初一上册英语语法知识小结.doc

初一上册英语语法小结1.there be 句型 “有”指 “某地有某物”形式 ：there is, there arethere are 用来修饰可数名词复数形式：there is not (there isnt) there are not (there arent)Is there.? Are there.?注意：这里涉及some any 的用法 some 用于肯定句中，any 用于否定句和疑问句中。但是在表示请求的疑问句中，是想要得到肯定答复的，要用some。例：Would you like some milk?对于there be 疑问句的回答：肯定：Yes,there isare. No,there isntarent.2.havehas got 有 指某人有某物区分 ：have has: have用来修饰第一人称和第二人称和第三人称复数（I ，we ，they) has用来修饰第三人称单数（she, he , it ）若表示某人没有某物，则要用否定形式，即在havehas got 后加not 即have not (havent)got ,has not(hasnt)got.某人是否有某物则要用havehas got的疑问形式，HaveHas +sb.sth. + got回答：肯定：Yes, i we they have. Yes , she he it has. 否定：No , i we they havent. No, she he it hasnt.注意：there be 和 have got 的区别 两者虽都指有，但侧重点不同。虽然都是“冰箱里有食物”但（1）句侧重于食物，（2）句侧重于冰箱。3.be(am is are)用法：我用am 你用are， is连着她他它，单数用is，复数用arebe 的否定形式 直接加not 即 am not, are not , is not.疑问形式把be提前 即 be+ 主语.？回答：肯定：Yes, I am. Yes,she he it is. Yes , you we they are.否定： No, I am not. No, she he it isnt. No , you we they arent.be的句式， 所用情况：1be + 形容词（adj.). 例：I am very happy.2 be+ 名词（n.) 例：He is a boy.3 be + 介词短语 例：She is in the school.4 be形容词短语例： e is only 11 years old.5 be+ 副词 例：Class is over.4. 情态动词 can can 可以 能够，表示某人能做某事 用法：can+v.原 不能做某事，则用can 的否定形式：cannot (cant)+v.原 can没有人称和数的变化,因此谁能（不能）做某事都能用can若表示某人是否能做某事 则要用can 的疑问形式，即can+sb.？疑问句回答 ：肯定：Yes, I she you he it they we can. 否定：No, I she he it you we they cant.注意：can 表示“能力”时，指现在的能力，并不指过去或将来的能力。5 .情态动词would 想 主要用于 would you like to .句型中，表示邀请。例：Would you like to go to school with me ?回答一般有两种形式：1 表示愿意：Id like love to. 2 拒绝：Sorry, 原因。注意：would like to 本身并不表示邀请， 而是想要。例：I would like to some books.另外，表示邀请还能说：Lets. Shall we. What How about.还要注意邀请时询问信息的表达方式：1）询问时间：When is. 2) 询问地点： Where is.6 行为动词的一般现在时(根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。行为动词也叫实义动词，比如eat,sleep,行为动词后面只能副词修饰系动词比如seem，be动词，可以用形容词，用法：1.如果表示某人经常性或习惯性做某事，则要用行为动词的一般现在时He goes to school every day.They eat dinner in the evening.2.若表示某人现在的动态，也可用一般现在时。I know him very well. 我和他很熟。He likes English very much. 他非常喜欢英语。若表示否定意义，若主语是第一人称或第二人称或第三人称复数，只要在谓语动词后加not，即do not(dont) ，若主语是第三人称单数，则要在谓语动词后加does not (doesnt)例：I dont go to school every day. She doesnt goes to the shop every day. You don t sing vell well.若表示是否经常做某事 则要用疑问意义，将do does 提前即可例：Do you write a composition every day? 你每天写一篇作文吗？ Does it smell good? 它闻起来很香吗？注意：行为动词的一般现在时中涉及了频度副词，用法：用于行为动词之前，be动词之后常见的频度副词有：often，always， usually， never, seldom，sometimes等7.变法总结名词变复数（1）一般在词尾加-s 例词：bags, vegetables ， books（2）以s , x , ch , sh 结尾的加-es 例词: watches , boxes , buses ， brushes(3)以o 结尾的加-es 例词：heroes 英雄 negroes 黑人 tomatoes 西红柿 potatoes 土豆（4）以o 结尾的加-s 例词：zoos , zeros(5) 以 辅音字母+y 结把y 变 i 加-es 例词：babybabies ，citycities(6)以 f 或 fe 结尾 ，把f 或 fe变成 -ves 例词： lifelives第三人称单数变化形式和名词变复数变化形式相同。Unit 3 What are you doing for vacation?l 1.掌握一些动词短语l 2.掌握what, where，when，how long引导的特殊疑问句。l 3.学会现在进行时表将来的用法考点整理1.和朋友们一起度过时光spend time with friends 2、租借影碟Rent videos 3、考虑think about4、决定。decide on.5、向她询问她的计划ask her about her plan 6、忘记要做某事forget to do7、回来Come back=get back Unit 37. 那听起来很棒。That sounds nice.8. 休闲在家relax at home9. 你将和谁一起去? Who are you going with?11. 