电大专科《西方经济学》期末重点复习资料考试小抄.doc

电大西方经济学专复习资料小抄一、1如果一种商品的需求缺乏弹性，其弹性系数：B.大于0小于12等产量曲线向右上方移动表明：B.产量增加3企业每增加销售一单位的产品获得的收益叫做：D.边际收益4根据等产量线与等成本线相结合在一起的分析，两种生产要素的最适组合是：B.等产量线与等成本线相切之点5下列哪一个不是垄断竞争的特征？A.企业数量很少6当劳伦斯曲线和绝对平均线所夹面积为零时，基尼系数：A.等于零7在经济增长中起着最大作用的因素是：C.技术8总需求曲线向右下方倾斜是由于：投资会减少，消费会减少，净出口会减少D.以上都是 9乘数发生作用的条件是：B.社会上的各种资源没有得到充分利用10汇率贬值将引起：A.国内生产总值增加，贸易收支状况改善11作为经济学的两个组成部分，微观经济学与宏观经济学是：C.相互补充的12如果其它各种条件均保持不变，当X商品的互补品Y商品的价格上升时，对X商品的需求： B.减少13产品差别是指：A.索尼牌彩电与海尔牌彩电的差别14下列哪一项不是划分市场结构的标准：A.利润的高低15基尼系数可以根据劳伦斯曲线来计算，基尼系数的提高表示：A.收入分配不平均程度的增加16实际国内生产总值（实际GDP）：B.等于名义GDP除以价格水平17在经济学中，M1是指：C.现金与商业银行的活期存款18下列哪一种效应使物价水平的变动对投资产生反方向的影响： B.利率效应19根据凯恩斯主义的解释，需求拉上通货膨胀产生的原因是：A.消费的过度增长 20在以下四种政策工具中，属于需求管理的是：C.货币政策 21在其他条件不变的条件下，当汽油的价格上升时，对小汽车的需求将A.减少 22某位消费者把他的所有收入都花在可乐和薯条上。每杯可乐2元，每袋薯条5元，该消费者的收入是20元，以下哪个可乐和薯条的组合在该消费者的消费可能线上？B.5杯可乐和2袋薯条23用先进的机器设备代替劳动，这一措施会导致：B.劳动的需求曲线向左移动24短期边际成本曲线与短期平均成本曲线相交之后：B.边际成本大于平均成本25每个企业都可以充分自由地进入或退出某个行业的市场是：A.完全竞争市场26下面哪一项不是市场失灵的原因：A.私人物品27当某项经济活动为别人带来好处，又不用获得好处的人付出任何代价，这叫做： A.正外部性28在IS曲线不变的情况下，货币量减少会引起：C.国内生产总值减少，利率上升29今年的物价指数是180，通货膨胀率为20，去年的物价指数是：B.15030清洁浮动是指：A.汇率完全由外汇市场自发地决定二、名词备选项收支相抵点 ( C )停止营业点 (D )等产量线 ( B )等成本线( E )偏好( A )A: 表示为对一种物品或几种物品组合的排序。B: 是表示两种生产要素的不同数量的组合可以带来相等产量的一条曲线。C: 是短期边际成本与平均成本的交点。D: 是短期边际成本与平均可变成本的交点。E: 是一条表明在生产者的成本与生产要素价格既定的条件下，生产者所能购买到的两种生产要素数量的最大组合的线。名词备选项垄断竞争 ( C )恩格尔系数 ( D )膨胀性缺口 ( E )平均消费倾向( A )紧缩性缺口 ( B )A: 是指消费在收入中所占的比例。B: 指实际总需求小于充分就业总需求时，实际总需求与充分就业总需求之间的差额。C: 是既有垄断又有竞争，垄断与竞争相结合的市场。D: 食品支出总额占个人消费支出总额的比例。E: 是指实际总需求大于充分就业总需求时，实际总需求与充分就业总需求之间的差额。名词备选项技术效率 ( B )经济效率 ( A )摩擦性失业 ( E )结构性失业 ( D )自然失业( C )A: 是成本与收益的关系。B: 是投入的生产要素与产量的关系。C: 是指由于经济中一些难以克服的原因所引起的失业。D: 由于经济中一些制度上的原因引起的失业。E: 是经济中由于正常的劳动力流动而引起的失业。三、1（V）一般情况下，供给在长期比短期更富有弹性。2（X）在无差异曲线与消费可能线的交点上，消费者所得到的效用达到最大。3（V）短期边际成本曲线和短期平均成本曲线一定相交于平均成本曲线的最低点。4（X）劳动的供给曲线是一条向右上方倾斜的曲线。5（V）公共物品的存在引起了搭便车问题。6（X）失业率就是劳动力与工作年龄人口之比。7（V）新加入劳动力队伍，正在寻找工作而造成的失业属于摩擦性失业。8（V）短期总供给不变时，总需求的变动会引起均衡的国内生产总值与物价水平同方向变动。9（V）繁荣的最高点是顶峰。10（V）在萧条时期，中央银行要运用扩张性的货币政策，而在经济繁荣时期，则要运用紧缩性的货币政策。11.无论哪个行业，企业的规模并不是越大越好。（V）12.在同一平面图上，可以有三条不同的等产量线。（X）13.边际收益等于边际成本时，企业的正常利润达到最大化。（X）14.用先进的机器代替工人的劳动，会使劳动的需求曲线向左移动。（V）15.存在外部性时，社会边际成本与私人边际成本、社会边际收益与私人边际收益都相等。（ X）16.充分就业并不是指人人都有工作。（V）17.均衡的国内生产总值可能大于、小于或等于充分就业的国内生产总值。（V ）18.如果通货膨胀率相当稳定，而且人们可以完全预期，那么通货膨胀对经济的影响就很小。（ V）19.财政政策和货币政策属于需求管理政策。（ V ）20.如果某国在某种产品的生产上具有绝对优势，它就不能从国际贸易中获得利益。（ X）21（X）“生产什么”、“如何生产”和“为谁生产”这三个问题被称为资源利用问题。22（V）农产品的需求一般来说缺乏弹性，这意味着当农产品的价格上升时，农民的总收益将增加。23（X）两种生产要素的最适组合之点就是等产量线与等成本线的交点。24（X）在完全竞争市场上，任何一个企业都可以成为价格的决定者。25（X）按贡献标准分配国民收入不会引起收入分配的不平等。26（X）只要有技术进步，经济就可以实现持续增长。27（V）短期总供给不变时，总需求的变动会引起均衡的国内生产总值与物价水平同方向变动。28（X）在任何情况下，乘数原理都是适用的。29（V）根据ISLM模型，自发总支出的变动会使国内生产总值与利率变动。30（X）在开放经济中，国内总需求增加，既可增加国内生产总值，又可以改善贸易收支状况。四、计算题（每小题10分）1.某种商品的需求弹性系数为1.5，当它降价8时，需求量会增加多少？解：已知Ed=1.5， ，求根据弹性系数的一般公式： （5分）将已知数据代入公式，则有： ，即需求量会增加12%。（5分）2.根据如下数据资料，用支出法计算国内生产总值。项目金额（亿元）项目金额(亿元)耐用品支出318.4劳务1165.7厂房与设备支出426进口429.9政府购买支出748公司利润284.5工资和其它补助2172.7出口363.7所得税435.1居民住房支出154.4非耐用品支出858.3企业存货净变动额56.8解：国内生产总值GDP=C+I+G+NX其中C个人消费支出=耐用品+非耐用品+住房租金+其它劳务=318.4+858.3+0+1165.7I私人国内总投资=厂房，设备+居民住房+企业存货净变动额=426+154.4+56.8G政府购买支出=748NX净出口=出口-进口=363.7-429.9GDP=318.4+858.3+0+1165.7+426+154.4+56.8+748+363.7-429.9=3661.4亿元3.