外文翻译---工程机械路在何方.docx

附录Project mechanical road in whereIn the face of aggressive electronic industry and information industry ,several years ago, machinery industries there have been puzzled that, Some think machinery industry has become a sunset industry, lacks engage in the first, not only cost labor, but the difficulty small profit. The actual situation? There is a need to understand and explore future industrial development. Comparable machinery for artificial animal, is the basic component of the minds, sensory organs, heart, hand, foot and bones, Then modern machinery should be a basic component is a computer, sensors, power devices, the executive body. Intelligent animals, the information processing capability to distinguish between low and high, also by mechanical manipulation, control and information processing and functional junior and senior. Traditional machinery is the low level stage machinery, the machinery of modern machinery is in the advanced stage. The most senior of the animal, then the most senior is the mechanical robot. Modern machinery for mechanical unlimited development in the broad thoroughfare, Machinery Development, the main problems are solved with spirituality and information processing capabilities. Modern machinery should be clever (computer), sensory (sensors), neurological (electronic control lines), Heart (power plant) and blood (and hydraulic power transmission devices), the hands (equipment), and bone (structure). 1. Construction machinery has gone through three upgrades and leap 1.1 Power revolution The small size, light weight, strong and the emergence of the internal combustion engine, the solution of engineering machinery mobile sources of power problems the engineering machinery prompted the birth and development. 1.2 Transmission revolution Solve the power problem after major problem is how to effectively transfer power to complete the operation. Mechanical engineering operations variety of forms, a wide variety of devices, the demands of a wide variety of complex campaigns. A power-driven device to a variety of devices, but often drive long distances, 20 1950s a liquid transmission (hydraulic and hydraulic), and construction machinery provide a good gearing. Hydraulic drive compact structure and layout is simple and convenient and easy movement of various forms of conversion, the complex can meet the operational requirements, There are many excellent transmission performance; Driving a smooth, automatic prevent overload and easy to achieve CVT, the simple manipulation of light, good performance. Because of construction machinery to find the ideal transmission device, a project to promote the rapid development of machinery, ushered in the mechanical engineering diversification era, the completion of various kinds have emerged in all types of construction, construction machinery operations. 1.3 Manipulation and control of the revolution Engineering machinery and power transmission problems to solve, with the social progress and economic development and the improvement of living, mechanical engineering to a series of higher demand. Make efficient and energy-saving construction machinery, they have to engine and transmission control, and rational distribution of power, it is the best working conditions; To reduce labor intensity drivers and improving control performance, the need for automatic control, and the effort to achieve automation; To accomplish highly skilled work requires intelligent; To improve security needs security control, running and monitoring, fault automatic alarm; New areas of the building expansion To avoid nearly impossible to place and operating environment is very bad place to work, to the introduction of remote control and unmanned. What all this means is a mechanical engineering major current problem is the manipulation and control. Construction machinery should remain in the artificial manipulation stage, on the feeling that experience and technology to manipulate mechanical engineering will greatly influence the development of machinery technology, not people from the heavy, complex manipulation of the liberation of labor. In recent years the development of mechanical engineering major is the manipulation and control of the improvement, the following examples : Diesel Power Plant has been using microcomputer-controlled electronic injection and electronic governor; excavators, bulldozers and loaders are used to control engine operating conditions, according to operating conditions through electronic control, Engine power output of. Transmission device such as loaders use of electric transmission manipulation, computer controlled automatic transmission shift quality and control. Equipment bulldozers, grader blade automatic adjustment, milling machines and automatic leveling Paver, excavators trajectory control, Digging such as automatic. Energy-saving hydraulic system control, full power control, pumps, valves and motors joint control. Control system from the pilot to pilot manipulation ratio manipulation, the latest being - stick to the direction of development. Bulldozers, loaders stick a few are declining, manipulation Gong fallen manipulated more convenient. Some loaders to manipulation from the steering wheel to the stick-shift. The current mechanical engineering advanced technology largely concentrated in manipulation and control. To solve control problems, only from the mechanical and hydraulic perspective brains difficult to make our products a qualitative leap, must introduce good control performance and information-processing capabilities of electronic technology, sensor technology and electro-hydraulic conversion technologies. Electronic control and information processing technology have become modern machinery works as an indispensable part, In Japan even proposed no electronic control products are not as new products.2 Mechanical, electrical engineering, automation and robotics. Electronic, automation and robotics machinery works is the replacement product development direction of this technology is an irresistible trend. Its operating characteristics, can be broadly divided into various operating completion of definitive mechanical engineering and complete a single operation dedicated engineering machinery. 