在(深)山里in the mountains12. 你将呆多长时间？How long are you staying?13. 离开太长时间go away for too long27. 做一些不同的事do something different28. 计划做某事plan to do sth29. 在乡村in the countryside31. 多睡sleep a lot32. 迫不及待做某事cant wait to do sth33. 做完某事finish doing sth35. 询问某人某事ask sb about sth36. 一个观光的好地方a good place to go sightseeing37. 随身带上某物take sth with sb38. 离开某地leave +(from) 地点 动身前往某地leave for +地点 离开去leave for 1. something different 不同的事情 形容词修饰不定代词时放在不定代词后面2. plan n. make plans v. plan to do somethinginteresting 有趣的 surprising 令人吃惊的 exciting 令人兴奋的Interested 感到兴趣 surprised 感到吃惊 excited 感到兴奋3.It takes (sb.) +time +to do sth. 花某人多长时间做某事; 在这一句型中, time 指一段时间,常用how long 提问 4.spend spent spent 花费 spend some time/ some money on something (in) doing something. spend 以人做主语花费 take 以it做形式主语 cost 以物做主 6 . cant wait to do sth 迫不及待地做某事 7. finish + V-ing8. ask sb about sth 问某人关于某事9. be away + for +一段时间 离开go away 走开, take away 拿开，带走, keep away 离开1.leave from从离开2. leave for 动身去3.leave A for B 是离开A到B区别 leave + sth + 介词+ 地点 把某物忘在某处forget + sth 把某事忘了，想不起来了11. forget forgot 忘记 forget doing something 忘记做过了某事 forget to do something 忘记要去做某事 3. show sth. to sb. = show sb. Sth. 把拿给人看show sb. Sth.=show sth. to sb.出示某物给某人看 give me the book=give the book to me 给我书，pass me the cup=pass the cup to me 把杯子递给我，sell me the house=sell the house to me 把房子卖给我 buy me a book =buy a book for me 给我买书，make me a cake=make a cake for me给我做蛋糕 5.Go +doing 去干某事l 1. go swimming 去游泳 l 2. go boating去划船l 3. go skating 去溜冰 l 4. go walking去散步 l 5. go climbing 去登山 l 6. go dancing去跳舞 l 7. go hiking 去徒步远足 l 8. go sightseeing 去观光 l 9.go camping 去野营l 10. Go shopping 去买东西l 11 go bike riding 骑自行车旅行，l 12.go fishing 去钓鱼 6.do some reading 读书l 1. do some shopping 买东西 l 2. do some washing 洗衣服 l 3. do some cooking 作饭 l 4. do some reading 读书 l 5. do some speaking训练口语 正在进行时表将来1）、可以用进行时表将来的词有：leave/go/come/arrivestart等2.Be going to+V原3.will+V原选择题1. I am going to spend my summer v acation with my sister.2. Tom doesnt have enough money to buy a house, so he has to r ent one.3.Whats your p lan for this term.4.A: What D you ? B: I am my sister. A: do; do; babysit B: are; doing; babysit C: did; do; babysitting D: are; doing; babysitting5.A: What is he doing for vacation? B: He is A . A: going camping B: go camp C: go camping D: going camp ( C )1. -Whats she doing this summer holiday? -She_her sister. A. babysits B. babysitter C. is babysitting ( D )2. ” What are we going to do on Sunday?” “ How about _ ?” A. to go bike riding B. going bike to ride C. going to bike ridingD. going bike riding ( C )3. Im going bike riding after I finish_the book. A. to write B. writes C. writing( C )4. The food is the same every day, today I want to eat_.l A. different something B. anything different l C. something different(B)5. There isnt _with your watch. It works well. A. wrong something B. anything wrong C. nothing wrong练习：1. We are going _camping_(camp) this Sunday. 2. Liu Hong is the _twelfth_ (twelve) one to come here. 3. Will you please show all your_photos_(photo) to me. 4. Lets go bike _riding _(ride) this weekend. 