根据总效用与边际效用的定义填写下表中的空格部分:某物品消费量总效用边际效用1101021553183420252114.1950年，教授的平均工资为300元；2000年，教授的平均工资为4000元。以1950年的物价指数为100，2000年的物价指数为2100，教授的实际平均工资增加了，还是减少了？解：2000年教授的实际平均工资= 1950年的名义工资2000年物价指数/1950年物价指数 = 3002100/100=6300 元从计算结果来看，教授的实际平均工资减少了。5出租车与私人汽车之间的需求交叉弹性为0.2，如果出租车服务价格上升20，私人汽车的需求量会如何变化？解：已知ECX0.2， 。根据交叉弹性系数的计算公式： 。 （4分）将已知数据代入公式，则有： ， ，即私人汽车的需求量会增加4。（6分）6.某国总需求增加100亿元，其边际消费倾向为0.6，边际进口倾向为0.2，请计算:（1）该国的对外贸易乘数；（2）总需求增加会使国内生产总值增加多少？（3）国内生产总值增加后，进口会增加多少？解：（1）对外贸易乘数1(1边际消费倾向边际进口倾向)1(10.60.2)1.67。 （4分）（2）总需求增加会使国内生产总值增加：1.67100167(亿)。（4分）（3）国内生产总值增加后，进口会增加:1670.233.4(亿)。（2分）五、问答题（每小题 15 分）1如何正确理解机会成本这个概念？参考答案：（1）当我们把一种资源用于某一种用途时，就放弃了其它用途。所放弃的用途就是把资金用于某一种用途的机会成本。（2）在理解机会成本时应注意这样几个问题。第一，机会成本不是作出某项选择时实际支付的费用或损失，而是一种观念上的成本或损失。第二，机会成本是作出一种选择时所放弃的其他若干可能的选择中最好的一种，而不是其他。第三，机会成本并不全是由个人选择所引起的，其他人的选择会给你带来机会成本，你的选择也会给其他人带来机会成本。2.用图形说明一国居民购买住房的增加对宏观经济的影响。参考答案：（1）购买住房为投资需求，它会影响总需求。（4分）（2）投资增加会引起总需求增加，总需求曲线向右方移动，由AD1移动到AD2。（4分）（3）变动的结果是GDP增加（由Y1增加为Y2），物价水平上升（由P1上升为P2）。（4分）（4）作图3分。3 在下列情况下，VCD影碟机的市场需求或需求量会发生什么变化？并解释其原因。（1）电影院票价从10元下降为5元。（2）政府加大了对盗版影碟的打击力度，盗版碟几乎没有了。（3）生产影碟机核心部件的工厂发生大火，半年内无法恢复生产。（4）生产影碟机的技术发生了突破性进步。参考答案：（1）需求减少。到电影院看电影与看是替代品，替代品之间，其价格和需求同方向变动。电影院票价从10元下降为5元，就会导致对影碟机的需求减少。 （4分）（2）需求减少。盗版影碟与是互补品，互补品之间，其价格与需求反方向变动。政府加大了对盗版影碟的打击力度，盗版影碟少了，正版影碟的价格会上涨，从而会引起VCD影碟机的市场需求减少。 （4分）（3）需求量减少。因为生产影碟机核心部件的工厂发生大火，半年内无法恢复生产，会导致影碟机的供给减少，从而引起影碟机价格上升，使影碟机的需求量减少。（4分）（4）需求量增加。因为生产影碟机的技术发生了突破性进步，导致影碟机的供给增加，从而会引起影碟机的价格下降，使需求量增加。（3分）4.简要说明决定经济增长的因素。参考答案：经济增长是GDP或人均GDP的增加。决定经济增长的因素主要有：（1）制度：是一种涉及社会、政治和经济行为的行为规则，决定人们的经济与其他行为，也决定一国的经济增长。制度的建立与完善是经济增长的前提。建立适应社会主义经济的制度；（5分）（2）资源：是经济增长的源泉，包括劳动力和资本。增加人力资本投资、提高人口素质。（5分）（3）技术：技术进步在经济增长中的作用，体现在生产率的提高上，即同样的生产要素投入量能提供更多的产品。技术进步主要包括资源配置的改善，规模经济和知识的进展。技术进步对我国经济增长的意义。（5分）5 .工资的变动是如何通过替代效应和收入效应来影响劳动供给的？参考答案：（1）每个人的时间可分为两部分：工作与闲暇，一个人多少时间用于工作或闲暇取决于工资。（2）工资的变动通过替代效应和收入效应来影响劳动供给。替代效应指工资增加引起的工作对闲暇的替代，随着工资的增加，替代效应使劳动供给增加。另一方面，随着工资和收入的增加，人们对闲暇的需求也增加，增加闲暇必定减少劳动时间，这是工资增加引起的收入效应，收入效应使劳动供给随工资增加而减少。（3）替代效应和收入效应对劳动供给起着相反的作用。如果替代效应大于收入效应，则随着工资增加，劳动供给增加。如果收入效应大于替代效应，则随着工资增加，劳动供给减少。工资作为劳动的价格决定了劳动供给政策。6 .国防、钢铁厂的污染、特大企业的存在都会引起市场失灵，它们各自引起市场失灵的原因是什么？应该如何解决？参考答案：（1）国防之所以会引起市场失灵，是因为它是一种公共物品。（2）钢铁厂的污染之所以会引起市场失灵，是由于外部性的存在。（3）特大企业会引起市场失灵，是由于垄断的存在。可以用政府干预来解决这些问题：国防由政府提供；污染可以使用立法或行政手段，或者采用经济或市场手段；垄断政府可以用价格管制、反垄断法或国有化来消除垄断。请您务必删除一下内容，O(_)O万分谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailands Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the free-visa scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that countrys missions inBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouorHong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassys information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: Weve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was announced. During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China, says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. Bali