华中农业大学考研微生物英语题库

Test 1: Development of Microbiology1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. The fundamental unit of all living organisms is theMembrane cell nucleus cell wall2. Organisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to asfungi eukaryotic prokaryotic nankaryotic3. The three kingdom classification system of organisms was proposed byPasteur Bacon Winogradsky Woese4. Fungi differ from bacteria in a number of characteristics. The cell walls in fungi are composedof , while the cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycanChitin phospholipids protein glucosamine5. The first microscopes were developed byEhrlich Metchnikoff Leewenhoek Lister6. Control of microbial infections can be accomplished by chemical or immune mechanisms. The first report on the production of an antibiotic is credited to:Lister Fleming Ehrlich Koch7 The term “antibiotic“ meansa substance produced by the laboratory that kills or inhibits other microorganismsa substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits moldsa substance produced by microorganism that kills or inhibits other microorganismsa substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cells8 The first documented use of a vaccine for smallpox was reported by the English physicianLister .Florey Fleming Jenner9 Active immunity can be distinguished from passive immunity in that the former requires:development of antibodies in ones own body by stimulation with external antibodiesdevelopment of antibodies in ones own body by stimulation with external antigensFlemingdevelopment of antibodies in a foreign host and transfer to one s own bodydevelopment of antigens in ones own body by stimulation with external antibodies10 The process of nitrification by bacteria described by Winogradsky convertsammonia to nitrate ions nitrate ions to ammoniaN2 to ammonia ammonia to urea11 The transfer of DNA from one organism to another through the use of a viral vector is referred to asElectroporation conjugation transformation transduction12 The genetic material of a bacteria is located in the molecule:RNA DNA protein lipid2 Fill in the Blank1. Organisms that contain a true nucleus are called_2. Bacteria do not have a true nucleus and are considered _3. . Bacteria can be divided into two groups, the _and the _4._ are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen.5. Microorganisms that can synthesize complex organic compounds from CO2:are called _.6. _ are microorganisms that obtain their energy to synthesize organic compounds from light.7. _ require organic compounds for growth.8. Organisms that survive only at very high temperatures are referred to as_.9. _ are organisms that produce methane from CO2.10. _organisms grow under conditions of high salinity11. Eubacteria can exhibit a number of morphological shapes. Identify four: a._ b._ c._ d._12. Fungi, algae and protozoa can be differentiated from bacteria by the following characteristic:_ .13. Fungi have cell wall consisting of _.14. Viruses consist of _surrounded by a protein coat.15. The scientific method utilizes deductive reasoning and observations or experiments to prove or disprove a _.16. The theory _of held that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.17. The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms by moderate heating is called:_ .18. The process of tyndallization uses repeated heating to eliminate or_ microorganisms from solutions.19.An _is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills other microorganisms.20. The process of stimulating the immune defenses of the body is referred to as_.21. White blood cells that engulf foreign particles are referred to as_.22. A substance in serum that can neutralize foreign material is referred to as _or _.23. Cells infected with a virus produce a substance called _ that inhibits viral replication.24. Avery, Colin and MacLeod first demonstrated that transformation of nonpathogenic to pathogenic strains of bacteria could be carried out by the transfer of _.25. Exchange of genetic information by direct contact is referred to as_.26. _ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another.Test 2: Methods for Studying Microorganisms1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Light microscopy is dependent on the interaction of light with on object. The ability of light to pass through an object is referred to as: transported light transmitted light reflected light refracted light2. The resolving power (R) of a microscope is dependent on the wavelength of light (;) and the numerical aperture (NA) of the lens. The formula for R is:R = 0.5. xNA R = 0.5;/NA R = NA/0.5Jr R = Square root of 0.5)./NA3. The gram stain uses as a mordant to fix the primary stainIodine alcohol acetone safranin4. The acid-fast stain is useful in the identification of which of the following organismsStaphylococcus aureus Mycoplasma mycoides Mycobacteria tuberculosis Moraxella osloensis5. Botulism is a serious disease that can develop from the improper cooking of food containing bacterial spores. Which of the following genera are capable of producing spores?Salmonella Listeria Escherichia Clostridia6. Which of the following types of microscopes utilizes electron beams to visualize objects?Nomarski TEM PCM Confocal7. A mixture of organisms was isolated from a patient suspected of having “Strep Throat.