5. The children couldnt wait _to watch_ ( watch) the match. 6. They are going _fishing_(fish) next Sunday. 7. My parents want to ask me about place _to visit _ (visit) in England.8. After I finish _cleaning _ (clean) the room, Ill have a rest. 10. Lucy spend an hour _doing_(do) her homework every day.11. I plan_to study _ (study) English next year. 12. I want to do something _different_(difference) this time. 13. Mike is _staying_ (stay) for five days. 14. Tell him _to be _(be ) quiet in the reading room. 15. That is a good place_to watch _(watch) birds.16. How about_camping _(camp) with us to the museum?17. My family _are going _(go) sightseeing next week.18. I am _panning _(plan) my vacation to Italy this weekend.( A )6. “Im sorry I forgot the letter for you!” “It doesnt matter, Ill post it myself.” A. to post B. posting C. post D. posted( B )7. I put my photos at home. Can I _tomorrow? A. show you to them B. show them to you C. show them you( A ) 8. My mother wants _a teacher. A.me to be B. to me be C. me be to( C )9. Im going bike riding after I finish_the book. A. to write B. writes C. writing ( C )10 I always feel tired, can you give me some_? A. good advices B. pieces of good advices C. pieces of adviceD 11.- Whats your father _ this Sunday? - He is going to Wuhan. A. do B. does C. to do D. doingA 12. Theyre _ in the mountains. A. going camping B. go camping C. go to camp D. going campC 13. Dad is planning _ me a new computer. A. buying B. buy C. to buy D. boughtB 14. The story sounds _. A. fun B. funny C. funnily D. badlyB 15. My son _ fifteen next Saturday. A. is B. will be C. is going to be D. wasA 16. With _ are you going to Beijing? A. whom B. who C. whose D. whosC 17. The poor beggar died _ a cold night. A. in B. at C. on D. for18. My bag is black. What about _yours_? (you)19. How about _swimming_ in the river? (swim)20. The _babysitters_ are _babysitting_ those busy parents children. (babysit 初中英语固定句型，词组及重要知识点(一)句型(一) such+名词性词组+that So+形容词/副词+that如此以致 例如：(1)She is such a good teacher that we all love her.她是一个好老师，我们都爱她。 (2)It was such a hot day that they didnt go out for a walk as usual.这么热的天气，他们没有像往常一样去散步。 注意点： 1.such+a+形容词+名词+that，可以改写成：so+形容词+a+名词+that，例句(1)可以改写成：She is so good a teacher that we all love her. 2.在such+形容词+名词复数或不可数名词+that结构中，形容词如果是many/few或much/little时，用so不用such，即：so+many/few+可数名词复数+that，so+much/little+不可数名词+that (1)There are so many people in the room that I cant get in.房间里人太多，我进不去。 (2)The man has so much money that he can buy a car.那人很有钱，他能买一辆小汽车。 句型(二) （就近一致） There be，eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also 例如：(1)There is a pen and two pencils in his pencil-box.他的铅笔盒里有一支钢笔和两支铅笔。 (2)Not only you but also I have been to the Great Wall.你和我都没有去过长城。 (3)Either you or I am leaving for Shanghai.要么你去上海，要么我去上海。 (4)Neither you nor he is right.你和他都不对。 (5)Both Jack and Tim are English. Jack和Tim是英国人。 注意点： 当这几个句型连接主语时，谓语动词的人称和数要考虑“就近原则”，对比bothand 来记忆，bothand连接主语时视为复数。 句型(三) Enough+名词+to do有足够的做某事 形容词/副词+enough+to do 足够做某事 例如：(1)There is enough room to hold these people to have a meeting.有足够的地方容下这些人开会。 (2)The boy is strong enough to carry the heavy box.这个男孩力气够大，能搬动这只箱子。 注意点： enough做副词修饰形容词或副词时，放在所修饰词的后面，句子可以用sothat句型改写。例句(2)可以改写为：The boy is so strong that he can carry the heavy box.这个男孩力气很大，能搬动这只箱子。 句型(四) too . to . too+形容词/副词+to do太以致不能 例如：(1)I was too excited to say a word.我激动得一个字也说不出来。 (2)Tom is too short to reach the apple. Tom太矮了，拿不到那个苹果。 注意点： 这是一个否定句型，不能在不定式前加 not，可以用sothat结构改写，例如例句(1)可以改写成：I was so excited that I couldnt say a word.句型(五) So that 以便/ 以致 例如：(1)They studied hard so that they could pass the exam.他们学习很努力，为了能通过考试。 (2)They started early so that they caught the early bus.他们起得很早，结果赶上了早班车。 注意点： 在例句(1)中,是引导目的状语；在例句(2)中，是引导结果状语。一般来讲，从句中含有情态动词的，为目的状语。无情态动词的，为结果状语 句型(六) 祈使句+then/or/and+陈述句 例如：(1)Work hard,and/then/and then you will live a happy life.努力工作，你就会过上幸福生活。 (2)Hurry up, or we will be late for school. 快点，否则我们上学就迟到了。 注意点： 以上句型都可以用条件状语从句来改写。例句(2)可以改写成：If we dont hurry up,well be late for school. 句型(七) (1)Its time for sth.是干某事的时间了。 Its time (for sb) to do sth.该干某事了。 Its time that sb did sth.该干某事了。 例如：(1) Its time for the meeting.该开会了。 (2)Its time for us to go to school.我们该上学了。 (3)Its high time that you went to bed.你该上床休息了 注意点： 在句型(3)中，可以在time前加rush、 high等修饰词，这个句型是虚拟语气的一种，含有“稍迟一点”的含义。而(2)则是“正是干某事的时候”。 句型(八) 花费” (1)It takes sb. Some time to do sth.干某事花某人一些时间 (2)sb. spend some time on sth./(in) doing sth.某人花时间在某事上/花时间干某事 (3)sb. spend some money on sth./(in) doing sth.某人花钱在某物上/花钱干某事 (4)sth. cost sb. Some money某事花某人一些钱 (5) sb. pay some money for sth.某人为某事(物)付钱 例如：(1)It took me two hours to write the letter.写这封信花了我两小时的时间。 (2)He spends half an hour (in) reading English every morning.他每天早上花半小时读英语。 (3)He spends one hour on the housework every day.他每天花一小时做家务。 (4)The bike cost me 298 yuan.这辆自行车花了我298元。 (5)I spent 298 yuan on the bike.我买这辆自行车花了298 元。 (6)I paid 298 yuan for the bike.我花了298元买这辆自行车。 注意点：cost主语一般为物；spend、pay主语一般为人。例(1)中it 用做形式主语，动词不定式为真正主语。句型(九) 提建议 (1)Why not do?为什么不干某事？ (2)Lets do 让我们干某事吧。 (3)Shall we do ?我们干某事好吗？ (4)Would you like something/to do sth.?你想要什么吗？你想要干吗？ (5)Will you please do ?请你干某事好吗？ (6)What (How) about doing?干某事怎么样？ 例如：(1)Why not go and ask our teacher?Good idea!Lets go.为什么不去问问老师？好主意！走吧！ (2)Shall we go out for a walk?No, lets go to the zoo.我们去散步怎么样？不，我们去动物园吧。 (3)Will you please fetch some chalks for me?请你给我拿些粉笔，好吗？ (4)What about singing an English song? Wonderful!唱首英语歌曲怎么样？好极了！ 注意点：这些句型都是表示“建议”的句子，可视为同义句。句型(十) (1)Lets go out for a walk,shall we?让我们出去散步，好吗？ (2)Read the book carefully,will you?认真读书，好吗？ 注意点：在这两个句型中，(2)所代表的祈使句，一般用will you构成反意疑问句。在(1)中Lets表示包括“我”在内，用shall we，但若是let us，表示不包括“我”在内，则用will you。 例如：Let us go out for a walk,will you?你让我们出去散散步，好吗？ 句型(十一) 倒装句 So+be/助动词/情态动词+主语也 Neither/Nor+be/助动词/情态动词+主语也不 例如：(1)He can sing a lot of English songs,so can she.他会唱很多英语歌曲，她也是。 (2)She speaks English very well,so do I.她英语说得好，我也是。 (3)Li Lei hasnt read this book,neither has Lin Feng.李蕾没看过这本书，林风也没看过。 注意点：这两个句型都表示和前面所陈述的内容相同，用倒装句。要注意和 “so+主语+be/助动词/情态动词确实是”相区别，试对比一下例(2)： A：She speaks English very well.她英语说得很好。 B：so she does.确实是这样。 句型(十二) 否定的转移 I dont think his answer is right.我认为他的答案不对。 例如：(1)I cant believe she is right.