2015职称英语考试理工类新增文章及译文

1、2015年职称英语考试理工类教材对比题型2015新增文章2014被替换文章第一部分词汇选项无变化无变化第二部分阅读判断无变化无变化第三部分概括大意与完成句子无变化无变化第四部分阅读理解第九篇 An Essential Scientific Process第九篇 Egypt Feled by Famine第二十二篇 Real-World Robots第二十二篇 Snowflakes第五部分补全短文第九篇 Lightening Strikes第九篇 Heat Is Killer第五篇 A Record-breaking Rover第五篇 The Magic of Sound第十三篇 Affecti

2、onate Androids第十三篇 Sleeping Giant第六部分完形填空无变化无变化2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之理工类 补全短文 第九篇Lightening StrikesThree years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Millers house in Aberdeenwith her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother a

3、nd I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. _1_ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance

4、 in a million.” In fact, its calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldnt go out in a stormbut then Im quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough t

5、o be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.Lightning is one of natures most awesome displays of sheer power. _2_ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity,

6、but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works._3_ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and peoples hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, youll be glad to know that a company in America has manufa

7、ctured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storms approach.Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilders heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few da

8、ys in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time, she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. _4_ The best place to be is inside a car!The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 w

9、hen 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victimsseven adults and four childrenhad burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.Harold Deal, a retired ele

10、ctrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. _5_Animals are victims of lightning too2Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every y

11、ear, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.【词汇】bolt n.

12、（闪电）道sheer adj. 绝对的resuscitate v. 使复苏flock n. 群rubble n. 碎石spire n. 尖顶，尖塔instantaneously adv. 即刻，突如其来地【注释】1she has been a strictly fair weather golfer：她变成了一个只在晴朗天气才打高尔夫的人。2Animals are victims of lightning too：动物也会受到雷击的伤害。【练习】ANo wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, thro

13、wing thunderbolts around in anger.BIn fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.CLightning has long been hailed as one of the most impressive displays of natures power.DWhen I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demol

14、ished.EOccasionally there are warning signs.FSince then the freezing South Carolina winters havent bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.【答案与题解】1D前文讲到“我”被爆炸击中，因此后文要讲被击昏然后醒来之后的事，D项符合。2A前文讲闪电是大自然绝对力量最可怕的展现方式之一，而宙斯在古希腊是力量的化身，古希腊人认为雷电产生的原因是宙斯发怒并投掷闪电。3E后文讲到闪电来临之前的一些征兆，还讲到有一种产品可以

15、预告闪电。此处要填的是该段的主题句，即闪电到来之前会有一些征兆。4B前面讲到在高尔夫球场上被雷击的一个事例，后文讲闪电来临之时最安全的地方是汽车里，因此要填的句子应该是讲在高尔夫球场不安全。5F前文讲Harold因为雷击丧失了感受温度的能力，F选项中关于他再也不怕冬天的寒冷的描述符合要求。参考译文：雷击三年前，一道闪电几乎将林恩米勒在亚伯丁的房子夷为平地，当时她的两个孩子还在屋里面。“那是一场暴风雨”，林恩回忆那场可怕的经历时说道，“我和我的兄弟当时正在外面，拼命阻止雨水流进屋子里。突然，我被巨大的爆炸击倒在地。当我爬起来的时候，房子的屋顶和顶楼都不见了。门被碎石堵住了，我们强行把门打开，找到

16、了我的孩子，谢天谢地他们没有受伤。过后我得知，被闪电击中的概率是百万分之一。”事实上，有人计算过被闪电击中的概率是六百万分之一，虽然如此，AER技术中心的马克凯斯博士还是认为，人们面对闪电的时候应该小心，AER技术中心是一个专门监控闪电影响的组织，马克说：“我不会在暴风雨的天气到户外去：我是一个特别小心的人。”他还建议，要是不幸在户外遇到暴风雨，一定要趴在地上，蜷成球状，使自己的身体尽可能地缩小。闪电是大自然绝对力量最可怕的展现方式之一，难怪古希腊人认为雷电产生是因为众神之父宙斯发怒了，并向周围投掷闪电。250年前，美国科学家和政治家本杰明富兰克林证明了闪电是一种电，但是科学家仍然不完全清楚它

