第三章 山东科技大学研究生翻译（李成明） 词语的选择.ppt

1、第三章 词语的选择,语言的形式与意义之间的关系可粗略划分成以下三种： F1M1; F1Mx; FxM1（F代表形式，M代表意义，x1） 明辨词义不仅是翻译的起点，而且也是翻译的基础和关键环节。用词错误往往会影响整个句子、乃至整篇文章的意思，正所谓“差之毫厘，谬以千里。”,Operate： He took the machine to pieces to try and find out how it operated. 他把机器拆开，想看看机器怎么运转的。 If theres an electrical failure, its possible to operate the lift man

2、ually. 如果停电，可以由人力开动电梯。 Changes are being introduced to make the department operate more efficiently. 变革正在进行，以提高部门的工作效率。,Specially equipped troops are operating undercover activities in the hills. 专门部队在山上进行秘密训练。 We have representatives operating in most countries. 我们在许多国家都有代理开展业务。 Exchange rates are

3、currently operating to the advantage of exports. 目前的汇率走势对出口有利。 Destructive forces are clearly operating within the community. 显然社区中有破坏势力在活动。,发展是硬道理。 Development is the absolute / cardinal / primary principle. 假日经济在我国已经呈现出广阔的发展前景。 The holiday economy promises remarkable growth. The holiday economy ho

4、lds great promise of growth. The holiday economy has remarkable potential for growth. The holiday economy has the prospect of remarkable growth.,英译汉中常用的确定词义的手段,一、根据词语搭配和上下文选择词义,He reached his hand out for the book I offered him. 他伸出手来接我给他的书。 We tried to reach them by cable. 我们试着用电报跟他们联络。 She reached

5、 up and picked a pear off a branch. 她抬起手从一根枝上摘下一只梨。 The speakers voice couldnt reach to the back of the auditorium. 礼堂后排听不到演讲人的声音。 The insecticide was put out of the childs reach. 杀虫剂放在孩子够不着的地方。 The upper reaches of Minjiang River serves as ecological barriers of Sichuan Province and even the west o

6、f China. 岷江上游是四川省乃至我国西南重要的生态屏障,1. We had a grand view of a sea of clouds when we climbed to the top of the mountain. 当我们爬上了山巅时，看到了云海的壮观景象。 2. We must do away with the grandiose style of work. 我们必须摈弃浮夸的工作作风。 3. It is indeed the most magnificent drawing-room I have ever seen. 那的确是我所见到的最豪华的客厅。 4. The b

7、uildings around the Circus are rather nondescript, though some of them are large and quite imposing. 广场周围的建筑物并不起眼，不过其中有一些还比较高大、宏伟。 5. Whenever the stately national anthem is performed, I am invariably emotionally roused. 每当奏起庄严的国歌时，我总在感情上受到激发。,1. 集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development 2. 不

8、搞劳民伤财的“形象工程” refrain from building “vanity projects ”that waste both money and manpower 3. 对内搞活，对外开放 revitalize domestic economy, open up to the outside world 4. 恶搞 spoof 5. 坚持对话,不搞对抗 persist in dialogue, refrain from confrontation,persist in: do something repeatedly and showing no intention to stop

9、 坚持做某事；固执地继续做某事。 If you persist in doing that you will end up in trouble. 你要坚持做那件事的话，将来麻烦可多着呢。 insist on:坚决主张；坚持认为；坚决要求；坚持要 Do you still insist on your price? 你们仍然坚持自己的价格吗? v. 1. be emphatic or resolute and refuse to budge 例句: I must insist!2. beg persistently and urgently 3. assert to be true,6. 搞花

10、架子 do something superficial 7. 搞活国营大中型企业 invigorate large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 8. 更加注重搞好宏观调控 pay more attention to exercising macro-control 9. 开放搞活 open up and enliven the economy 10. 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设 increase the deficit to spend more on development,11）With the invention of writing, a

11、 great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored, libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries. 译文：由于文字的发明，人类取得了巨大的进步，因为此时知识不仅可以交流，而且可以储存。图书为开展教育活动提供了可能性，而教育又反过来增加了图书的数量和内容。,二、根据词语搭配和上下文变通词义,词义引申的手段 词义的转化 词义的具体化 词义的抽象化,1、词义

12、的转化 1）The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here. 译：可能影响投资开支的因素并不止这些。 2）Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are not going to reverse the trend. 译：不管你对它的态度如何，经济全球化已成为我们生活的一部分，这个趋势不可逆转。 3）Our products, if maintained properly and regularly,

13、can at least see twenty years service. 译：我们的产品如果适当地定期检修，至少可以使用20年。 4）Thats a tall story about the towns high street. 译: 有关这城主街的说法实在令人难以置信。,2、词义的具体化 1) There is more to their life than political and social and economic problem, more than transient everydayness. 他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。 2

