复合句详细讲解.doc

【专题八】主从复合句（状从、名从和定从）【考点分析】状语从句1.when, while, as引导时间状语从句的区别；2.名词词组the minute, the moment, the first time, each time, any time等用作连词，引导的时间状语从句；3.before,和since引导时间状语从句的用法以及常见的几个句型；4.till和until的用法；5.although, though, as以及even if, even though引导让步状语从句的用法；6.结果状语从句中“sothat”与“suchthat”的区别；7.条件状语从句unless, providing/provided, suppose/supposing等引导词的用法；8.“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”引导从句的用法；9. in case引导的状语从句；10.where引导的状语从句；11.once引导的状语从句。12.与祈使句、定语从句、名词从句、倒装句以及与强调句型的混合考查。名词从句1. that和what引导名词性从句的区别；2.名词从句的语序和时态；3. it作形式主语、形式宾语的几种情况；4.宾语从句的否定转移；5.whether和if的用法区别；6.what在名词性从句中的使用；7.doubt后的名词性从句的使用；8.Who / whoever, what / whatever等的用法区别；9.连接词that的省略；定语从句1.that与which引导的定语从句的区别；2.who、whom与whose引导的定语从句的区别；3.关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句的区别；4.对“as”引导定语从句的考查；5. suchas与suchthat的区别；the sameas与the samethat的区别；6.对“介词+关系代词”的考查；7.the way 作先行词时,定语从句的引导词作状语用in which ,that 或者省略；8.含有插入语的定语从句；9.与并列句、状语从句、同位语从句以及与强调句型的混合考查。【知识点归纳】I.句子的种类复习主从复合句时，我们首先要对句子的种类有所了解，才能更深入地掌握主从复合句的知识。按用途分种 类类 型例 句陈述句肯定句We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。否定句They dont go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。疑问句一般疑问句Are you a worker? 你是个工人吗？Havent you seen the film? 你没看过这部电影吗？ 特殊疑问句Who is the man? 这人是谁？When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视？What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？选择疑问句Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French. 他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。反意疑问句They are going to the airport, arent they? 他们要去机场，是吗？You havent finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业，是吗？祈使句肯定句Be sure to get there at eight. 务必八点钟到那儿。否定句Dont worry. Ill help you out. 别担心，我会帮助你的。感叹句what + 名词What great changes we have had these years! 这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊!What a fine day it is! 多好的天气呀!how + 形容词或副词How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀!How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！how +句子How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀!How + adj.+a (an) + n.=What a(an)+adj.+nHow nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! 多好的孩子啊!按结构分种类类型例 句简单句主+谓They disappeared. 他们消失了。主+谓+宾He likes swimming.他喜欢游泳。We help each other. 我们互相帮助。主+谓+间宾+直接宾I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。主+谓+宾+宾补They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。I want everything ready by eight oclock. 我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。主+系+表She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。并列句并列关系and, not onlybut also, neither nor, bothand, notbut,Eitheryoudoit,orIaskforsomebodyelsetodoit.要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。NeitherTomnorJackhasfinishedthehomework.汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。Notcouldnttheycompletethetask,butthetaskwastootough.不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。转折关系but,while（而，尽管）nevertheless(然而；不过)Johnlikesplayingbasketball,buthedidntplayityesterday.约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。选择关系or, otherwise or else, eitherorWe must hurry, or well miss the train. 我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。 Either you come to my place or I go to yours. 或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。因果关系for, so, thus, therefore, and soWe had better stay at home, for it was raining. 我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。He didnt work hard, therefore he failed in the examination.他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。从句有：名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）状语从句定语从句（详细请看以下内容）II.状语从句状语从句是每年高考必考的内容，在高考试题中加上其它从句的干扰，以及倒装句，强调句的介入，使得状语从句更为复杂。1.时间状语从句由下列连词引导：when,while,as,before,after,once,till,until,since,as soon as,now that,hardlywhen,scarcelywhen,no soonerthan,有一些表示时间的副词（短语）或名词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如：directly,instantly,immediately,by the time，the moment,the second,the minute,the instant,every time,each time,next time,the last time等重点内容如下：when,while,as引导的时间状语从句as表示“当的时候”，往往和when/ while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。She came up as I was cooking.(同时)The runners started as the gun went off.(几乎同时)when(at or during the time that )既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)When we were at school, we went to the library every day.