Introduction to Modeling.pptx

1、Chapter 1Introduction to Modeling,Introduction to Management Science(11th. Edition) Bernard W. Taylor III,Management science is a scientific approach to solving management problems.管理学是一门科学的方法来解决管理上的问题。 It is used in a variety of organizations to solve many different types of problems.这是用在各种组织，解决了许多

2、不同类型的问题。 It encompasses a logical mathematical approach to problem solving.它涵盖了数理逻辑的方法来解决问题。 Management science, also known as operations research, quantitative methods, etc., involves a philosophy of problem solving in a logical manner.管理科学，也被称为运筹学，定量方法等，涉及到逻辑方式的哲学问题的解决。,- 2 -,The Management Scienc

3、e Approach,Figure 1.1 The management science process,- 3 -,The Management Science Approach to Problem Solving,Observation Identification of a problem that exists(or may occur soon) in a system or organization. Definition of the Problem - Problem must be clearly and consistently defined, showing its

4、boundaries and interactions with the objectives of the organization. Model Construction - Development of the functional mathematical relationships that describe the decision variables, objective function and constraints of the problem. Model Solution - Models solved using management science techniqu

5、es. Model Implementation - Actual use of the model or its solution.,- 4 -,Steps in the Management Science Process,Information and Data: Business firm makes and sells a steel product Product costs $5 to produce Product sells for $20 Product requires 4 pounds of steel to make Firm has 100 pounds of st

6、eel Business Problem: Determine the number of units to produce to make the most profit, given the limited amount of steel available.,- 5 -,Example of Model Construction (1 of 3),Variables(): x = # units to produce (decision variable) Z = total profit (in $) Model() :Z = $20 x - $5x (objective functi

7、on) 4x = 100 lb of steel (resource constraint) Parameters() :$20, $5, 4 lbs, 100 lbs (known values) Formal Specification of Model: objective function()maximize Z = $20 x - $5x constraints()subject to 4x = 100,- 6 -,Example of Model Construction (2 of 3),Model Solution Solve the constraint equation:

8、4x = 100 (4x)/4 = (100)/4 x = 25 units Substitute this value into the profit function: Z = $20 x - $5x = (20)(25) (5)(25) = $375 (Produce 25 units, to yield a profit of $375),- 7 -,Example of Model Construction (3 of 3),Figure 1.6 Classification of management science techniques,- 8 -,Classification

9、of Management Science Techniques,Linear Mathematical Programming( ) Clear objective; Restrictions on resources and requirements; Parameters known with certainty. (Ch. 2-6, 9) Deterministic techniques Probabilistic Techniques( ) Results contain uncertainty. (Ch. 11-13) Network Techniques( ) Model oft

10、en formulated as diagram; deterministic or probabilistic. (Ch. 7-8) Other Techniques Variety of deterministic and probabilistic methods for specific types of problems including forecasting, inventory, simulation, multicriteria, AHP (analytic hierarchy process), etc. (Ch. 9, 14-16),- 9 -,Characteristics of Modeling Techniques,Some application sectors: Business and Industry Government Healthcare Service orga