14、) The factory is famous for its arsenal of technical geniuses. 这家工厂以拥有众多技术精英而著称。 3)Our unique concept was a response to buyer needs, bringing greater reliability, higher-quality output, exceptional user-friendliness and operational ease. 我们唯一的信念就是要适应购买者的需要，生产更可靠的、质量更高的产品，让使用者感到格外好用和操作方便。,4) Dobbin h

15、ad been in the coffee-room for an hour or more He had tried all the papers but could not read them 杜宾在咖啡室少说也待了一个钟头。他翻遍了所有的报纸，可什么也没看进去 5) It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the drivers seat is another matter altogether. 当然油箱里装满优质汽油倒是好事，但是驾驶室里要是坐着横冲直撞的司机就完全是另一回

16、事了。 6) I want to be TVs Czar of script and grammar 我真想成为电视这一行的霸主，所有节目我说了算。,3、词义的抽象化 1）The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 percent. 利率一直在10到15之间不断波动。 2）Brain drain has been Kangdings No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been an epidemic in this area. 人才外流一直是康定的头号问题，实际上，它已经成为那一地区带

17、普遍性的严峻问题。 3）There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既 残暴，又狡猾。 4）Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。,5）Tony is only nineteen and the baby of our crew. 托尼只有十九岁，是我们机组里的小字辈。 6. He had lived all his life in desert where every cupful of water

18、 might be a matter of life and death. 他一直在沙漠上生活，这地方每一杯水都得精打细算地用；一杯水可能是生死攸关的事。 7. Instead，an assassins bullet erased in the minds of Americans any faults he had 事实正好相反，一个刺客的暗杀行径反而使美国人忘却了他所有的毛病。,词义的褒贬： 1）He was a man of high renown (fame). 他是位有名望的人。（褒） 2）The adoption of new policies will surely lead t

19、o some striking results. 采取各项新政策必将带来显著成果。 3）There would have been more painful result but for the drastic measures. 若不是采取了严厉措施，那将会出现的更痛苦的后果。 4）As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。（贬）,5）The popularity of television and the diffi

20、culty of financing plays have helped to close many theatres. But now it seems the theatre is about to pick up again after a period of decline. 电视普及，加上戏剧筹资困难，许多剧院被迫关门。然而经过一端时间的衰落后，现在剧院似乎又将重新焕发生机。 6) Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。（贬） 7）He was polite and

21、 always gave advice willingly, she recalled. 她回忆说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。”（褒）,汉译英中常用的确定词义的手段,一、词语的选择 集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development 2. 坚持对话,不搞对抗 persist in dialogue, refrain from confrontation 3. 不搞劳民伤财的“形象工程” refrain from building “vanity projects ”that waste both money and manpower 4. 对内搞

22、活，对外开放 revitalize domestic economy, open up to the outside world 5. 恶搞 spoof,6. 搞花架子 do something superficial 7. 搞活国营大中型企业 invigorate large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 8. 更加注重搞好宏观调控 pay more attention to exercising macro-control 9. 开放搞活 open up and enliven the economy 10. 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设 inc

23、rease the deficit to spend more on development,25个基本成语俗语,安居乐业 骨肉分离 各得其所 众议纷纭 夜长梦多,live in peace and work happily family separation be properly provided for disagree on A long delay may mean trouble.,时不我与 依时顺势 日渐没落 鹬蚌相争 尔虞我诈,Time and tide wait for no man. keep up with the tide being pushed out of bus

24、iness play A off against B sheer cunning and falsehood,备受推崇 物美价廉 不谋而合 博大精深 源远流长,be rewarded and respected attractive in price and quality coincide with both extensive and profound long-standing and well-established,吃苦耐劳 当务之急 勤俭持家 尊师重教 奇园古宅,bear hardships highest priority frugality in household manag

25、ement respect teachers and value education exotic gardens and old mansions,衣食住行 凤毛麟角 天下为公 天下兴亡，匹夫有责 善有善报，恶有恶报,clothing, food, shelter and transportation a rarity of the rarities All under heaven are equal. Everybody is responsible for the fate of his country. the good inevitably is successful and th

26、e bad inevitably punished,促进,发展类词汇,促进 Promote, improve, proceed, further 加强 Advance, strengthen, enhance,加速 Accelerate, speed up, step up 深化 Deepen, in-depth, intensify,提升 Boom 调节 Regulate 保持 maintain,改善 Improve 转变 Shift 实施 Carry out 发挥 Give full play to,举办世博会有助于中国进一步推进改革开放，促进长江流域经济的发展，加强中国与各国间的友好交往