(在一段时间内)When we arrived there,the film had already begun.(先后发生)while意思是“当的时候”或“在某一段时间里”。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在when表示a period of time时，两者可以互换。Please dont talk so loud while/when others are working.He fell asleep while/when reading.Strike while the iron is hot.( 不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁”)before状语从句的重点句型之后才：It was a long time before I got to sleep .不多久就：It wasnt long before he told me about the affair.不等就：Before I could get in a word, he had measured me.刚就：He hardly entered the room before he heard the telephone ring.先再：You can have a few days to think about it before you make your decision.since 引导的从句用延续性动词的过去式（包括过去完成时），则从句的动作已经结束,从句意思是否定的。如果从句的动词是延续性的用完成时态，从句意思是肯定的。He has never been to see me since I was ill.我病愈后，他一直未来看我。（不在生病了）He has never been to see me since I have been ill.我病了，他一直未来看我。I havent heard from him since he lived here.自从他这里搬走，我就没有收到他的信。（不住在这儿了）I know him very well since he has lived here near us.自他住在我们附近以来，我对他很了解。Its three years since I was in the army.我退伍已三年了。（不在服役了）Its three years since I have been in the army=Its three years since he joined the army.我入伍已三年了。如果与till与until从句使用的主句是肯定的，则主句中谓语要用延续性动词如果与其使用的主句是否肯定的，则主句中谓语要用短暂性动词。另till从句不可以置于句首，只有until从句可以放在句首。not until 放在句首时主句要倒装。2.原因状语从句由下列连词引导：as（由于）,because(因为), since（既然）,now (that) (既然), considering that（顾及到）, seeing that（由于）。I do it because I like it.因为我喜欢我才干。(because不能与 so连用)He couldnt have seen me, because I was not there.他不可能见过我，因为当时我不在那儿。Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.由于好些人都没到会，我们决定延期开会Now that/Since you are all here, lets try and reach a decision.既然大家都来了咱们就设法做一个决定吧As she was ill, she didnt come to the party.由于病了，她没来参加晚会。Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.考虑到他们才刚刚学做，他们干得算很不错的了。重点内容如下：because语气最强，用于回答why的提问，可与强调词only,just 以及否定词not 连用。但不可以与so连用。如You shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of you.另外注意与not连用时否定的转移。He didnt do such a thing because he was afraid of his wife.他并不是因为怕他的妻子才做这样的事。Cf:He didnt do such a thing,because he was afraid of his wife.因为怕妻子，他没有做这样的事。because引导的从句可以被强调：It was because she wanted to study abroad that she entered for TOEFLas语气较弱，since语气也较弱，但比as正式一些,所说明的原因比较明显或是已知的事实，多用于口语中，所以不应该强调。常置于句首。As all the seats were full,he stood there.Since you are going,Ill go,too.for虽解释为“因为”但只是一个并列连词，它引导的是并列句，不是原因状语从句。The day was short,for it was December.3.地点状语从句由下列连词引导:where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere。Anywhere he went,he got warm welcome. The girl takes the doll with her everywhere she goes.Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and the Han River meet.武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.哪儿有问题，你最好在哪儿做个记号。(这里where引导的从句不是定语从句)4.结果状语从句由下列连词引导：that，sothat，so that（从句中不带情态动词），suchthat，with the result that等。注意以下几种结构：so+adj/adv+that such(a/an+adj)+n+thatso+adj+a/an+n+that=such a/an+adj+n+that so many/much/few/little(少)+n+that注意以上结构与定语从句so/suchas的区别。This is such an interesting/so interesting a film that/as everyone wants to see it/(it).He didnt plan his time well so that/so he didnt finish the work in time.他没把时间计划好，结果没按时完成这项工作。We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door. 我们走得匆忙，把门都忘了锁了。The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.这村子太小，所以这地图上没有。Jenny is such a clever girl that all the teachers like her very much = Jenny is so clever a girl that all the teachers like her very muchJenny是如此聪明的女孩，以至老师们都非常喜欢她。I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块紫一块He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。I had so little money then that I couldnt afford a little present.我当时囊中羞涩连一份小小礼物都买不起5.目的状语从句由下列连词引导：so that,in order that,for fear that等。目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词can, could, may, might, should连用目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词can, could, may, might, should连用。（so that也可用来引导结果状语从句，但从句中不带情态动词）Lets take the front seats (so) that we may see more clearly.我们坐前排吧，这样我们看得更清楚些。School was closed early in order that the children might go home ahead of the storm.早点儿放学是为了让孩子们在暴风雨到来之前回家。He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.他把名字写下省得忘了。（该从句中一般用情态动词should+动词原形，或省略should）Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。注意：so that引导的目的状语从句只能放在主句之后，in order that 引导的目的状语从句可以放在主句之前或之后。6.条件状语从句分为真实条件句和非真实条件句（用在虚拟语气中）。