2.1 General mechanical engineering integration to the machine direction of telecommunications development Such machinery with a variety of functions and the need to complete complex task performance, complex work environment, difficult to break down into simple model moves very difficult to achieve automation, the need for people to grasp and manipulate. At present, the electronic control technology is trying to infiltrate such machinery and popularity of a new generation of so-called electronic excavators, Electronic bulldozers, which has practical use, commercialization and marketing. 2.2 Machinery specialized for particular projects to develop in the direction of building robots Construction project, some are relatively simple operation to separate work and other operations as a separate operation, often using special machinery to construction, Construction still under construction will require technical and construction machinery combine to create new construction, that the combination of the construction design of the dedicated special-purpose machinery. Such as machinery abroad mostly electronic control technology to achieve automation and construction of unmanned operation. Abroad is often used for such integration of telecommunications technology, can automatically operate in the machinery and building system known as Robot.3 21 century and the problems facing the development of the construction industry Forecast The 21st century mankind is faced with the population, resources and environmental crisis : the population problem. Population growth, aging, labor and production of population decline, the need to broaden the human living space. to the high-altitude city development and utilization of underground space, coastal soft ground transformation of reclaiming land from the sea, marine development and to enter the universe; the energy crisis. Need to develop alternative green energy coal and petroleum fuels, the development of a comprehensive and rational use of natural resources; pollution. CO2 output increase, global warming, the destruction of the ionosphere, the tropical rainforest of the reduced air and water pollution, is the need to prevent the expansion of the desert and desert greening, maintain the ecological environment, governance and control of the Earths environment. All of construction machinery more demanding, but the current construction machinery still many problems. Machinery manufacturing industry has achieved the mechanical and electrical integration, large use of CNC machine tools, machining centers and various mechanical hand, guarantee a high-tech product quality, improved labor productivity. Machinery manufacturing and the construction industry is still very backward in comparison, even though the realization of mechanization, and still stays in a person a piece of equipment, With talent, manual-based small producers, unable to raise labor productivity, therefore an urgent need for new technological revolution, to the community of large-scale production mode transition, achieving industrialization construction. Advanced countries are constantly create advanced building technologies and the development of high-performance, high-tech engineering machinery, For example, a fully automated system to build roads, mass unmanned earthwork construction system and automated factory building construction systems. Meanwhile construction of the following new requirements. 3.1 Construction of the expansion of the field To the underground, high-altitude and marine development, to enter the universe. Town ground left to human habitation and green, to maintain a good ecological environment, the pipeline (sewer, gas pipeline electric wires and telephone lines, etc.) and all traffic to underground, by the sea, separated by the River land will be used to tunnel connectivity, need large variety of underground construction machinery. Desert Green and the use of a need to develop desert machinery; Marine exploration and utilization of resources, the need to develop a marine machinery; Soft foundation coastal rehabilitation and reclaiming land from the sea is also a need to develop appropriate machinery; There cosmic exploration and the development of machinery. 3.2 Construction of large-scale Ultra-high buildings, big and heavy make increasingly large-scale construction, including large-scale water conservancy projects, the super-deep underground, super-long tunnel, large-span bridges; Advanced construction projects, including the High exquisite buildings, the High Road, high-speed train; also works to achieve high-speed and low-cost. 3.3 Change the backward imageThe building industry and construction machinery to the backward state of the material and human seemed to be more and more disproportionate, construction greatly affect the urban landscape, destroying the environment and construction of serious security incidents, mortality in the highest industry. Advanced countries have made mechanical engineering design of new ideas, people-centered ergonomics first, make drivers and to see the people satisfied. In Japan, the establishment of a construction industry labor Disaster Prevention Association, the establishment of the committee for security fortifications, Ministry of Construction issued the fortifications security measures to guide the building design, construction and management. Already implemented a number of construction industry workforce five-year plan to prevent disasters, is currently implementing the 4th construction industry labor Disaster Prevention