我相信她是不对的。 (2)You dont think they will come tomorrow, do you?你认为他们明天不会来，是吗？ 注意点：Think、believe、suppose 等接宾语从句时，表示否定时否定主句。变为反意疑问句时，若主语是第一人称，简短问句与宾语从句的主谓语保持一致， 若主句主语是其他人称，与主句主谓语保持一致。例(1)变为反意疑问句应为：I cant believe she is right,is she? （在某些情况下，这种否定也可能不转移，如有兴趣，可上网查找“否定不转移”(二)初中英语重要句型(25组）1.There be结构 a.这是英语中常见的一种结构，表示“某地有某物”其含义为“存在有”。 eg.There are twenty girls in our class.have也解释为“有”但是与there be有区别，它的含义是“所有，属有”，其主语为某人。eg.I have a nice watch. b.There be结构中的be动词要和后面所跟名词保持一致。 C, there be 结构的否定和疑问构成方式：2.There is a rivernear our school.否：There is not a river near our school.问：Is there a river near our school.回答：Yes, there is. No, there isnt.划How many rivers are there near our school? Whats near our school?d.there be结构的一般将来时，同学们较难掌握，其正确形式为：there is going to be e.反意疑问句的构成：There is no water in the glass, is there?There is going to _ a football match this afternoon. A.have B.watch C.be D.playThey were sure that they were going to _ a rest. A.be B.have C.be on D.on 2.so,neither引导的倒装句a.So+be(助动词，情态动词)+主语。表示某人也是如此。eg.Mike has bought some foreign stamps. So has Bob.=Bob has bought some,too.b.Neither+be(助动词，情态动词)主语，表示某人也不。eg.Mother has never been to Japan. Neither has Father.=Father has never been to Japan, either. c.So主语be(助动词，情态动词)。表示果真如此(赞同),请与a.区别。eg.A:Mike is right in the classroom. B:So he is.=He is really in the class room. 3.Its+时间+since动词过去式。自从.起已有.时间了。 Its two weeks since we met last.(自从我们上次见面已有两个星期了) How long is it since we left Beijing?(自从我们离开北京已有多久了 4.祈使句+and (那么).eg.Go straight on and youll see a school. =If you go straight on, youll see a school. 5.祈使句+or.否则.eg.Work hard, or you will fall behind the other students. =If you dont work hard, youll fall behind the other. 6. The+比较级.，the+比较级.越.越. eg.The more, the better.越多越好。 The harder you work on it, the better youll be at it.(你越用功，你就越好。) 7.How do you like the film? =What do you think of the film? (你认为这部电影怎样？) 8.What.do with.?怎样对付.?怎样处理.? 虽然中文为怎样，我们绝不可照字面翻译为how. eg.A:What have you done with the library book? B:Ive just returned it to the library. 9.I dont know what to do.我不知道该怎么办？ I dont know how to do. 10.What.be like?.是什么样的？eg.Whats the weather like?天气如何？ Whats your school like?你们学校是什么样的？ 11.What.for?为何目的？为什么？eg.What do you want a science lab for?=Why do you want a science lab? 12.one of +最高级复数 最.之一eg.Miss Zhao is one of the most popular teachers. 13.findfeelthink it +形容词+to do eg.I find it useful to learn English well. (我发觉学好英语是很有用的) find +宾语 +名词 eg.I find him a good boy. (我发现他是个好男孩.)find +宾语 +形容词 eg.I find the door open/closed. (我发现门开/关着) I find our bags filled with/full of presents. (我发现我们的包装满了礼物) 14.I dont think+肯定句 我想.不eg.I dont think Ill take it. (我想我不买它了)请注意:中文意思否定在从句中,但是英语的表达否定在主句中。 15.prefer A to B=like A better than B更喜欢A不怎么喜欢B. eg. I prefer fish to chicken.= I like fish better than chicken prefer to do rather than dowould rather do than do= would do rather than do16.had better do sth.最好干某事.否定:had better not do sth.特别注意:had better后面跟be动词词组,不可漏掉be. eg.Youd better catch a train. Youd better not talk in class. Youd better not be late for the class. 17.It is good (nice) of+宾格+to