“ Which type of media would you use to isolate the suspected pathogen?Defined enriched selective differential8. Sterilization of material with an autoclave utilizes steam to kill microorganisms. The correct procedure for sterilization with an autoclave is:15 min at 121at 15 lb/in2 15 min at 256 at 15 lb/in2 15 min at 121at 1 lb/in2 15 min at 121at 1 lb/in29. An antibiotic was added to a culture of bacteria to determine its effect. What method of enumeration would you use to determine the efficacy of the antibiotic?direct count viable count turbidimetric count absorbance9. Identification of microorganisms can be accomplished by a number of techniques. Which of the following requires the growth of the organism?enzyme linked assay gene probe metabolic fluorescent2 Fill in the Blank1. A media where all the ingredients are known is called a _media.2. _technique is used to maintain a pure culture and avoid contamination.3. Sterilization instrument that utilizes steam under pressure: _.4. A_ plate utilizes a loop or needle to distribute and isolate colonies on a culture plate.5. _ identification utilizes antibodies for naming of bacterial species.6. Bacteria can be preserved for long periods of time by freeze-drying or_.7. The mrbidimetric method of counting bacteria utilizes a _ to measure the amountof light passing through a solution.8. The viable plate count counts live bacterial colonies in the range or_ to_9. A counting chamber and a microscope are used in the_ count of bacteria.Test3: Organization and Structure of Microorganisms1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Eukaryotic membranes can be differentiated from prokaryotic membranes because eukaryotic membranes contain_as part of the lipid component of the membrane.Phosphates fatty acids proteins sterols2. The arrangement of proteins and lipids in the membrane is referred to as the:bilayer model fluid mosaic model trilayer model permeable model3. The movement of water molecules across the membrane in response to a concentration gradient is referred to asDiffusion osmosis translocation transport4. The membrane of a cell is able to differentiate molecules that enter or exit the cell and act as a _ barrier.Semipermanent semitransparent semipermeable semidiffuse5. Movement of molecules at an enhanced rate across the membrane is calledfacilitated diffusion passive diffusion osmosis permeation6. Which of the following mechanisms transports molecules without chemical alteration?active transport group translocation facilitated diffusion binding protein transport7. Which of the following transport mechanism occurs only in Gram-negative bacteria?active transport group translocation facilitated diffusion binding protein transport8. Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only in prokaryotes?active transport group translocation facilitated diffusion binding protein transport9. Lysozyme and penicillin have activity against the cell wall. Lysozyme breaks this component;penicillin prevents its formationLipopolysaccharide phospholipid peptidoglycan teichoic acid10. Partial destruction of the cell wall with lysozyme leaves a cell called a:Protoplast spheroplast periplast capsule2 Fill in the Blank1. Most cells use energy in the form of_ to run the cell.2. Phospholipids of eubacterial cells are composed of a _group and a _on a glycerol backbone.3. Membrane proteins found on the surface are called _ proteins.4. The energy source for active transport in eukaryotes is derived from ATP.The energy for active transport in prokaryotes is derived from _.5. The region between the outermembrane in Gram-negative bacteria and the cell wall is called the _.6. Extrachromosomal DNA elements found in bacteria are called_.7. Ribosomes are structures composed of _ and _.8. The fluid inside a cell is referred to as the _.9. The hereditary organelle of eukaryotic cells is called the _.10. The process by which a cell engulfs and internalizes particles such as bacteria or other cells is called _.Test 4 : Eukaryotes1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)l. Fungi are considered heterotrophic because they obtain nutrition throughphagocytosis endocytosis adsorption photosynthesis2. The separation between filamentous fungal cells are referred to asFill in the Blank1. Unicellular fungi are called _.2. Filamentous fungi form branching structures called _3. The most common form of reproduction in yeasts occurs by _.4. Silica is found in the cell wall of _.5. The external structures of mushrooms are referred to as _.6. The growth of fungi can be expressed by _.7. Red tide is caused by a toxin released by the organism, Gonyaulax, which belongs to the _ group of fungi.8. Agar is made from this group of algae: _.9. Trypanosoma gambiense causes the disease _.10. A flagellate protozoa that can be found in mountain streams and causes diarrhea is _.Test5: Bacterial Growth and Reproduction1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. In bacterial cultures, growth can be demonstrated by an increase in:Mass cell size cell number cell length2 DNA replication in bacteria is controlled by:cell size cell division cell separation cell initiation3. During which phase of bacterial growth is there an increase in cell size but not in cell number?Lag log stationary exponential4. The generation time for bacteria is determined by:measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from the time the culture was initiated until the beginning of stationary phasemeasuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from lag phase to death phasemeasuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the end of stationary phasemeasuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the beginning of stationary phase5. Most pathogenic bacteria are considered:Psychrophiles mesophiles thermophiles .merophiles6. Bacteria that grow at low nutrient concentrations are referred to as:Autotrophs phototrophs copiotrophs oligotrophs7. In times of nutrient deficiencies, the bacteria Clostridium produce_until conditions are permissive for vegetative growth.Prosthecae