《显微镜外文翻译》word版.docx

附录附录I 中文译文很早以前，人们就知道某些光学装置能够“放大”物体。比如在墨经里面就记载了能放大物体的凹面镜。凸透镜有的时候人们把它称为“放大镜”能够聚焦太阳光，也能让你看到放大后的物体，这是因为凸透镜能够把光线偏折。你通过凸透镜看到的其实是一种幻觉，严格的说，叫做虚像。当物体发出的光通过凸透镜的时候，光线会以特定的方式偏折。当我们看到那些光线的时候，或不自觉地认为它们仍然是沿笔直的路线传播。结果，物体就会看上去比原来大。1665年，英国科学家罗伯特胡克用他的显微镜观察软木切片的时候，惊奇的发现其中存在着一个一个“单元”结构。胡克把它们称作“细胞”。不过，詹森时代的复合式显微镜并没有真正显示出它的威力，它们的放大倍数低得可怜。荷兰人安东尼冯列文虎克（Anthony Von Leeuwenhoek ，1632-1723）制造的显微镜让人们大开眼界。列文虎克自幼学习磨制眼镜片的技术，热衷于制造显微镜。他制造的显微镜其实就是一片凸透镜，而不是复合式显微镜。不过，由于他的技艺精湛，磨制的单片显微镜的放大倍数将近300倍，超过了以往任何一种显微镜。当列文虎克把他的显微镜对准一滴雨水的时候，他惊奇的发现了其中令人惊叹的小小世界：无数的微生物游曳于其中。他把这个发现报告给了英国皇家学会，引起了一阵轰动。人们有时候把列文虎克称为“显微镜之父”，严格的说，这不太正确。列文虎克没有发明第一个复合式显微镜，他的成就是制造出了高质量的凸透镜镜头。在接下来的两个世纪中，复合式显微镜得到了充分的完善，例如人们发明了能够消除色差和其他光学误差的透镜组。与19世纪的显微镜相比，现在我们使用的普通光学显微镜基本上没有什么改进。原因很简单：光学显微镜已经达到了分辨率的极限。如果仅仅在纸上画图，你自然能够“制造”出任意放大倍数的显微镜。但是光的波动性将毁掉你完美的发明。即使消除掉透镜形状的缺陷，任何光学仪器仍然无法完美的成像。人们花了很长时间才发现，光在通过显微镜的时候要发生衍射简单的说，物体上的一个点在成像的时候不会是一个点，而是一个衍射光斑。如果两个衍射光斑靠得太近，你就没法把它们分辨开来。显微镜的放大倍数再高也无济于事了。对于使用可见光作为光源的显微镜，它的分辨率极限是0.2微米。任何小于0.2微米的结构都没法识别出来。提高显微镜分辨率的途径之一就是设法减小光的波长，或者，用电子束来代替光。根据德布罗意的物质波理论，运动的电子具有波动性，而且速度越快，它的“波长”就越短。如果能把电子的速度加到足够高，并且汇聚它，就有可能用来放大物体。1938年，德国工程师Max Knoll和Ernst Ruska制造出了世界上第一台透射电子显微镜（TEM）。1952年，英国工程师Charles Oatley制造出了第一台扫描电子显微镜（SEM）。电子显微镜是20世纪最重要的发明之一。由于电子的速度可以加到很高，电子显微镜的分辨率可以达到纳米级（10-9m）。用电子代替光，这或许是一个反常规的主意。但是还有更令人吃惊的。1983年，IBM公司苏黎世实验室的两位科学家Gerd Binnig和Heinrich Rohrer发明了所谓的扫描隧道显微镜（STM）。这种显微镜比电子显微镜更激进，它完全失去了传统显微镜的概念。很显然，你不能直接“看到”原子。因为原子与宏观物质不同，它不是光滑的、滴溜乱转的削球，更不是达芬奇绘画时候所用的模型。扫描隧道显微镜依靠所谓的“隧道效应”工作。如果舍弃复杂的公式和术语，这个工作原理其实很容易理解。隧道扫描显微镜没有镜头，它使用一根探针。探针和物体之间加上电压。如果探针距离物体表面很近大约在纳米级的距离上隧道效应就会起作用。电子会穿过物体与探针之间的空隙，形成一股微弱的电流。如果探针与物体的距离发生变化，这股电流也会相应的改变。这样，通过测量电流我们就能知道物体表面的形状，分辨率可以达到单个原子的级别。因为这项奇妙的发明，Binnig和Rohrer获得了1986年的诺贝尔物理学奖。这一年还有一个人分享了诺贝尔物理学奖，那就是电子显微镜的发明者Ruska。据说，几百年前列文虎克把他制作显微镜的技术视为秘密。今天，显微镜至少是光学显微镜已经成了一种非常普通的工具，让我们了解这个小小的大千世界附录II 英文原文Long ago, people will know that some optical device can zoom in objects. For example in the ink by the inside is recorded the concave mirrors can magnify objects. Convex-sometimes people is called it the magnifying glass-to be able to focus on the light from the sun, also can let you see the amplification of objects, this is because the light burning to bending. You see through the burning is actually an illusion, strictly speaking, called virtual. When light coming from an object through the convex, light bending in certain ways. When we see the light, or not consciously think they still are straight along the route of transmission. The results, the object looks bigger than the.In 1665, the British scientist Robert HuKeYong his microscope biopsy of the cork, surprised to find that there is a a units structure. Hooker put them called cells. But, Jason era of compound microscope and not really shows its power, they amplification pitifully low. The Dutch Anthony Von column singh g (Anthony Von Leeuwenhoek, 1632-1723) manufacturing microscope let people big open horizon. Column since learning abraded glass lens singh grams of technology, keen to manufacture the microscope. He made a microscope is actually a burning, not compound microscope. However, because of his superb techniques, remedy monolithic microscope amplification nearly 300 times, more than any previous a microscope.When listed his microscope singh g on a drop of rain, he surprised to find one amazing little