Americans and the Land高级英语答案.pptx

1、Lesson Six TEXT Americans and the Land By John Steinbeck,Analogy,Land (陆地) is to human what water is to fish. The land (土地) is to farmers what the factory is to workers. As America is a/the land (国家、国度、地区) of _, China is a/the land of _.,Clause,Subject,Land,is,V,Adverbial of manner (方式状语),Complement

2、(补语、表语),to human,what water is to fish.,nominal clause (名词性分句),Complement,Subject,Adverbial,V,Pron,Background,The American Dream,The American Dream is a national ethos of the United States in which freedom includes a promise of prosperity and success. The United States Declaration of Independence: “

3、All men are created equal endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” People chasing the American Dream are powered by the faith that the New World (North America, the United States) holds unlimited opportunity for everyone, regardless of rac

4、e, gender, ethnicity, religion, class, or economic status.,The Statue of Liberty symbolizing the American Dream,Immigrants seek to join the American way of life, for:,farm and home ownership (in early times);,the ability, through participation in the society and economy, to achieve prosperity;,Etc.,

5、the opportunity to make individual choices without the prior restrictions by their background;,the opportunity for their children to grow up and receive a good education and career without artificial barriers;,John Steinbeck (1902-1968),Biography on P. 99 American writer/novelist Writing style: soci

6、al realism; Writing focus: the dispossessed and the wretched, social problems; Pulitzer Prize (普利策奖) winner for literature in 1940 for The Grapes of Wrath; Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1962 for his “realistic and imaginative writing, combining as it does sympathetic humor and keen social per

7、ception”.,Steinbecks Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech,In 1962, in Stockholm: “The writer is delegated to declare and to celebrate mans proven capacity for greatness of heart and spiritfor gallantry in defeat, for courage, compassion and love. In the endless war against weakness and despair, these are t

8、he bright rally flags of hope and of emulation. I hold that a writer who does not believe in the perfectibility of man has no dedication nor any membership in literature.”,John Steinbeck s bibliography,Cup of Gold (1927) The Pastures of Heaven (1932) The Red Pony (1933) To a God Unknown (1933) Torti

9、lla Flat (1935) In Dubious Battle (1936) Of Mice and Men (1937) The Long Valley (1938) The Grapes of Wrath (1939) The Forgotten Village (1941) Sea of Cortez: A Leisurely Journal of Travel and Research (1941) The Moon Is Down (1942) Bombs Away: The Story of a Bomber Team (1942) Cannery Row (1945) The

10、 Wayward Bus (1947) The Pearl (1947) A Russian Journal (1948) Burning Bright (1950) The Log from the Sea of Cortez (1951) East of Eden (1952) Sweet Thursday (1954) The Short Reign of Pippin IV: A Fabrication (1957) Once There Was A War (1958) The Winter of Our Discontent (1961) Travels with Charley:

11、 In Search of America (1962) America and Americans (1966),Novella (short novel),Non-fiction:纪实文学,Steinbecks masterpiece,Of Mice and Men,As victims of the Great Depression, George and his best friend Lennie, migrant ranch workers, travel along the Salinas River in search of their next job, driven by

12、a dream of one day owning a ranch of their own.,The Grapes of Wrath,During the Great Depression, a poor family of sharecroppers, the Joads, were driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, dust storm, and changes in the agriculture industry into a nearly hopeless situation of economic hardship, and

13、therefore they set out for California along with thousands of other Okies in search of land, jobs and dignity. Quotation: “When a majority of the people are hungry and cold they will take by force what they need .”,America and Americans,Steinbecks reflections on some social, political and ethical is

14、sues:,“Americans and the Land”: An exposition,I have often wondered at the savagery and thoughtlessness with which our early settlers approached this rich continent.They came at it as though it were an enemy, which of course it was.They burned the forests and changed the rainfall; they swept the buf

15、falo from the plains, blasted the streams, set fire to the grass, and ran a reckless scythe through the virgin and noble timber.Perhaps they felt that it was limitless and could never be exhausted and that a man could move on to new wonders endlessly.Certainly there are many examples to the contrary