表示条件的状语从句可以由if（如果）,unless（除非）, in case（万一）, so /as long as（只要）, as/ so far as（就而言）, on condition that（条件是）suppose（假设）supposing（假设）（仅用在问句中）等词或词组引导。一般情况下当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。As/So long as we dont lose heart, well find a way to overcome the difficulty.只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.万一你有什么困难，请给我们一个信儿。If you leave at 6 oclock tomorrow morning, youd better get to bed now.如果你明早6点钟走，你最好现在就上床。Well let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy.只要你能保持整洁，我们可以让你使用这个房间。As/So far as I know, he is an expert on DNA.据我所知，他是一个DNA专家。Hell accept the job unless the salary is too low/ if the salary is not too low.他会接受这项工作的，除非薪水太少/如果薪水不太少的话。Suppose/Supposing we cant get enough food, what shall we do?假设我们弄不到足够的食物，那我们怎么办？7.让步状语从句由下列连词引导：although,though,as,even if, even though,while,whetheror,whoever,whatever,however,no matter+疑问词等。We wont be discouraged even if(=even though) we fail ten times.我们就是失败十次也不泄气。It was an exciting game, though / although no goals were scored.那是一场精彩的球赛，尽管一个球都没进。Whether you believe it or not, its true.不管你信不信，这是真的。However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, Ill take it.无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。Dont let them in, whoever(=no matter who) they are.不管他们是谁，别让他们进来。No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks Im wrong.无论我说什么或怎么说，他总认为是我错。注意以下几点：although,though引导让步状语从句时，主句前不能用but,但可以加yet,stil。He refuses help although he has many friends who want to offer all kinds of help.as引导让步状语从句时，必须用前置结构，通常是从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在句首，放在句首的名词前的冠词要去掉。Child as(though)he is, he knows a lot.（注意在child前不要用冠词）Much as I like it, I wont buy.Try as he would, he couldnt lift the heavy box.8.方式状语从句由下列连词引导：as,as if,as though,the way等。Do it the way you were told.注意以下几点： as引导方式状语从句时意义为“按照”，“如同”，前面常用加强语势。I did it just as you told me.as if和as though 引导的从句中，谓语常用虚拟语气，有时也用陈述语气。连词while 和whereas 可表示对比。Whereas he is rather lazy,she is quite energetic.9.比较状语从句由下列连词引导：asas,not asas,not soas,than等(详情请参见【专题三】形容词和副词)。10.注意状语从句中的省略现象连接词+过去分词Unless repaired, the washing machine is no use.连词+现在分词Look out while crossing the street.连词+形容词/其他常见的有if necessary、if possible、when necessary、if any等。比较状语从句中的省略句。如：He arrived home half an hour earlier than (he had been)expected.III.名词从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连词可分为三类：that（不充当从句的任何成分，无词义。只起连接作用，因此往往可以省略。）whether, if（不充当从句的任何成分，均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性。不可以省略。）as if,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, whichwhen, where, how, whyWho cleaned the blackboard is not known yet.谁擦的黑板还不知道。What he said is not true.他说的不是实话That hell come to see us is really great.他来看我们真是太好啦。I dont know why he is absent.我不知道为什么他不在。The question is whether he will join us next time.问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。1.主语从句由从属连词引导的主语从句：Whether the country should build a nuclear power station is something we must discuss. 那个国家是否应该建立核电站That light travels in straight line is known to all .光以直线传播由连接代词引导的主语从句：What we need is more time. 我们所需要的是Whichever book you choose doesnt matter to me.无论你选哪本书Whoever comes will be welcome.无论谁来由连接副词引导的主语从句：When the plane is to take off hasnt been announced.飞机什么时候起飞Where he has been is still a puzzle.他到过哪儿How much water is flowing can be measured easily.水的流量是多少关于形式主语 itIt + be +形容词+ that-从句 It is necessary that 有必要 It is important that重要的是 It is obvious that很明显 It is likely that.很可能It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句It is believed that人们相信It is known to all that众所周知（注意该句型的变式：It is known to all that the earth goes around the sun.=As is known to all,the earth goes around the sun.=What is known to all is that the earth goes around the sun.）It has been decided that已决定It + be +名词+ that-从句It is common knowledge that 是常识It is a surprise that令人惊奇的是It is a fact that事实是可应用于此句型的名词还有fact / shame / honor / question/pity等。It +不及物动词+ that-分句It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that我突然想起It doesnt matter whether he likes or not. 2.表语从句可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem等等。The problem is that millions of people die of illnesses caused by smoking.数百万人死于由抽烟引起的疾病The question remains whether we can win the game.我们是否能赢得这次比赛 Thats just what I want. 我想要的This is where our problem lies. 