world: countless microbes swim drag in it. He put the findings report to the royal society of Britain, caused a sensation. Sometimes people listed the singh g known as the father of the microscope, strictly speaking, its not quite correct. Singh had not been invented, listed the first compound microscope, his achievement is made of high quality convex lens.In the next two centuries, compound microscope got fully perfect, for example, people invented to eliminate the error of off color and other optical lens groups. And the 19 th century compared the microscope, now we use ordinary optical microscope basically no improvement. The reason is simple: the optical microscope has reached the limit of the resolution.If only on paper drawing, you will naturally be manufacturing out of any magnification microscopy. But the volatility of the light will ruin your perfect invention. Even if the shape of the lens eliminate defect, any optical instrument still cant perfect imaging. It took a long time to find, light through a microscope in the diffraction to happen- in short, object of a point when in imaging is not a point, but a diffraction flare. If two diffraction flare on too close, you cant tell them apart. The microscope amplification and high also of no help. Use as the light source for visible light microscope, its resolution limit are 0.2 micron. Any less than 0.2 micron structure all can not identified.One of the ways to improve the microscope resolution is trying to reduce the wavelength of the light, or, by the electron beam instead of the light. According to DE Broglie material wave theory, the movement of the electronic have volatility, and the faster it wavelength more short. If the electronic speed can add to high enough, and gathering it, it is possible to used to amplify the objects.In 1938, the German engineers Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska produced the worlds first transmission electron microscope (TEM). In 1952, British engineer Charles Oatley made the first scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electronic microscope in the 20 th century is one of the most important invention. Since electronic speed can be added to the high, the resolution of the electronic microscope can achieve to the nanometer level (10-9 m).With electronic instead of light, this is probably a deregulation of the idea. But there are more startling. In 1983, IBM Zurich laboratory two scientists Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invented the so-called scanning tunneling microscope (STM). This microscope more radical than the electron microscope, it completely lost the concept of traditional microscope.Obviously, you cant see atoms. Because the atoms and macro material is different, it is not smooth, DiLiu disorderly to turn this, more is not Da Vinci, when the model used in painting. Scanning tunneling microscope rely on so-called tunnel effect work. If abandon complex formula and terms, this principle is actually very easy to understand. Tunnel scanning microscope no lens, it USES a root probe. Probe and between objects and voltage. If the object surface very close distance probe-about in the distance to the nanometer level-the tunneling effect can be effective. Electronic will pass through the obje