16、, but to a large extent the early people pillaged the country as though they hated it, as though they held it temporarily and might be driven off at any time.,Pa. 1: Early settlers irresponsibility,1. What are the early settlers characterized by? 2. How do we interpret “They came at it as though it

17、were an enemy, which of course it was”? (1) They attacked the land as if attacking an enemy; (2) The land was indeed hostile to them considering the harsh natural conditions and the threats from native Americans. 3. What activities (or verbs) illustrate the early settlers attacking the land?,wonder

18、at: marvel at, feel amazed at savagery: barbarism, brutality, cruelty thoughtlessness: inconsideration approach: reach, come to this rich continent: this fertile land, i.e., North America come at (go at): attack sweep: purge, destroy, massacre blast: blow up reckless: rash, imprudent the virgin and

19、noble timber: the primeval and very tall trees in forest limitless: boundless exhausted: used up wonders: wonderland, places full of wonderful things endlessly: illimitably, unlimitedly, infinitely, boundlessly examples to the contrary: counter-examples pillage: plunder, rob, harry, raven,to the con

20、trary: Adj. counter-, opposite He produced no evidence to the contrary.If you dont hear something to the contrary Ill meet you at seven oclock tonight.I shall continue to believe it until I get proof to the contrary.I will go on with my work unless I get the order to the contrary. on the contrary: A

21、dv. in contrast He is not poor; on the contrary, he is a billionaire. It doesnt seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think its rather beautiful.,Life on the American frontier (边疆),Frontier: the margin of settled land fronting the wilderness,Frontiersmen (边民、拓荒者),challenges: food, clothing, shelter, e

22、ducation, entertainment, security, etc.,Frontier trade 边贸 Frontier defense 边防 Frontier spirit 拓荒精神 Frontier S our rivers are poisoned by reckless dumping of sewage and toxic industrial wastes, the air of our cities is filthy and dangerous to breathe from the belching of uncontrolled products from co

23、mbustion of coal, coke, oil, and gasoline.Our towns are girdled with wreckage and the debris of our toysour automobiles and our packaged pleasures. Through uninhibited spraying against one enemy we have destroyed the natural balances our survival requires.All these evils can and must be overcome if

24、America and Americans are to survive; but many of us still conduct ourselves as our ancestors did, stealing from the future for our clear and present profit .,tendency: inclination dumping: discharging sewage: waste or polluted water; effluent toxic: poisonous filthy: very dirty, foul belching: rele

25、ase, emission, discharging e.g., He gave a loud belch (嗝). Plant chimneys belch out dense smoke. uncontrolled: unprocessed combustion: burning gasoline: petrol girdled: surrounded wreckage: remains of damaged stuff debris: fragments of remains uninhibited: uncontrolled, unrestrained steal: snatch (攫

26、取) clear and present profit: net and immediate profit,Presentation,Geography of the United States,Pa. 3: Early colonization on the East Coast: defending against the Indians,On the East Coast, and particularly in New England, the colonists farmed meager lands close to their communities and to safety.

27、Every man was permanently on duty for the defense of his family and his village; even hunting parties went into the forest in force, rather like raiders than hunters, and their subsequent quarrels with the Indians, resulting in forays and even massacres, remind us that the danger was very real.A man

28、 took his gun along when he worked the land, and the women stayed close to their thick-walled houses and listened day and night for the signal of alarm.The towns they settled were permanent, and most of them exist today with their records of Indian raids, of slaughter, of scalpings, and of punitive

29、counter-raids.The military leader of the community became the chief authority in time of trouble, and it was a long time before danger receded and the mystery could be explored.,East Coast and New England,New England,Rhode Island,farmed meager lands: tilled long and narrow strips/pieces of land in f

30、orce: in large numbers (vs. by force=using force) raiders: pillagers forays: raids, sudden attacks worked the land: labored in the land; tilled the land listen for (注意倾听所期待的声音): listen alertly and expectingly so as to hear Annie will come in at any moment; we are all listening for her footsteps. We

31、stood without the gate and listened for the sound of his voice, but in vain.,settled: established residence in permanent: durable, firm and everlasting records: traces, evidence scalping punitive: retaliatory, revengeful recede: diminish, weaken the mystery: the mysterious land, the untrodden land,

