郑振龙 期权期货及其衍生市场 Chapter 1.ppt

1、Chapter 1,Introduction,The Nature of Derivatives,A derivative is an instrument whose value depends on the values of other more basic underlying variables,Examples of Derivatives,Swaps Options Forward Contracts Futures Contracts,Derivatives Markets,Exchange Traded standard products trading floor or c

2、omputer trading virtually no credit risk Over-the-Counter non-standard products telephone market some credit risk,Ways Derivatives are Used,To hedge risks To reflect a view on the future direction of the market To lock in an arbitrage profit To change the nature of a liability To change the nature o

3、f an investment without incurring the costs of selling one portfolio and buying another,Forward Contracts,A forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future for a certain price (the delivery price) It can be contrasted with a spot contract which is an agreemen

4、t to buy or sell immediately,How a Forward Contract Works,The contract is an over-the-counter (OTC) agreement between 2 companies The delivery price is usually chosen so that the initial value of the contract is zero No money changes hands when contract is first negotiated and it is settled at matur

5、ity,The Forward Price,The forward price for a contract is the delivery price that would be applicable to the contract if were negotiated today (i.e., it is the delivery price that would make the contract worth exactly zero) The forward price may be different for contracts of different maturities,远期价

6、格,我们把使得远期合约价值为零的交割价格称为远期价格（Forward Price）。 这个远期价格显然是理论价格，它与远期合约在实际交易中形成的实际价格（即双方签约时所确定的交割价格）并一定相等。 一旦理论价格与实际价格不相等，就会出现套利（Arbitrage）机会。,远期价格与远期价值的区别,远期价格指的是远期合约中标的物的远期价格，它是跟标的物的现货价格紧密相联的. 远期价值则是指远期合约本身的价值，它是由远期实际价格与远期理论价格的差距决定的。,远期合约的由来和优缺点,远期合约是适应规避现货交易风险的需要而产生的。 远期合约是非标准化合约,灵活性较大. 缺点：效率较低,流动性较差,违约风

7、险较高。,Terminology,The party that has agreed to buy has what is termed a long position The party that has agreed to sell has what is termed a short position,Example (page 3),On January 20, 1998 a trader enters into an agreement to buy 1 million in three months at an exchange rate of 1.6196 This obliga

8、tes the trader to pay $1,619,600 for 1 million on April 20, 1998 What are the possible outcomes?,Profit from aLong Forward Position,profit,K,Price of Underlying at Maturity, ST,Profit from a Short Forward Position,ST,K,Futures Contracts,Agreement to buy or sell an asset for a certain price at a cert

9、ain time Similar to forward contract Whereas a forward contract is traded OTC a futures contract is traded on an exchange,1. Gold: An Arbitrage Opportunity?,Suppose that: The spot price of gold is US$300 The 1-year forward price of gold is US$340 The 1-year US$ interest rate is 5% per annum Is there

10、 an arbitrage opportunity?,2. Gold: Another Arbitrage Opportunity?,Suppose that: The spot price of gold is US$300 The 1-year forward price of gold is US$300 The 1-year US$ interest rate is 5% per annum Is there an arbitrage opportunity?,The Forward Price of Gold,If the spot price of gold is S , the

11、forward price for a contract deliverable in T years is F, then F = S (1+r )T where r is the 1-year (domestic currency) risk-free rate of interest. In our examples, S=300, T=1, and r=0.05 so that F = 300(1+0.05) = 315,1. Oil: An Arbitrage Opportunity?,Suppose that: The spot price of oil is US$19 The

12、quoted 1-year futures price of oil is US$25 The 1-year US$ interest rate is 5% per annum The storage costs of oil are 2% per annum Is there an arbitrage opportunity?,2. Oil: Another Arbitrage Opportunity?,Suppose that: The spot price of oil is US$19 The quoted 1-year futures price of oil is US$16 Th

13、e 1-year US$ interest rate is 5% per annum The storage costs of oil are 2% per annum Is there an arbitrage opportunity?,Exchanges Trading Futures,Chicago Board of Trade Chicago Mercantile Exchange BM&F (Sao Paulo, Brazil) LIFFE (London) TIFFE (Tokyo) and many more (see list at end of book),Options,A

14、 call option is an option to buy a certain asset by a certain date for a certain price (the strike price) A put is an option to sell a certain asset by a certain date for a certain price (the strike price),Long Call on IBM (Figure 1.2, Page 5),Profit from buying an IBM European call option: option p

15、rice = $5, strike price = $100, option life = 2 months,Short Call on IBM (Figure 1.4, page 9),Profit from writing an IBM European call option: option price = $5, strike price = $100, option life = 2 months,Long Put on Exxon (Figure 1.3, page 6),Profit from buying an Exxon European put option: option

16、 price = $7, strike price = $70, option life = 3 mths,Short Put on Exxon (Figure 1.5, page 7),Profit from writing an Exxon European put option: option price = $7, strike price = $70, option life = 3 mths,Payoffs from OptionsWhat is the Option Position in Each Case?,X = Strike price, ST = Price of as

17、set at maturity,Types of Traders,Hedgers Speculators Arbitrageurs Some of the large trading losses in derivatives occurred because individuals who had a mandate to hedge risks switched to being speculators,Hedging Examples (pages 10),A US company will pay 1 million for imports from Britain in 3 mont

18、hs and decides to hedge using a long position in a forward contract An investor owns 500 IBM shares currently worth $102 per share. A two- month put with a strike price of $100 costs $4. The investor decides to hedge by buying 5 contracts,Speculation Example,An investor with $7,800 to invest feels that Exxons stock price will increase over the next 3 months. The current stock price is $78 and the price of a 3-month call option with a strike of 80 is $3 What are the alternative strategies?,Arbitrage Example (page 11),A stock price is quoted as 100 in London and $172 in New Yo