27、. Hosting the World Exposition is of benefit for China to further its reform and opening-up process, promote the economic development in the Yangtze River basin and strengthen its friendly relations with other countries as well.,The popularization and development of industry further stepped up the r

28、apid economic growth, and new products appeared in large numbers.,一词多义之汉译英,例: 东西,水平, 关心 生活水平 英语水平,Living standard,English proficiency,He knows more English than I.,游泳水平,Swimming skill He is quite good at swimming. Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership.,关心 worry, to be concerned

29、 about to care about the well-being of the people to follow the development closely Issues of common concern / mutual interest Our leaders have taken great interest in the development of our bilateral relations. We would like to know if China will be able to achieve a sustainable development.,归根到底 i

30、n the final / last analysis = in the end Violence in the last analysis produces more violence. 人才资源 Human resources 合理 = reasonable? Sound ?,Rational,利用 Use / utilization / exploitation In the final analysis, market competition is the one in talents and rational development and exploitation of human

31、 resources.,管理人才 Managerial personnel 重视 Pay attention to / attach importance to 分不开 Have much to do with,拥有: Have, own, possess 吐血推荐: boast 这家媒体网络拥有一只专业人员和管理队伍. This network boasts a team of professionals and managers. 北京世界公园于90年代初在北京兴建,是北京的新景点之一. Completed in the early 1990s, the Beijing World Par

32、k boasts one of the new scenic spots in Beijing.,11、假日外出旅游，成为国人风行的节目。 (1) Traveling on holidays has become an activity popular with Chinese people. (2) Traveling on holidays is most popular with Chinese people. 12、企业经济效益显著改善。 The economic performance of enterprises improved markedly. 13、生产生活条件明显改善。

33、Production and living conditions have remarkably improved.,14、中国加入世贸组织后，人才市场会出现新的潮流。 There will be new trends in the personnel market after Chinas entry into the WTO. 15、大力加强社会主义精神文明建设。 We should vigorously promote socialist cultural and ethic progress.,二、词语的搭配 16、电脑的普及为网络走进千家万户创造了条件。 The populariza

34、tion of computer has paved the way for Internets entry into average families. The popularization of computer has made it possible for the Internet to enter into average families. The popularization of computer has created conditions for Internets entry into average families. (x) 17、新形势、新趋势、新技术，促进了生产

35、力的发展，促进了创造力的发挥，促进了各国之间的合作与交流。 The new development, trends and technologies have helped expand productive forces, given full play to creativity, and enhance exchanges and cooperation among countries.,18、我们要维护人民的权力。 We should maintain the peoples rights. 根据不同的上下文，“维护”有不同的译法： 维护统一 uphold unity 维护独立主权 u

36、phold independence and sovereignty 维护国家主权 defend state sovereignty 维护人民利益 safeguard the peoples interests 维护自尊 safeguard ones self respect 维护世界和平与安全 maintain /safeguard world peace and security,19、积极开展资源回收利用，大力提高资源综合利用率。 We need to increase our recycling of resources in order to utilize our resource

37、s more effectively. 20、积极推动信息技术在各行业的广泛应用。 We need to extensively apply IT in enterprises in all industries. 21、我们将积极调整、发展第三产业。 We will be working vigorously/ energetically to restructure and develop tertiary industries.,22、工业结构调整取得积极进展。 Significant progress was made in industrial structural adjustme

38、nt. 23、东部地区要积极支持中西部地区发展。 The eastern region should actively support the development of the central and western regions. 24、积极发展各项社会事业。 We will energetically / make great efforts to develop all social undertakings.,三、词语的引申 25、中国经济取得巨大发展，中国人民终于扬眉吐气了。 Chinese people feel proud and elated for the great

39、economic development in China. 26、“五一”假期，火车票十分紧俏，人们提前10天预订火车票。 Train tickets during the Labor Day holidays were in short supply, and people flocked to book tickets ten days in advance. 27、中国是一个发展中国家，消除贫困任重道远。 (1) China is a developing country, and it has a long way to go to shake off poverty. (2) Ch

40、ina is a developing country, and it is an arduous task to eradicate poverty.,28、家用电器和艺术品很受俄国商人的欢迎，但服装和纺织品却吃了闭门羹。 Electric appliances and handicrafts are popular among Russian businessmen, but clothes and textile products are given the cold shoulder. 29、台湾当局应该审时度势，顺应民意，走和平统一的光明大道。 The Taiwan authorities should size up the situation and go with the peoples voice to get on the right way of peaceful reunification. 30、传统的人海战术在现代化高技术面前不堪一击。 Compared with modern high technology, the traditional huge-crowd strategy is not competitive at all.,三、词义选择的常见错误,（一）望文生义 1） My shoes are