17、的形成机制。有时，闪电的到来有一些预兆。正电荷顺着树木或教堂尖顶向上流动的时候可能会有发光现象，并伴随着嗡嗡的噪声，人们的头发还可能会直立起来。如果你害怕闪电，那么有一个好消息，美国的一个公司生产了一种手持的闪电探测器，最远能够探测到70千米以外的闪电，并通过发出声音警报来提醒人们风暴的到来。南希，怀尔德被闪电击中的时候正在萨里的一个俱乐部打高尔夫球。被闪电击中后，她的心跳停止了，但随后她被救了回来。接下来的几天她都待在医院，治疗头上、手上和脚上的烧伤，直到康复出院。从那时起，她便只在晴朗的天气才打高尔夫。事实上，高尔夫球场是暴风雨天气最危险的地方之一，而最好的地方是汽车里。在1995年9月发

18、生了一起多人被闪电击中的事件，17名足球运动员在赛场上同时被击中。最惊人的是，死者中的11人包括7名成人和4名儿童在每个脚趾和脚底上都有烧伤的小洞图案，每个洞相距3厘米。哈罗德，迪尔是美国南卡罗莱纳州的一名退休电气技师，26年前，他被闪电击中。当时他看上去没有受伤，但是后来人们发现这次雷击损坏了他大脑中控制温度感受的部分。从那之后，南卡罗莱纳州寒冷的冬天就再也没让哈罗德发愁过，因为他已经完全感受不到寒冷。动物们也会成为雷击的牺牲品，每年都有数百头牛羊死于雷击，多数情况下是因为它们总是在下雨的时候躲在树下。1918年在东盎格利亚，一道闪电谅过整个羊群，一下杀死了504只羊。闪电每年还在世界范围内

19、引发10000多场火灾。2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之理工类阅读理解第二十二篇Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and

20、beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Todays robot is more than an automatic machin

21、e that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligencethat is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past exp

22、erience.A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and m

23、otors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robots base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its

24、 distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robo

25、ts actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.【词汇】envision v. 想象，预想device n. 装置accentuate v. 强调，重读artificial intelligence n. 人工智能limb n. 臂antennae n. 天线incline v. 倾斜pendulum n. 钟摆ultrasonic adj. 超声的metallic adj

26、. 金属的monotone n. 单调的humanoid adj. 像人的axle n. 轮轴rotate v. 旋转swivel n. 旋转teeter v. 摇晃gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪vertical n. 直立的【注释】1To find its way in its surroundings.：为了在周围找到路2the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上（以此来探知路径）。【练习】1A

27、nother good title for this passage would beARobots: Taking the Place of Humans.BArtificial Intelligence Programs.CTodays Robots and How They Function.DModern-Day Sensors.2Artificial intelligence isAthe unnatural way in which robots move.Ba voiceless, box-shaped machine that performs repetitive tasks

28、.Csensors such as antennae and a gyroscope.Da computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.3The last paragraph suggests that future robots will beAmore humanlike in behavior and actions.Bmore like automatic machines.Cbetter able to move on inclines.Dbetter equipped with laser light se

29、nsors.4The writer begins the passage by comparingAthe shape of a human being with a box.Ba modem robot with a fictional robot.Can imaginary machine with a human.Da computer program with artificial intelligence.5The word humanoid meansAlacking human characteristics.Banything having the appearance of

30、a humanoid.Cbeing void or vacant.Dhaving a human form or characteristics.【答案与题解】1C从文中得知，文章主要介绍了机器人和它们的运行方式，因此选择C选项。2DArtificial是“人工”的意思，intelligence是“智能”的意思。另外从文中得知，机器人使用artificial intelligence能够进行与人类类似的推理分析等活动，因此可知它是一种类似人类智能的计算机程序。3A最后一段讲机器人的发展方向是更加智能，能够自己判断并修正行为，而不仅仅是完成重复性的工作。4B文章开头的时候作者让读者描述他们脑海中

