似乎都有所降低)”可知，近视在中国是一个普遍存在的问题。故选C。20．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Spendingtimeoutdoorshascontinuedtodemonstrateaprotectiveeffectagainstdevelopingshort-sightedness.(户外活动一直被证明对预防近视有保护作用)”可知，根据作者的观点，对于儿童来说，预防近视的有效方法是进行户外活动。故选D。21．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段“Inrecentdecades,globalratesofshort-sightednesshaverisenrapidly.Studiespredictthathalfoftheworld’spopulationcouldbeshort-sightedby2050.IntheUKandEuropealone,caseshavedoubledoverthepast50years.Arecentstudyanalyzingdatafrom107,442UKresidentsaged40—69revealedthatage,educationlevel,andethnicity(种族)arecloselylinkedtoshort-sightednessrisks.(近几十年来，全球近视率急剧上升。研究预测，到2050年，全球一半的人口可能会患有近视。仅在英国和欧洲地区，病例数量在过去50年里就翻了一番。最近的一项研究分析了来自107，442名40至69岁英国居民的数据，结果显示年龄、教育水平和种族与近视风险密切相关)”可知，这篇文章主要讲的是近视发病率的上升以及相关风险因素。故选D。Passage7Elevenoftheworld'slanguageshaveatleastonehundredmillionnativespeakers.ThebiggestareMandarinChinese,English,Spanish,ArabicandHindi.NextcomePortuguese,Bengali，Russian,Japanese,FrenchandGerman.TheUnitedNationssaystheseelevenlanguagesarethemothertonguesofhalftheworld'spopulation.BudLaneworkswithlinguist(语言学家)GregoryAndersontorecordwordsforatalkingdictionary.Buttheworldhasclosetoseventhousandlanguages.Linguistspredictthatquitealotofthesemaybeatriskofdisappearingbytheendofthiscentury.Thatwouldmeananotherlanguagedieseverytwoweeks.MembersoftheSiletzIndiantribeinthenorthwesternstateofOregontakeprideintheirlanguage.Theirlanguage,theysay,"isasoldastimeitself".Buttodayveryfewpeoplecanspeakitfluently.Infact,youcancountthenumberoffluentspeakersononehand.BudLaneisoneofthem.SeveralNationalGeographicFellowshelpedhimrecordfourteenthousandwordsandphrasesinhisnativetongue.Morethantenthousandentries(词条)canbefoundintheSiletzOnlineTalkingDictionary,firstlaunched(推出)in2007.Smartphoneapps,YouTubevideosandFacebookpageshaveallbecomedigitaltoolsforlanguageactivistsandexperts.InCanada'sfarnorth,theInuitpeoplearestrugglingtopreservetheirnativelanguage，Inuktitut.PartoftheeffortinvolvesMicrosoft.ThecompanyistranslatingtermsinitsWindowsoperatingsystemandOfficesoftwareintoInuktitut.MicrosofthasalsoworkedwithlanguageactivistsinNewZealand,SpainandWalestotranslateitssoftwareintoMaori,Basque,CatalanandWelsh.InOregon,BudLanesaystechnologyalonecannotsaveendangeredlanguages.Hepointstoonesignofprogress:youngmembersofthetribearenowtextingeachotherintriballanguage.22．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A．Theeffortstoprotectthreatenedlanguages.B．Themothertonguesofhalftheworld'spopulation.C．Thedisappearanceofsometriballanguages.D．Atalkingdictionarytosaveendangeredlanguages.23．WhichofthefollowinglanguagesisBudLane'striballanguage?A．Inuktitut. B．Siletz. C．Maori. D．Bengali.24．Abouthowmanylanguagesmaydisappearonaverageinayear?A．6. B．12. C．24. D．70.25．WherecouldwehearSiletzatanytime?A．Ontheair. B．OnTV. C．Onthetape. D．OntheInternet.26．HowdidMicrosofthelptosavetheendangeredlanguages?A．Byteachingthemontheircompany. B．Byrecordingtheminatalkingdictionary.C．Byusingtheminitssoftware. D．Bygivingmoneytotheresearchers.【答案】22．A23．B24．C25．D26．C【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要讲述了世界上很多语言面临消失的风险，以及人们为保护这些濒危语言所做出的努力。22．主旨大意题。章首先指出世界上有许多语言面临消失的风险。根据第二段“Linguistspredictthatquitealotofthesemaybeatriskofdisappearingbytheendofthiscentury.Thatw