外报外刊知识总结.doc

Part OneMajor American Newspapers:The New York Times 纽约时报The Washington Post 华盛顿邮报Los Angles Times 洛杉矶时报USA Today 今日美国报The Wall Street Journal 华尔街日报The Christian Science Monitor 基督教科学箴言报International Herald Tribune 国际先驱论坛报Ranked in publication year:The New York Times 1851The Washington Post 1877Los Angles Times 1881 The Wall Street Journal 1889 The Christian Science Monitor 1908USA Today 1983Major American Magazines:Time 时代周刊 1923Newsweek 新闻周刊 1933U.S. News & World Report 1948Fortune 财富 1930Readers Digest 读者文摘 1922British Newspapers:The Times 泰晤士报The Financial Times 金融时报The Guardian 卫报The Daily Telegraph 每日电讯报The Sun 太阳报The Daily Mirror 每日镜报The Daily Mail 每日邮报The Independent 独立报American and British News agencies:Associated Press （AP） 美联社United Press International (UPI) 合众国际社Reuters 路透社Some other important news agencies in the world:AFP 法新社 (France)DPA 德新社 (Germany)TASS 塔斯社 (Russia)ANSA 安莎社 (Italy)KNS 共同社 (Japan )EFE 埃菲社 (Span)CNN (Cable News Network) 有线新闻网AL Jazeera 半岛电视 （Qatar）Essentials to English Newspaper Reading:Find out the key points, esp. the front page. 抓重点，看头版Key parts of the front page:Nameplate 报刊名 Ears 报耳 -报头角小栏刊登天气预报或短广告等Cut 图片Cutlines 图片说明Headline 标题A. Banner headline 通栏标题B. Jump headline 转页标题 6. By-line作者姓名栏7. Wire service symbol 新闻机构符号8Dateline 新闻电头（注明写作日期和地点）1. Language features:Rhetoric Devices in News Publications1英语新闻标题的修辞特点1.1简约新闻标题的最大的特点就是简约,使用简短小词、单词型标题和词组句子型标题都是简约的表现。例如:Starvation (China Daily , 1981)饥饿成灾。Unusual Snow(China Daily , 1987)罕见大雪。Peace Mission(China Daily , 1987)和平使命 1.2使用俚俗词语 新闻标题特别是地方性新闻标题中还经常使用俚俗词语,以创造亲切风趣、生动活泼的氛 围。例如: Cops: Man Wanted in N.J. Arrested. 警方称,新泽西州通缉犯已被抓获。使用cops(俚俗语)来说明警察,拉近了与读者的距离。 Pioneer Colleges Face Axe. 一些实验学院面临砍削。 使用axe来形容砍削,形象醒目。 Tourism Up and Violence Off, Jamaica Says. 牙买加称,旅游业蒸蒸日上,暴力犯罪减少。 Up和off的使用,简洁生动。1.3使用典故、习语新闻标题如果适当地用一些典故、成语,会使整个文章顿时生辉。例如:To Save Or Not To Save要不要储蓄借用了莎士比亚的名句To be or not to be。For many in cinema, all roads led to Wilder.对许多影迷而言,条条道路通魏尔德。典出英谚All roads lead to Rome。Crying Over Unsold Milk牛奶售不出,抱怨也无用。典出成语cry over split milk。Liberty -Mother of Invention.自由是发明之母。典出成语Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。1.4运用其他修辞手法1.4.1头韵法(alliteration)头韵,原是古英语诗歌中的主要押韵形式,到了14世纪乔叟以音部为主的格律诗以后,头韵失去了诗歌韵律的地位。所谓头韵,即在一个词组或一个诗行中,有两个以上彼此靠近的词,其开头的音节具有同样的字母或发音。例如:Help hopes and luck lift conductor, from Obscurity (China Daily, 1987).Hopes to host games in future (China Daily,1987).Million Mission (South China Morning Post,1981).Accusers Accused.1.4.2尾韵(rhyme)尾韵就是后元音以及辅音模式的词尾音素重复,尤指位于词尾的。尾韵相同的词的运用,往往可以渲染气氛,引起读者是注意和兴趣。例如:U.S. send us false news, says Iraq.(China Daily , 1987)Washington the Real Father or an Infamous Traitor.(Charleston Daily Mail, 1974)1.4.3比喻(metaphor)标题中运用比喻,使新闻中的人物和事件更为鲜明突出,更能吸引读者。例如:Russian Reform Old Wine in New Bottle.Middle East: A Cradle of Terror.The Graying of America.Black day for English soccer. (China Daily,1987).1.4.4对照( antithesis)英文标题也经常用到对照修辞格, 用含义相反的的词或相反的事实作对比,以更加突出其中的差异,来说明事物,给人以更深刻的印象。例如: Old dogs, new tricks. (U. S. News &World Report, Feb. 26, 2001)1.4.5借代(metonymy)借代修辞格指两件事物虽不相似,利用不可分离的关系,借此代彼。常用的有用各国首都代表各国或政府,以及用建筑物名称代表有关的政府机构。例如:Israel Tests Washingtons Tolerance.(China Daily , Oct. 8, 2002)Thanks Heavens for Brussels.Pentagon aware of arms sales to Iran. (China Daily, Feb.1, 1987)1.4.6双关语(pun)双关语分谐音双关和词义双关,指词或词组同时表达互不关连的双重含义。例如:Microsoft opens a new window. (U. S. News & World Report Feb. 26, 2001).Blown-Away Hopes.1.4.7隽语( paradox)隽语就是把表面看来互相矛盾的两个概念或判断巧妙地连在一起,隽语可使文章文采斐然,此类标题能吸引读者反常规思考和深层理解。