isnt just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities, says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesias national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, inGuangdongprovince, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the Paris of Java, is ideal for adventure-seekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan and Bunaken in Manado, are places the embassy official recommends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention from Chinese travelers that some travel agencies are offering twin packages for Bali and Lombok. The best time to visit Bali is from May to October, when it doesntrainmuch and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrips website. Chinese tourists have taken a shine to rafting in Ubud, sightseeing in Tanah Lot, and surfing and diving in Nusa Lembongan, says Dai. Civet coffee, essential oil and woodcarvings are among the most popular products for Chinese tourists in Indonesia, she says. Indonesian food is also something that visitors shouldnt miss. Local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Fried rice, dirty duck and roast suckling pig are recommended. Childrens illustration books first appeared in the 1600s in Europe. Their passage to China, however, took much longer, roughly 300 years. In China, childrens illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. From early 1900s to mid 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. The illustrationarts at that time were a mixed genre of Chinese traditionalpaintings and the westernstyle, and most of the stories originate from the fundamental changes that China experienced after the collapse of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the warlord struggles and the war against the Japanese invasion. The second stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the cultural revolution (1966-76) ended. The fast development of some special publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustration-story books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board carving, frescoes, and ink and wash painting, etc. Many of the popular stories are from Chinese history and wars after 1900s. The third stage is from early 1980s to late 1990s, a golden period for the development of childrens illustration books. The reform and opening-up brought in new concepts and ideas from the West to China, a country that had been closed to the West for nearly three decades. Fast development of economy, society and culture provided the writers and painters with a lot of inspiration to create new literature works and draw illustrations. China also imported large amounts of childrens illustration books from the West and Japan. Many young parents in China have a strong nostalgia about childrens illustration books they read in the 1980s and 1990s. This is also the last era in Chinas artistic innovation before the advent of the Internet period. The fourth stage is featured with the spread of the Internet and the other computerized means of art innovation. The hand-drawn childrens illustration books are gradually replaced by cartoons drawn and copied by software and machines, and shown on tablets, computers, television and smart phones, instead of books. Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park and Botanical Garden is natures haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals representing 200 species. With tropical forest covering over 90 percent of its area, the garden offers beautiful views of a wide range of tropical plants, flowers and fruit trees. The scenic spot about 25 kilometers from the center of Haikou offers a drive-thru safari tour where you can get up close with elephants, lions and bears. The Safari on Foot area features walking trails where visitors can see the rest of the animals, including hippos and monkeys, and feed them for a small fee. Visitors also can see what happens when you breed a lion and a tiger. Two unique attractions are rare hybrids: a liger, the offspring of a mallion and a female tiger and a tigon, which is created by a female lion and a male tiger. As ateaching center of the National Popular Science Education program, the park also serves as a second classroom for students to learn about wildlife and plants. Since it was established in 1995, it has received more than one million student visitors. At a crucial moment when pessimism has brought the Greek crisis to such a head that the country is closer to a default on its debt repayments than ever, Li offered a spark of enthusiasm to restart the stalled talks by calling on Greece and its creditors to reach a last-minute deal that will allow Greece to remain in the eurozone. Given the escalation of the countrys crisis over the weekend sent a shock wave through the global stock markets on Monday, there are ample reasons to worry about the uncertainties surrounding the events in Greece and the effect a default would have on Europe, relations between China and the EU, global financial stability and the nascent global economic recovery. Greece has announced that it will hold a referendum on a bailout plan proposed last week by the countrys creditors. In response, Greeces eurozone partners have refused to extend the countrys bailout program and the European Central Bank capped its emergency support for the countrys banks. A real danger now looms of Greece exiting the euro, which might derail the global economic recovery and damage the long-term viability of the euro as a currency. However, such a tragedy is neither certain nor unavoidable. The EU should shoulder its responsibility to prevent the Greek crisis from overshadowing the fragile global recovery. As a major customer and supplier of the 28-nation EU, and a responsible long-term holder of Eurobonds, Chinas confidence in and commitment to a strong eurozone offers