31、的机器人概念，并随后介绍了实际的机器人是怎样的，因此选择B选项。5D从humanoid的词根human可看出这个词是形容与人类有关的特征。另外根据文章对这个词的描述可以得出这个词是表示和人类类似的特征，不管是外形上，还是行为方式上参考译文：现实世界中的机器人当你想到机器人的时候，你脑海中浮现的是不是一个有着大致人类轮廓的、能够发挥像人类一样的功能，并且能用夹杂着高音的单调音调回答你的问题的有光泽的金属装置？很多人想象中的机器人都是这个样子的，但是，在现实世界中，机器人和人类长得一点都不像。与之相反，机器人通常是一个不会说话的盒子状机器，能够代替人类高效率地完成一些重复性的或者危险的工作。现在的

32、机器人不仅仅是一台能够重复同一任务的自动工具，而是具有不同程度的人工智能，也就是说，机器人内置了一个计算机程序，能够指导机器人完成与人类智能有关的任务，比如推理、得出结论，以及从过去的经验中学习。机器人不具备人形的原因是，如果机器人有两条腿的话，保持平衡会很困难。机器人的移动主要依靠轮轴结构旋转来实现。有的机器人甚至还能够通过接合点和发动机旋转和移动的臂。机器人依靠多种内置的感觉器来帮助寻找路径。连接在机器人底部的天线能够探测到机器人撞到的任何物体。在斜坡上移动的时候，如果机器人开始摇晃，机器人内部的陀螺仪和钟摆仪就会探测到水平方向的变化。机器人探测自己与其他物体的距离以及到达该物体的时间的方

33、法是发射激光束和超声波，通过反射的信号来判断这些信息。这些探测器不断地向计算机提供信息，计算机将这些信息进行分析，从而纠正或调整机器人的进一步动作。随着科技的进步，机器人也会在功能和人工智能程序等方面上取得发展。下一个问题是，同机器人发展感情有关系的问题。即使是现在，也许有许多人对他们的宠物产生深厚的依恋，并以此代替朋友身子孩子。很少有人认为这种行为有违道德。但是复杂的机器人可能更有吸引力。对于那些看上去老是和错误的人结婚的人来说，一个机器人另一半可能非常有诱惑力。人工智能之父马文明斯基谈到孤独的老人与机器人产生亲密关系这一问题时说：“如果机器人有人类所拥有的所有美德，并且更聪明，更善解人意，

34、那么老人干嘛还要费劲同另一个脾气暴躁的老人交谈？”一台机器人可以按照主人的要求被设定成愚笨的，也可以设定成聪明的，或者性格独立的，或者屈从温顺的，而这正是机器人的一大缺陷。拥有这样一个完美的机器人伙伴会损害人们形成亲密的人与人之间关系的能力，因为其他人同机器人比起来，总是显得不够完美。当你有做得不对的地方时，好朋友总是会告诉你，但是很少有人会将自己的机器人设定为会指出自己的不足。处在人际关系中的人必须要学会互相适应：享受共同的兴趣，同时妥善处理分歧，这使得我们更充盈、更强大、更富有智慧。在一开始的时候机器人朋友也会显得很完美，但这对于我们讲关系深入发展没有益处。2015年新版职称英语教材新增文

35、章系列之理工类 补全短文 第十三篇Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it wont be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.Will we ever wa

36、nt to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. _1_Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these stro

37、ng attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatureseven objects.For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. _2_ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler

38、. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfe

39、ct companionssoul mates, even? _3_ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and

40、use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical._4_ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics

41、of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as a

42、n owner desired. And thats the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When youre behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. _5_People in relationships have to learn

43、to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.【词汇】affectionate adj. 深情的dexterity n