spores stalks fruiting bodies8. The temperature of the incubator was raised from 15(2 to 35(2. The cultures in the incubator demonstrated a_fold increase in enzymatic activityTwo for eight twenty 9. Organisms that grow at or near their optimal growth temperature are calledstenothermal bacteria euthermal bacteriacauldoactive bacteria mesophilic bacteria10. All of the following are toxic oxygen products except:02 OH- H20 H20211. Catalase, which is produced by Staphylococci, catalyzes which of the following reactions?202+ 2H+ 2H202 + 02202+ 2H+ 2H202 + 02H202 + NADH + H+2H20 + NADH202 + e- + H+H2O + OH-12 A saturated solution of NaC1 has a water activity index of:1.0 0.90 0.80 0.7013. Organisms that can grow at a water index at or below that of NaCI are calledXerotolerant .salt tolerant mesotolerant salotolerant14. All of the following organisms will survive an environment of 0.9 Aw exceptLactobacillus Staphylococcus .Saccharomyces SpiriUum15 alophiles are classified as organisms that require _for growth.Sugar salt .water air16. Osmophiles require a _Aw for growth.Low high17. The pressure exerted on a cell due to high solute concentrations is referred to as:osmotic pressure hydrostatic pressure barometric pressure surface tension18. A diver encountered a new bacterial isolate while she was diving at 1000 m. The organism will be classified as:Marine barotolerant barophilic normal19. Fungi can be differentiated from most bacteria by culturing at:Marine low pH neutral pH20. All phototacfic bacteria respond to light by:moving away from the source of lightmoving toward the source of lightincreasing the movement of their flagellacreating gas vesicles to rise to the surface2 Fill in the Blank1. Organisms that grow best above 40oC are called_.2. Organisms that grow best below 20oC are called_.3. Organisms that grow best between 20 and 40oC are called _.4. Myxobacteria form unique structures called _ to cope with nutrient deficiencies.5. Bacteria that grow only at reduced oxygen concentrations are called _.6. Bacteria that require oxygen for growth are called_.7. Bacteria that grow at high nutrient concentrations are called _.8. Caulobacter is an example of a _ bacteria.9. At temperatures above the optimum, E. coli and other bacteria induce a change in gene expression called_10. A change in hydrostatic pressure of 10 atm is experience with an increase in depth of _ m Test 6: Control of Microbial Growth1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Chemicals used on the body to control microorganisms are called:Antiseptics disinfectants antibiotics chemotherapeutic2. The most effective way of sterilizing a solution is by:Incineration pasteurization filtration moist heat3. An autoclave is an apparatus that is used to sterilize various materials. The appropriate conditions for sterilizing contaminated material is given by which of the following:15 min at 121 at lpsi5 min at 121 at 15 psi15 min at 121 at 15 psi5 min at 131 at 15 psi4. All of the following are an effect of ionizing radiation except:breaks hydrogen bondsthymine dimer formationgenerates oxygen radicalsring structure destruction5 hyperbaric chamber would be useful for treating infections caused by which of the following genera:Treponema Chlamydia Campylobacter Clostridia6. Agents that are used to inhibit bacterial growth are consideredBacteriocidal bacteriostatic antiseptics disinfectants7. The term used to describe substances produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit other microorganisms are calledAntimicrobics antibiotics chemotherapeutic agents antiseptics8. Antibiotics must exhibit which of the following to be effective:narrow spectrum broad spectrum selective toxicitybacteriocidal9. Which of the following tests utilizes an antibiotic impregnated disk to test for the efficacy of the antibiotic?MIC MBC Mueller-Hinton Kirby-Bauer10. The MIC assay can determine if an antibiotic agent is:Bacteriocidal bacteriostatic aandb none of the above11. Penicillins are effective against: cells in log phase cellsin stationary phasecells in eclipse phaseall bacterial cells12. Penicillinases inhibit the activity of penicillins by which of the following mechanisms:break N. acetylglucosamine:N-acetylmuramic acid bondsbreak the peptidiglycanbreak the beta lactam ringbreak cycloserine13. Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis by binding to thetRNA mRNA 30S ribosomal subunit 50S ribosomal subunit14. Trimethaprim is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase which is important is which of the following:vitamin metabolism 1-carbon transfersprotein synthesis membrane integrity15. HIsoniazid is used in the treatment of:Pneumococcal infectionsStreptococcal InfectionsLegionella infectionsMycobacteria infections16. Fungal cells differ from mammalian cells by the presence of which of the following compounds in their membranesChitin cholesterol ergosterol ositol17. All of the following antifungal agents target the membrane exceptGriseofulvin amphotericin B imidazole nystatin18. Which of the following antimicrobics is used in the treatment of malaria?Chloroquine metronidazole pentamidine amphotericin B19. Amantadine is effective in the treatment of which viral infectionHerpes HIV HTLV influenza20. Which of the following is inhibited by zidovudine?inhibits viral DNA dependent DNA synthesisinhibits viral RNA dependent RNA synthesisinhibits viral RNA dependent DNA synthesisinhibits viral DNA dependent RNA synthesisTest7: Microbial Ecology1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. A group of microorganisms coexisting together in a given location is referred to as a:Ecosystem population clones community2. A native population is called:Indigenous neu