英语写作技巧汇总NEW.doc

英语写作中的拦路虎 大学英语写作中英汉表达几种差异： 一、思维方式。英美人思维方式是直线式，他们在遣词造句谋篇上遵循着从一般（general）到具体（specific），从概括（summarize）到举例（exemplify），从整体（whole）到个体（respective）原则。请看短文： Soccer is a difficult sport.（1）A player must be able to run steadily without rest.（2）Sometimes a player must hit the ball with his or her head.（3）Players must be willing to bang into and be banged into by others.（4）They must put up with aching feet and sore muscles 上面这则短文中，主题句（main idea sentence）也就是文章中心是第一句，（1）（2）（3）（4）句是用来说明主题句。而在汉语中，我们习惯于先分后总，先说原因后说结果，即所谓“前因后果”，如果要表达相同意思，我们通常这样说： 足球运动员必须能不停地奔跑，有时得用头顶球，撞别人或被别人撞，必须忍受双脚和肌肉疼痛，所以说，足球运动是一项难度大运动。 再比如写下面一则便条，因你母亲突然生病，周末你不能和汤姆去跳舞了，你找了舞跳得很好时黛来代替你，并表示抱歉。 此英语便条为： July 6，2002 Dear Tom， I am sorry to inform you that I wont be able to go to dance with you this weekend. My mother is suddenly taken ill. In order not to disappoint you, I have asked Shi Dai to take my place. She is a better dancer, I think. My regrets. Joe 从便条中可以看出，英语表达先“果”I wont be able to go to dance with you this weekend后“因”my mother is suddenly taken ill，即所谓“先果后因”。 一般来说，在单个句子中，英语句子也是先中心，也就是将主要思想、结果放在句首，放在主句里表达；而汉语正相反，一般为后中心，主要观点、信息往往放在句末。如： He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill因为他病了，昨天他不得不呆在家里。 Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life生活中既然有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。所以说，大学生用英文写作时，就要按照英美人思维模式进行思考，也就是说要学会用英语进行思维，避免写出中国式英语。 二、英汉句子结构特点。英语属印欧语系，汉语属汉藏语系，两种语言相距甚远，英语结构紧凑，汉语结构松散。语言学家以“竹节句法”来比喻英语句子，即英语句子是由断不可缺各种连接词衔接而成，宛如节节相连竹子；而汉语句子则被比喻为“流水句法”，所谓流水指少用乃至不用连接词仍行文流畅。所以说，英语重形和，汉语重意和。英语句子中如果少了连接词如or，but，if，so，because，when，although ， in order that，so that，所要表达意思就支离破碎了，而汉语如没连接词，只从句子本身意思就可以把概念或关系表达清楚。如：Conquer the desires，or they will conquer you你如不能战胜欲念，欲念将要战胜你。 三、就是因为英语中各种连接词与替代词广泛使用，使得英语中出现“多枝共干”式长句，复合句；汉语则常用短句，简单句。巧用连接词 有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so， and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用连接词，尤其是一些表示从属关系的连接词，如 who，which，that，because，since，although，after，as，before，when，whenever，if，unless，as if等，不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。例如： The Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in the world，and in spring time it often overflows its banks，and the lives of many people are endangered. 此句用and把三个分句一贯到底，既乏味又可笑。如果使用了关系代词which，语义就会更连贯，语言也会更流畅： The Mississippi River，which is one of the longest rivers in the world，often overflows its banks in the spring time，endangering the lives of many people. 四、英语另一个显著特点是被动句多。英语重物称，常常选择不能施行动作或无生命词语作主语，由于这些“无灵”物称充当主语，使得被动句大兴其道。在英语被动句里，不必强调动作施行者，就将其置于句尾由by连接；不必、不愿或不便言明动作施行者，就干脆将其省略。相对而言，汉语习惯于人称化表达，主语常常是能施行动作或有生命物体，所以汉语中主动句多。请看例句： It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver长期以来，大家知道心脏与肝脏关系是最主要。 The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire大火几乎使这家有名旅馆全部毁灭。 They were given a hearty welcome他们受到热烈欢迎。 五、英语又一显著特点是其丰富时态。不同语言具有不同时态，有语言甚至很少或没有时态，汉语基本上就是借助词汇来表示各种时间和动作，汉语动词除了只有“着”、“了”、“过”若干说法与英语进行时、完成时或过去时相对外，别无其他与英语相对应时体形式；而英语不仅有时态，而且种类繁多（共有16种时态），区分细微，习惯性强。英语就是通过这些固定语法手段将动作进行过程与状况描绘得更准确更精细，有时甚至能表达说话人感情色彩。如：Youre always asking me such questions！你老是问我这样问题！（用现在进行时表示厌烦）。I am now living in a very pleasant flat我现在住在一间非常舒适公寓里。（用现在进行时表示满意） 所以，传递同样意思，英语只要选用合适时态就可以了，汉语则必须使用词汇手段。又如：It has been noted that those who live，or have lived，in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do人们已经注意到大凡受到死亡威胁人或是死里逃生人对于他们所干任何事总是兴趣盎然。 六、从词汇方面讲，英汉两种语言也有很大差异。就词组而言，英语中词组或短语可谓林林总总，丰富多彩，有名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语与独立结构等，它们语法功能不一而足，可作主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语与表语等。如：Marriage may be compared to a cage：the birds outside despair to get in and those within despair to get out婚姻好比鸟笼，外面鸟儿想进进不去，里面鸟儿想出出不来。（不定式短语to get in，to get out作状语） I am utterly in the dark about the matter我对这件事完全不知道。（介词词组in the dark作表语）。Christmas is coming up圣诞节就要到了。（动词短语come up作谓语）。相比之下，汉语更偏重以单音节或多音节单词为其基本句法成分，而且其短语用法十分有限。 此外英语中许多词常常一词多义，它们所表达各个含义，分别与汉语中几个不同词或词组相对应，所以，在用英文写作时，一定要慎重地选词用词，以期贴切地表达思想。 综上所述，只有充分了解英汉表达各种差异，才会胸有成竹，下笔有神，行文流畅。英语写作技巧1.名人名言，格言警句经典句型： A proverb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言） It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言）更多经典句型： As everyone knows, No one can deny that2数字统计 要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。 