44、. 灵巧，敏捷anthropomorphize v. 赋于人性，人格化grumpy adj. 脾气暴躁的cyber adj. 计算机的tend v. 照料bot n. 机器人subservient adj. 屈从的，奉承的【注释】1Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn：计算机技术已经足够成熟，能够支持人形机器人的诞生和普及，进入人形机器人的时代。【练习】AIts easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend

45、.BBut a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.CAnd if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.DHowever, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.EMaybe

46、your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.FThe bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.【答案与题解】1C前文讲到David在书中认为人与机器人的关系在几十年后将变得普遍，因此接下来应该

47、继续讲这种普遍性是怎样的。2F前文讲在圣地亚哥的一个实验，研究人员将机器人放在儿童游乐园里，要填的句子应该是介绍这个机器人。3E前文提了几个问题，是关于我们对人与机器人关系的看法，而后文讲“他们”会乐于接受，因此要填的句子应该是两类人的对比。E项讲我们这一代人可能会反对，但下一代人就不一定了，符合意思。4B前文讲有人和宠物发展深厚关系，后面讲的是与机器人发展深厚关系的吸引人之处，因此这里应该讲机器人做伴侣的好处。5D前文讲好朋友会在你犯错的时候指出来，这里应该是表示对比机器人不会这么做。参考译文：深情的机器人计算机技术已经足够成熟，能够使人形成机器人的诞生和普及，进入人形机器人的时代。（那些有

48、着人类的皮肤、敏捷性、智力的机器人，已经离我们不远了。他们将被设计成能够满足我们所有的需求。）我们会不会像和机器人结婚呢？人工智能研究人员大卫莱维曾出版过一本书，在书中他认为，人与机器人之间的交流在几十年内将会变得很常见，而如果你想和你的特别的电子朋友恋爱结婚，莱维认为，这种婚姻关系将在2050年左右得到社会认可。人们真的能够对机器人产生深厚的感情吗？事实上，产生这种感情不难，因为人脑喜欢将物体拟人化，也就是给其他生物甚至物体赋予人类特质。比如说，圣地亚哥的研究人员曾将一个小型的人形机器人放置在一个儿童游乐场里几个月时间。这个机器人认识每一个孩子，因为内在的程序系统赋予了他人脸识别和声音识别能

49、力，并且当有人给它挠痒痒的时候它还会笑。最后，孩子们都把她当做自己的同伴。当它因为没电而躺倒在地时候，孩子们甚至给它盖上毯子。几十年之后，当人形机器人有着类似人类的皮肤，并且看上去和摸上去都非常像真人的时候，人们会不会想和他们发展深入的关系呢？要是机器人能进行对话，情况会怎么样呢？要是编程能使他们变成完美的同伴，甚至灵魂伴侣，情况又会怎样呢？肯能我们这一代人会反对这种情况，但是最终会有一代人将同机器人一同长大，将机器人视为正常生活的一部分。2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之理工类 补全短文 第五篇A Record-Breaking RoverNASAs Mars rover Opport

50、unity has boldly gone where no rover has gone beforeat least in terms of distance. _1_On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holdera Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.“This is so remark

51、able considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance,” says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager._2_ “But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have ac

52、complished over that distance.”OPPORTUNITYThe solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. _3_Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continu

53、ed to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. _4_MARATHON ROVERThe rover doesnt seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will

54、reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. _5_Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Marss ancient environment1. Opportunitys continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to th

55、e Red Planet.【词汇】Mars rover n. 火星车panoramic adj. 全景的odometer n. 里程计rack up v. 积累microscopic adj. 微观的【注释】1could hold clues to Marss ancient environment：含有与火星早期环境有关的线索。【练习】AIt has also provided scientists with data on the planets atmosphere, soil, rocks, and terrain.BHe works at NASAs Jet Propulsion L

56、aboratory in Pasadena, California.CScientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.DOpportunity has been working on Mars since January 2004.EThe objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life，such as the possible presence of water.FSince arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles, more tha