32、i.e., the Wild West,Scalping (揭头皮),trophy: 战利品,Presentation,Colonial History of the United States,Pa. 4-6: Colonization westward,Pa. 4: Trade and war with Indians After a time, however, brave and forest-wise men drifted westward to hunt, to trap, and eventually to bargain for the furs which were the

33、 first precious negotiable wealth America produced for trade and export.Then trading posts were set up as centers of collection and the exploring men moved up and down the rivers and crossed the mountains, made friends for mutual profit with the Indians, learned the wilderness techniques, so that th

34、ese explorer-traders soon dressed, ate, and generally acted like the indigenous people around them. (However,)Suspicion lasted a long time, and was fed by clashes sometimes amounting to full-fledged warfare; but by now these Americans attacked and defended as the Indians did.,-wise,As a derivational

35、 suffix (派生后缀): N-wise Literally, 1. know well about forest-wise; street-wise 2. in the manner or direction of likewise, pairwise, clockwise, lengthwise 3. with reference to businesswise, profitwise, weatherwise, earthquakewise,Bargain for: (1) seek to obtain at a low price 企图廉价获取；指望 bargain for the

36、 furs There she bargained for some land. (2) expect 料想 I didnt bargain for that.I didnt bargain for your arriving so soon. Negotiable: transferrable; buyable and sellable Wealth: goods, property,the wilderness (the wilds; wasteland): a region uncultivated, uninhabited and undisturbed by human beings

37、,The Antarctica is the worlds last great wilderness. This garden is a wilderness of grass and weeds. A wilderness area 保留自然环境面貌地区 (Idiom) in the wilderness 在野；不再当政 Wilderness techniques: survival skills in the wilderness,amounting to full-fledged warfare,amount to: be as much as; be virtually the sa

38、me as 简直就是，几乎等于是 His attitude towards her amounts to hostility. (i.e., is almost hostile) A promise from her amounts to nothing. (i.e., means nothing) That amounts to saying I am a liar. (i.e., That is as much as to say that .) full-fledged: real; having all the characteristics 真正的，完备的，羽翼丰满的 full-fl

39、edged democracy, full-fledged membership, full-fledged teacher, full-fledged bird Um is a not a haphazard sound, but a full-fledged word.,amounting to full-fledged warfare,Defense,Counter-attack,Preemptive (先发制人) attack,Colonists reaction to Indians,Pa. 4-6: Colonization westward,Pa. 5: Snatching va

40、luables For a goodly time the Americans were travelers, moving about the country collecting its valuables, but with little idea of permanence; their roots and their hearts were in the towns and the growing cities along the eastern edge.The few who stayed, who lived among the Indians, adopted their c

41、ustoms and some took Indian wives and were regarded as strange and somehow treasonable creatures.As for their half-breed children, while the tribe sometimes adopted them they were unacceptable as equals in the eastern settlements.,The few who stayed, who lived among the Indians, adopted their custom

42、s and some took Indian wives and were regarded as strange and somehow treasonable creatures. (1) The few who stayed, who lived among the Indians, adopted their customs and (2) some took Indian wives and were regarded as strange and somehow treasonable creatures. treasonable: treacherous, disloyal,Ha

43、lf-breed,Half-breed: a.混血的 n.混血儿(尤指印第安人与白人的混血儿) Half-blooded:同父异母的(或同母异父的)；半血亲的；混血的；畜牧一代杂种的 Half-bred: a. 杂交的,杂种的,混血的; n. 杂交,混血 Hybrid: a.杂种的,混合的; n.混合物,杂种,混血儿 He is interested in hybrid animals. The hybrid architecture here attracted all of us deeply. The music was a hybrid of western pop and tradi

44、tional folk song. A mule is a hybrid of a donkey and a horse. She is a hybrid of the African and the Chinese. Mongrel: a. 杂交的,混血的 n. 杂交动植物,混血儿 Mixed blood (mixed race): n. 混血儿，混血人种 Bastard: a.私生的，混蛋的；n. 私生子，(咒骂语)杂种，混蛋,Discussion,Where does the sense of belongingness come from?,Presentation,Native Am

