主谓一致徐翠玲.doc

第八讲 主谓一致 主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系，这又叫做“主-动一致”（Subjectiveverb Concord）。“一致”指句子成分之间或主语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。 主语和随后的谓语动词之间的一致关系对高中生来说，掌握上有一定的难度，因为这种一致的关系常由三种不同的原则所支配，即语法一致原则，意义一致原则和就近原则。 知识要点列举一 语法一致原则 主语和谓语动词之间的一致关系主要表现在“数”的形式上，即用作主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致。 如果主语的名词词组中心词是单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式； 如果主语的名词词组中心词是复数形式时，谓语动词则用其对应的复数形式。 这种一致关系叫做“语法一致”。例如：His father is working in a hospital. 他的父亲在一家医院上班。 Water is indispensable to our life. 水是我们生命中补课缺少的。 The students study very hard. 这些学生学习非常努力。英语中出现的遵循语法一致原则的情况，总结起来有以下几种情况：1. 当and或bothand连接名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：You and me are good friends. 你和我是好朋友。 Both Tom and Mike are students in Class Eight. 汤姆和麦克都是八班的学生。2. 主语后接有with，along with,together with,as well as, no less than, more than, including,besides, like,except, but等词或短语时，谓语单复数由主语的名词词组中心词的形式决定。例如：Mr Green with his wife and two daughters is coming to Inner Mongolia. 格林先生将带着他的妻子和两个女儿一起来内蒙古。 Lucy, together with his his parents, is going to visit Shanghai next month. 露西将在下个月和她的父母一起去上海。 Some of the workers as well as the manager were responsible for the loss. 一些工人和老板一样要对这次损失负责。 His brother rather than anyone else in the family, is anxious to go there again.是他弟弟而不是家里其他人急于再去那个地方。No one but we (us) is able to do it.只有我们能当此任。 Nothing except a few books was left for him by his father. 他的父亲除了几本书什么也没给他留下。3. 不定代词either, neither, each，each one, the other, another, anybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one, something, anything, everything, nothing等作主语时，谓语用单数。例如：The students each have a dictionary. 学生每人有一本字典。 Somebody has left his/her umbrella here. 有人把伞忘在这儿了。 Neither（of the answers）is correct 两个回答哪一个都不对.注：all做主语表示三者以上的人和事，谓语为复数形式；但all指整体概念时，谓语动词则用单数。例如：All of the students are here. 所有的学生都在这。 All is going smoothly. 一切进展顺利。 none可以表示可数名词或不可数名词。指可数名词，可用单数也可用复数；但指不可数名 词时，只能用单数形式。例如：None of the money is left. 钱一点也没剩下。4.a number of + 名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式, 因为a number of = many, 意思是“许多”；例如此意“许多”的还有“a great many +复数名词，scores of+名词复数，dozens of + 名词复数”，后谓语动词用复数形式；而the number of + 名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，意思是“的数量”。例如：A number of books were handed out to students yesterday. 许多书昨天分发给学生了。 A great number of books are stored in the library. 图书馆里有许多书。 Dozens of eggs go bad. 有几打鸡蛋坏了。 The number of students in our class is 40.我们班的学生人数是40。注：Amount of和 a deal of 后只可接单数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。5.如果作主语的名词词组是由“分数（或百分数）+ of-名词词组”构成或由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of，a pile of, piles of, 其动词形式依据of-名词词组中的中心词而定。例如：Over sixty percent of the city was destroyed in the war. 这个城市超过65%的部分在战争中被摧毁了。 Thirty-five percent of the teachers were women. 百分之三十五的教师是女性。 Lots of food is going to be wasted. 大量的食物将会被浪费。6.由“a pair (a kind, a series)+ of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“pairs （kinds, sorts，types）+ of + 名词复数或可搭配的名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：A pair of shoes is under the bed. 在床底下有一双鞋。 This kind of roses is very sweet. 这种玫瑰很香甜。 Fifteen pairs of gloves are made each day in winter. 在冬天，每天有15双手套被制造。 Those kinds of car/cars are imported from America. 这些类型的汽车是从美国进口的。