five-year plan period from 1998 2002. In building mechanical design of a product safety design concepts, Besides drivers and operators to accept the health and safety education and training unpredictable danger. To further enhance safety and reduce accidents, Japans main mechanical engineering (excavators and cranes) manipulation of a unified manner. Beginning in 1992, the implementation of standards manipulation of the evaluation of construction machinery, conform to the standard way of manipulating mechanical engineering affixed with a special logo. Manipulation of the unified approach of the manufacturers to avoid the use of non-uniform manner manipulation caused by drivers not used to the accidents and affect productivity. Mechanical manipulation of the works to standardize the process, in-depth study of how the manipulation of simplistic and the future direction of automation development. 3.4 Protection of the environment, pollution-free green construction As the peoples living standards and constantly raise the level of civilization, and continuously enhance environmental awareness, Construction of the building has become the largest urban pollution, and that has been raised would rather slow down the rate of construction should give priority to the protection of the environment. Green design with the requirements of sustainable development is a sign of social progress, scientific and technological development is an inevitable trend. Practice proves, who started early and rapidly implemented, will be the one to seize the initiative in product research and development. Must make engineering and technical personnel, particularly enterprise decision makers fully aware of the need for green design and urgency. As the design objectives and the issues involved are complex and need more professional, multidisciplinary design composed of technical design team, responsible for the entire design process, and called on all members of the coordination and cross design. Therefore, the preliminary design may require more manpower, material and financial resources on the input from the development of a strategic perspective, Green design will give enterprises and their products to set up a good image, and ultimately bring incalculable social and economic benefits. Japan has formulated a series of environmental policy, as early as 1967 on the Basic Law for public hazard 1968 and 1976 respectively, the noise restrictions and vibration limits law. 1983 started the low-noise construction machinery assessment system. 1989, the implementation of the ultra low noise of construction machinery assessment system. Evaluation is the process of the factory application by the Japanese Association of mechanization building construction mechanization Institute review Japans approval of the Ministry of Construction that meets the standards of mechanical noise affixed with low noise and ultra-low mechanical noise of the special markings These machinery from the right price and cost calculation of preferential policies. 1996, low-vibration construction machinery vibration levels measured approach 1997 started the construction of low mechanical vibration in the assessment of atmospheric pollution and emissions. Japan in 1992 put forward the emissions-response assessment essentials of construction machinery, and first in tunnel construction on seven kinds of construction machinery emissions-response assessment of construction machinery, 1993, it has expanded the types of emissions countermeasures construction machinery assessed types of planes. Environmental Protection in Construction and the Japanese government in 1993 proposed the Basic Environment 1994 adopted the basic plan for the environment. Japans Ministry of Construction to create and protect the environment as an administrative mission to understand, the environmental policy framework, 1997 further proposed the Environmental Impact Assessment Law, and, more specifically, more explicit evaluation of the impact on the environment and the elements, including atmospheric environment (emissions, noise and vibration), water environment and the soil environment, the ecological environment, and the coordination of the natural environment and the burden on the environment (including construction waste, waste), and so on. The above can be seen on environmental protection abroad raised very high, so a lot of work, in the 21st century mechanical engineering in the design and construction of environmental protection must be considered. Pollution caused by large construction methods and construction machinery will be eliminated, being green and green construction machinery has been replaced. Chinas current site in the use of small concrete mixers are being replaced Ready Mixed Concrete, hydraulic hammer gradually replace diesel hammer, Wet dug bored piles are being dug dry bored piles are out, laying of pipelines from being the largest non-excavation to excavation planted development direction. 工程机械路在何方面对着电子工业和信息工业的高速发展, 在前几年机械工业行业曾出现过困惑,有人认为机械工业已成夕阳工业,没啥搞头了,不仅花费劳动力大、难度大而且获利小。那么实际情况如何?有必要重新来认识、探讨机械工业今后的发展道路。机械可比作人工动物,动物的基本组成是头脑、感觉器官、心脏、手足和骨骼,那么现代机械的基本组成应该是电脑、各种传感器、动力装置、工作执行机构。动物按智能、信息处理能力来区分低等和高等,则机械也按操纵、控制和信息处理功能划分低级和高级。传统机械是机械的低级阶段,则现代机械是机械的高级阶段。最高级的动物是人,那么最高级的机械就是机械人。现代机械为机械发展开辟了无限宽广的大道,机械发展的主要问题是解决灵性和具有信息处理能力问题。现代机械应该有头脑(电脑)、感觉器官(传感器)、神经(电控线路)、心脏(动力装置)和血液(动力和液压传动装置)、手脚(工作装置)和骨骼(结构)。1 工程机械经历了3次飞跃和更新换代1.1 动力革命 体积小、重量轻、强有力的内燃机的出现,解决了工程机械移动的动力源难题,促使了工程机械的诞生和发展。1.2 传动革命解决了动力问题之后主要的问题是如何有效地传递动力去完成作业。工程机械作业形式多种多样,工作装置的种类繁多,要求实现各种各样的复杂运动。一个动力装置要驱动多种装置,而且传动距离往往比较长,20世纪50年代出现了液体传动(液压和液力),为工程机械提供了良好的传动装置。液压传动结构紧凑,布置简单方便,易实现各种运动形式的转换,能满足复杂的作业要求,具有许多优良传动性能;传动平稳,自动防止过载,易实现无级变速,操纵简单轻便,控制性能好。由于工程机械找到了理想的传动装置,推动了工程机械的飞速发展,迎来了工程机械的多样化时代,出现了形形色色完成各种施工作业的工程机械。1.3 操纵和控制革命工程机械的动力和传动问题基本解决以后,随着社会的进步、经济的发展和生活的提高,对工程机械提出一系列更高的要求。要使工程机械高效节能,就要对发动机和传动系统进行控制,合理分配功率,使其处于最佳工况;为了减轻司机劳动强度和改善操纵性能,需要采用自动控制,实现省力化和自动化;要完成高技能的作业就需要智能化;为了提高安全性需要安全控制,进行运行状态