浅谈在英语学习中非谓语动词的用法(延东东).doc

浅谈在英语学习中非谓语动词的用法陕西定边第二中学 延东东 非谓语动词,也就是不可用来做句子谓语的动词。以do为例，其形式为：to do，doing和done三种形式。在英语学习中，这既是一个重点，也是一个难点。很多情况下，学习者用起来很迷惘，不知是用to do, doing还是done的形式。下面我将简要谈一下其用法和大家共商。一、“to do”的用法。在英语语法中，“to do”形式称为动词不定式，通常由不定式符号to+动词原形构成。但有时候在某些搭配中不能带to，要省去它，我们称之为不带to的动词不定式。1、不定式“to do”在句子中作主语。这时习惯上往往用it 来代替它，作形式主语，将此不定式置于句后。eg (1) It is difficult for us to write an article within 2 hours. (2) It is wrong of him to look down upon women.2、不定式“to do”在句中作宾语eg.(1) I want to play basketball this afternoon. (2) We decided to buy that house.3、不定式“to do”在句中作宾语的补足语。eg.(1) He always asks me to do something for him. (2) I will not let my children be treated in that way.注意：不定式作使意动词或者是感官动词的宾语补足语时，要省去“to”。4、不定式“to do”在句中作后置定语eg.(1) There is really nothing to fear. (2) He was the last guest to arrive. (3)Mary needs a friend to play with.5、不定式在句中作状语（表目的、结果等）eg(1) He is too young to carry the box. (2)He works very hard to make more money 6、不定式“to do”在句中作表语eg.(1) The problem is how to get there. (2) What I can do is to give him a little money.二、“doing”的用法这里所讲的动词-ing形式，包括传统语法中所指的“现在分词”和“动名词”，其构成一般是在动词后直接加“ing”，如：play-playing.若此动词是以不发音字母“e”结尾的，应先去掉“e”，再加“ing”，如：writewriting.若此动词是以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母时，应先双写这个字母，再加“ing”，如“putputting.1、“doing”在句中作主语eg.(1) Doing sports is good for your health. (2) Helping others is helping yourself.2、“doing”在句中作宾语eg.(1) They stopped watching TV at 9:30 (2) She went on reading.3、“doing”在句中作宾语补足语eg.(1) I saw him chatting with his English teacher just now. (2) I dont mind him buying another one.4、“doing”在句中作定语eg.(1) The doctor being sent for from the city is a famous one. (2) Tom has a sleeping bag. We can borrow it from him.5、“doing”在句中作状语。（表时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随状况等）eg.(1) Hearing the news, they set off the station at once. (2) Not knowing he would come, we did not make any preparation. (3) Standing on the church tower, the whole village could be seen. (4) Riding a bike or riding a car, you must follow the traffic rules. (5)Weather permitting， we will have a picnic next Sunday. 注意：一般情况下，doing在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子的主语。但有时候，找不到它的逻辑主语，这时我们可以给它加一个逻辑主语，这种由“逻辑主语+逻辑谓语doing”结构在英语中称为独立主格结构。上例中，weather permitting就是如此。6、“doing”在句中作表语。（不过，此时它已转化成了形容词，可以接受very修饰）eg.(1) The film was very amusing. (2) This book is interesting.三、“done”的用法 这儿的“done”是指-ed分词，即传统语法中所指的“过去分词”。其构成可分为规则变化和不规则变化。对于规则变化，一般在动词词尾加“ed”“如：talk-talked；以“e”结尾的动词只加“d”，如：live-lived;以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，先变“y”为“i”，再加ed，如：study-studied;若末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节动词，先双写这个字母，再加ed，如：stop-stopped.对于不规则变化，因其变化规则一般无序可遁，所以应单独记忆，如：have-had; do-done; say-said等。1、“done”在句中可作定语eg.(1) The finished article is mine. (2)The boy named Tom is my brothers friend. (3) The closed shop wont be open until next month. 注意：过去分词作定语通常带有被动和完成意义，而现在分词作定语通常带有主动，未完成和进行意义。2、“done”在句中可作宾语补足语eg.(1) I found him disappointed. (2) I have not any money left. (3) I was trying to make himself understood.3、在句中可作状语（表原因、条件、结果等）eg.(1) Deeply moved by the story, the child began to cry. (2) Heated, water changes into steam. (3)The glass fell to the ground, broken into pieces.(4) Considered as a building material, wood is not very strong.)4.“done”在句中作表语。（不过此时已转化为形容词，可接受very修饰） e.g.(1)After we watched the movie, we