According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 更多句型： A recent statistics/data/research/investigation shows that 结尾： 1结尾公式一：如此结论 Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others. 更多过渡短语： to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型： Thus, it can be concluded that, Therefore, we can find that 2结尾公式二：如此建议 Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 这里的虚拟语气用得很经典更多句型： Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken. Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken. Only in this way can we stand a better chance of entering world-class university. 写作的“七项基本原则”： 一、 长短句原则 As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 二、 主题句原则 文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然！ 隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！ To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 三、 一二三原则 to begin with, then, furthermore, finallyto start with, next, in addition, finallyfirst and foremost, besides, last but not leastmost important of all, moreover, finally on the one hand, on the other handfor one thing, for another thing 四选词采纳多实少虚原则，少用垃圾词汇，初级词汇，多用同义和近义词，短语优先原则 从词汇方面讲，英汉两种语言也有很大差异。就词组而言，英语中词组或短语可谓林林总总，丰富多彩，有名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语与独立结构等，它们语法功能不一而足，可作主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语与表语等。短语优先：如：Marriage may be compared to a cage：the birds outside despair to get in and those within despair to get out婚姻好比鸟笼，外面鸟儿想进进不去，里面鸟儿想出出不来。（不定式短语to get in，to get out作状语） I am utterly in the dark about the matter我对这件事完全不知道。（介词词组in the dark作表语）。Christmas is coming up圣诞节就要到了。（动词短语come up作谓语）。多实少虚：Nicegenerous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 选词精确，避免同一词重复使用： 走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room 多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！ 五、多变句式原则 失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重） 文章中如果出现这样的句子，会让你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。 举例：This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. 同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分： When to go, Why he goes away 附加（多此一举） 那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。 The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine. I dont enjoy that book you are reading. Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going. 其实很简单，同位语-要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。 排比（排山倒海句） 如果要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么引用一个个的排比句，一个个对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！ Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. （气势恢宏） 让普通句式出色的方法：改变句子开头 许多学生在写作中倾向于用与人有关系的词性，用名词和代词作为句子的开头，如 People，We，I，He，They，She等。但这种开头见多了，难免让人厌倦。试比较： A. People throughout the country have greatly demanded all kinds of nutritious food. B. There is a great demand across the country for all kinds of nutritious food. 第一句改用非人称名词作为主语开头，第二句则用there be句型开头。这样既改变了主语谓语宾语单调句型，又把想强调的意思突出出来。实际上，为了把文章写得生动活泼，除了用主语开头外，1）.用副词开头 Too often，students stray into the habit of cheating on tests. 2）.用同位语开头 Air，water and oxygen，everything that is necessary for life. 3）.用状语开头 Dark and empty，the house looked very different from the way I remembered it. 4）.用表语开头Equally essential to the highest success in learning a language are intense interest plus persistent effort. 5）.用宾语开头 My advice you would not listen to；my helps you laughed at. Now you will have what you asked for. 6）以短语修饰语开头 以介词短语开头 To me the news was very interesting，but to my wife very boring. 以分词短语开头 Disturbed by the discord of American life in recent decades，Menchester took flight for the pacific islands. 以不定式短语开头 To pass the exam，you should work very hard. 利用倒装结构 英语的基本句型是SVO，如果偶尔打破常规，改变某一成分的位置，不仅可以丰富句型，而且能强调、突出被倒装的部分，收到意想不到的表达效果。例如： 1）In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games. 2）Faith in the Chinese economic reforms the majority of people will never lose. 六、挑战极限原则,独立主格，虚拟语气等较为复杂的语法现象 The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China. 文章主体段落三大技巧： 一、举实例 思维短路，举实例！提出一个观点，举实例！提出一个方案，举实例！任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，尽管举例子！ In order to attract more c