例如:For Ramadan , Jerusalem is quiet but tense.( The New York Times , Nov. 9 , 2002)Surgery without the surgery. (The New York Times Nov.12, 2002)1.4.8拟人(personification)拟人是把物当作人来描写的一种修辞方法,借此表现作者的思想感情增强语言的感染力和生动性,使表现对象栩栩如生,活灵活现,并使其特征更为突出感人。例如:Ruin answers old questions. (China Daily, Jan.14, 1987)1.4.9夸张(hyperbole)夸张是一种故意言过其实,或夸大或缩小事物的形象,借以突出事物的某种特征或品格,鲜明地表达思想情感的修辞方式。例如:Vow To Zip His Lips.1.4.10对偶、排比(parallelism)对偶,排比也是报刊英语标题常用的一种修辞格。它的格式是用平列的句子或词组,把两个或更多的事物进行比较,借以突出它们的共同点或不同点。例如:Iran captures township, Iraq Continues air raid.(China Daily , Jan.22, 1987).Hard work and plain living.(China Daily, Jan.26, 1987).新闻标题的特点是概括精练准确，力求做到“Saying a lot in a small space.”II.新闻标题分类从形式和内容方面分类来看，包括 (1)摘要式。这类标越提纲攀领，高度概括出新闻的主要内容，并常用肯定句形式。如: a. Girls Die in Blaze b. Taiwan Recognizes Mainland Currency (2)设问式。这类标题有: 表明未来可能发生某事。如: a. Oil Price to Rise? b. OPEC to Raise Oil Output?石油输出国组织可能会提高原油产对某事的真实性衰示怀疑。如: a. Korea Unity in Five Years?韩国和朝鲜会在5年内统一吗?) b. A Europe With One Voice?(欧洲能“用一个声音”说话吗?) c. Police Allowed Jail break?（警方纵容越狱?) 说理式。如: a. Murder On Campus ; Can It Be Averted?(美国国内枪支泛滥，媒体大肆宣扬暴力，国会又不能批准对枪支实行严格控的法律，校园枪杀事件当然难免。) b. Why Congress Dont Work?美国国会议员制定法律时要兼顾政党、派系、特殊利益集团、地区及官员个人能否保住官职等利弊得失)(3)引语式。这类标题有: 将人们说的常理性的话作为标题。如: We Owe Our Lives to Our Pilot 立接引用记者听到的采访对象或发言人的原话作标题。如: a. We Have to Save Our People b. We Wont Quit c. UN Chief：Talks Here Positive标题中部分带引号的词，有时其词义往往不是其通常的意思。如: Norse Invasion 此标题可不是指古代北欧人对不列颠的入侵和征服，而是指大批挪威人旅到苏格兰去游购物。这个“invasion”因不是常义，故加引号。 (4)双标题。这种标越分为两部分，往往用于关于重大事件的报道中。如: a. Expected to Go to US Castro to Free Thousands of Prisoners b. It Isnt the Cows That Are Mad Its the People That Are Going MadStory Type 新闻类型1. BriefsBriefs, as the name indicates, are short items to be found in newspapers. Often they are used to facilitate makeup by filling in small spaces left after longer stories are placed on pages. 简讯（briefs），顾名思义，是报纸的简短新闻，常用来填补报上刊登的较长文章后空下的较小空白，以使版面完整。NEWS ITEMS（新闻条目）A. Office RemovalThe office of Internal Revenue Service has moved to the Federal Building at 101 Northshore Dr.Notes:(1) Internal Revenue Service 国内税务局，在美 国报刊上常以其缩写形式IRS出现。(2) 101 Northshore Dr.北海岸车道101号。Dr. 是Drive的缩写，意为“车道”。B. Date for RevivalThe South Side Baptist Church will hold a revival at 7:30 p.m. June 16-22. Note:(1) revival（宗教）福音布道会(2) 7:30 p.m. 下午七时半。p.m. 为拉丁文post meridiem，略作p.m.或P.M.，也可些作pm或PM。意为after noon。同样，a.m.为拉丁文ante meridiem，略作a.m. 或A.M. 也可写成am或AM。2. PersonalsPersonals, a type of news story, are short items on activities of various citizens as well as groups in a community. Often they are used as separate stories with individual headlines and scattered through the regular sections of the papers. They may also be used to fill whole columns, as on the family or womens pages.NEWS ITEMSA. Mrs. Elbert Hookera. Mrs. Elbert Hooker, 912 Glen Dr., is spending the month of June in Miami, to study tropical plants at Fairchild Tropical Gardens.b. Mrs. Elbert Hooker, 912 Glen Dr. , whose tropical garden was featured in the May issue of The South Today, is spending the month of June in Miami, to study tropical plants at Fairchild Tropical Gardens.Note:(1) featured（她的热带植物园）以特写形式在今日南方杂志上刊登了出来。(2) The South Today今日南方，是美国一家地区性杂志。2. CrimeNewspapers devote a large amount of space to crime news. The chief source of crime news is the city police, which generally enforces laws on murder, robbery, larceny and other crimes.各种报纸常常以大量篇幅报道犯罪消息。这类消息主要来自对凶杀、抢劫、偷窃和其它犯罪活动采取法律行动的市警察局。3. Education Stories on education cover the activities