我们的问题所在The difficulty is how we can help smokers kick their habit我们如何帮助吸烟的人注意：表语从句的表现形式除了用从属连词，连接代词和连接副词引导以外，还可以由as, as if，as though引导Things were not as they seemed.It looks as though it is going to rain.好象要下雨了。另外还要注意以下常用的两种结构：The reason whyis that (而不用 because)It ( This, That ) is becauseThe reason why he was dismissed is that he didnt work hard. 他为什么被开除是因为他工作不努力。It is because the tobacco companies want to remain in business.3.同位语从句同位语从句一般由 that, whether 等连词引导，常放在 advice, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, question, reason, truth, word, suggestion.等名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 登陆月球.I have no idea when he will be back. 什么时候回来The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen illMary也许病了He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.是否同意4.宾语从句宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，介词的宾语，某些形容词的宾语以及非谓语动词的宾语。及物动词后的宾语从句：She will give whoever needs help a warm support任何需要帮助的人I wonder why she refused my invitation她为什么拒绝了我的邀请介词后的宾语从句：I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.我总是在思考如何提高我的口语水平。The teacher is satisfied with what she has said. 老师对他所说的话很满意。某些形容词后的宾语从句：I am sure that you will make greater progress in English through hard work.通过努力工作，你将取得更大的进步We are surprised that he has left without saying goodbye to us.他没有告别就走了非谓语动词后的宾语从句：Realizing that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner smiled and said nothing. On being asked whether he had had a good time in Australia, he answered “Terrible ”. 关于形式宾语itWe must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 我们必须清楚任何违犯法律的人都将受到惩罚。I find it necessary that we should ask him for his advice.我发现我们有必要征求他的意见。 5.名词性从句重难点在名词性从句中，疑问句要用陈述句的语序。例如：Can you make sure _the gold ring ？A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice put C.where Alice has put D.where has Alice putYou cant imagine _when they received these nice Christmas presents.A.how they were excited B.how excited they wereC.how excited were they D.they were how excited动词 doubt 用在疑问句或否定句中，其后宾语从句常用 that 作连接词；用在肯定句中，连接词用 whether 或 if 皆可，而不用that。Do you doubt that he will win ?I dont doubt that your proposition is wrong . He doubt whether I know it . 否定转移问题。将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等动词后面跟宾语从句时否定转移I dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。 I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。We dont expect he will come tonight , will he ? 注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移 It doesnt seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。 It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 主谓一致问题。What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the worldWhat I bought were three English books语气问题在含有 suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , insist, desire, require, advise 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，that从句常用“should+ 动词原形”的结构I suggest we (should) set off at once. 我建议我们应该立刻出发。在It is 过去分词that的主语从句中 decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested， required等。 It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening 在表语从句或同位语从句中 The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the prizes was accepted by everyone 在It is（was）形容词that从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should ）动词原形，表示建议或不满、惊奇等情绪。常用于此类的形容词有 essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等。 It is necessary that a college student _at least a foreign language（上海1993） A.masters B.should master C.mastered D.will master What引导名词从句的特殊含义:What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality(what为“所的事”，相当于“the thing that；all that；everything that”)After _ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed（M ET93） A.what B.when C.that D.which (what相当于“the time that”，表示“时间”)He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？(what表示“的人”，相当于“the person that”)What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world(what表示“的地方”，相当于“the place that”)Our income is now double what it was ten years ago(what表示“的数目”，相当于“the amount number that”)不可省略的连词：介词后的连词不可省略Before I came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say.下楼之前，我已经把我要说的认真准备好了。引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。宾语从句有多个that引导时，从第二个及其后面的that不能省略 I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get better比较：whether 与 if