45、ericans in the United States (American Indians),Pa. 4-6: Colonization westward,Pa. 6: Massive colonization westward Then the trickle of immigrants became a stream, and the population began to move westwardnot to grab and leave but to settle and live, they thought.The newcomers were of peasant stock

46、and they had their roots in a Europe where they had been landless, for the possession of land was the requirement and the proof of a higher social class than they had known. In America they found beautiful and boundless land for the takingand they took it. not to grab and leave but to settle and liv

47、e: (figures of speech) Antithesis (对偶、对仗), alliteration, end rhyme stock: descent, origin,Old Major preached with _ which inspired all the other animals on the farm. A. enthusiasmB. an enthusiasm C. the enthusiasmD. his enthusiasm,She came from a China where women were mens possessions, so she spoke

48、 with a modesty that no other woman would exude.,Categorization of Abstract N and Proper N (抽象名词和专有名词的范畴化，即类别化),to have known,(1) To have seen, heard, or experienced Ive never known it snow in July before. (2) To have personal experience of He has known both poverty and wealth. She may be successful

49、 now, but she has known what it is like to be poor. the possession of land was the requirement and the proof of a higher social class than they had known. (i.e., had ever belonged to),for the -ing,adj. 供的; adv. 通过(获取) In America they found beautiful and boundless land for the takingand they took it.

50、 (to take, for seizure 供占有的) Ive got far more fruit than I really need, so whatever you want is yours for the taking. (通过拿走获取；免费拿) “Jazz for the asking” is a radio program on which whatever jazz music you ask for will be played for you. (供点播的) Export lists may be had for the asking at the office.(通过

51、索要获取；免费要) For the picking, for the selecting, etc.,Discussion,“千年土地八百主，田是主人人是客” (vicissitudes) What is constant/eternal for a man?,Part II (Pas. 3-7) American colonization and land destruction,?,Pa. 7: ?,It is little wonder that they went land-mad, because there was so much of it. They cut and burne

52、d the forests to make room for crops; they abandoned their knowledge of kindness to the land in order to maintain its usefulness.When they had cropped out a piece they moved on, raping the country like invaders.The topsoil, held by roots and freshened by leaf-fall, was left helpless to the spring fr

53、eshets, stripped and eroded with the naked bones of clay and rock exposed. The destruction of the forests changed the rainfall, for the searching clouds could find no green and beckoning woods to draw them on and milk them. The merciless nineteenth century was like a hostile expedition for loot that

54、 seemed limitless. Uncountable buffalo were killed, stripped of their hides, and left to rot, a reservoir of permanent food supply eliminated. More than that, the land of the Great Plains was robbed of the manure of the herds.Then the plows went in and ripped off the protection of the buffalo grass

55、and opened the helpless soil to quick water and slow drought and the mischievous winds that roamed through the Great Central Plains.There has always been more than enough desert in America; the new settlers, like overindulged children, created even more.,1. Main idea (topic) 1st S: It is little wond

56、er that they went land-mad, because there was so much of it. Last S: There has always been more than enough desert in America; the new settlers, like overindulged children, created even more. The new settlers went land-mad and created even more desert. (i.e., the new settlers land madness and destru

57、ction),2. Way of paragraph development A. Time B. Process C. Space D. Example and Generalization E. Comparison and Contrast F. Cause and Effect G. Classification H. Definition,General cause: The new settlers went land-mad,General effect: They created even more desert,Chains of causes and effects,Cut

58、ting and burning the forests to make room for crops,Abandoning knowledge of kindness to the land,Cropping out pieces of land across the country,Topsoil beingeroded; clay and rock being exposed,+,Reducing the rainfall,Merciless looting: Killing buffalo,Desertification,Getting rid of manure,Plowing,Ri

59、pping off the grass,Exposing soil to flood, draught and wind,+,It is little wonder that they went land-mad, because there was so much of it. They cut and burned the forests to make room for crops; they abandoned their knowledge of kindness to the land in order to maintain its usefulness.When they had cropped out a piece they moved on, raping the country like invaders.The topsoil, held by roots and freshened by leaf-fall, was left helpless to the spring freshets, stripped and eroded with the naked bones of clay and rock exposed. The destruction of th