7.one of + 名词复数作主语，谓语动词用单数，译为“其中之一”；one in 或 one out of + 数词+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数，译为“分之一”例如：In Kenya, malaria is blamed for one out of every four child deaths. 在肯尼亚，每四个死亡的儿童中就有一个死于疟疾。 One in ten students has failed the exam. 十分之一的学生考试不及格。注：one of + 名词复数结构后的定语从句的谓语动词要用复数形式，但one前面加the 或the only, the just等谓语动词则用单数。例如：He is one of the students who work hard. 他是学习努力的学生之一。 He is the one of the boys who knows the secret. 他是唯一知道这个秘密的孩子。 He is the only one of the examples that gives the meaning of this word. 这是解释这个词的唯一例句。8.Many a + 名词单数 或more than one + 名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数，尽管其意义属多数，但随后的动词遵循“语法一致”原则。例如：Many a teacher has done his/her duty. 许多老师尽了自己的责任。 More than one tree was blown down. 不止一棵树被风刮倒了。注：more than 后接复数，则用谓语动词复数形式。例如：More than two persons are involve in this case. 这个案件涉及的不止两个人。9.某些只有复数形式的名词（如clothes, trousers, shorts, pants, shoes, gloves）作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：My shoes were lost, I couldnt find them everywhere. 我的鞋子丢了，到处都找不到。 My trousers are short. 我的裤子短了。10. 不定式或v-ing形式作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但当两个由and连接的并列的非限定分句作主语时，如果所指是两件事，动词用复数；如果所指是一件事情，动词则用单数形式。例如：To climb mountains requires courage. 爬山需要勇气。 Playing tennis is a very good exercise. 打网球是一种很好的锻炼。 Reading books and writing composition are entirely different. 读书和写作是完全不同的事情。二 意义一致原则 意义一致又叫概念一致，即主语和谓语的一致关系取决于主语所表达的单、复数意义，看主语意义在概念上是属于单数还是复数。比如：有时主语在语法形式上是单数，而在意义上可视为复数，随后的动词就用复数；反之，主语在语法形式上是复数，而在意义上可视为单数，随后的动词也用单数。 这种一致关系叫做“意义一致”。例如：His family are very well. 他家人身体都好。 Politics is a complicated business. 政治学是一门复杂的东西。英语中出现的遵循意义一致原则的情况，具体可以总结为以下几种:1. 由and连接的两个名词作主语，如果是指同一概念（即and后面无冠词），也叫做成对的表示同一概念；或由and连接的主语并列结构不是指两个或两个以上的人或物，而是表示单数意义，则谓语动词用单数形式。例如：The journalist and poet always goes abroad for his business. 这位记者兼诗人为了自己的事业总是去国外。 The singer and actor has been invited to the party. 这位歌手兼演员被邀请来参加聚会。 Bread and eggs is a good breakfast. 面包和鸡蛋是一顿很好的早餐。 The captain and coach has not come yet. 队长和教练还没来。（指一人） The captain and the coach have not come yet. 队长和教练还没来。（指两人）注：当each（every, no）+ 单数名词+ each (every, no)+ 单数名词 结构，结构应分为两个单独结构来看待时，应用单数谓语动词。例如：Each book and each paper is found in its place. 每一本书，每一份文件，都可以在一定的地方找到。 Every hour and minute is important. 每一分钟每一小时都很宝贵。and 连接两个主语从句，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：What he said and what he did were different. 他说的和做的不同。2. 表示金钱、价格、时间、长度、距离等复数名词、词组作主语时，被视为一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式，简称打包整体作主语。例如：Fifty-six dollars was stolen from the cash register. 现金出纳机里五十六美元被偷了。 Ten years is a long time. 十年是一段很长的时间。 Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.十五里对我而言是一段很长的步行路程。3.“one and a half” 后面要接复数名词，作主语时谓语要用单数形式，视“one and a half+复数名词”为一个整体。例如：One and a half cakes is a good meal for the monkey. 一个半蛋糕对猴子来说是很不错的一餐。4.集体名词（如family, audience, team, group, crowd, public, class, cattle, population, government, committee,enemy）作主语时，如果表示整体概念，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示集体中的成员、个体，则谓语动词用复数形式.例如：The audience are listening to the singer carefully. 听众们正在认真的听那位歌手。 It was late, but the audience was still entering the hall. 已经很晚了，但观众仍在进入大厅。 The graduating class is in the lab. 毕业班在实验室里。 The class are playing on the ground. 全班同学都在操场上玩。 The basketball team is made up of five players. 篮球队由五个成员组成。 The team are having a bath now. 队员们在洗澡。注：当主语为集合名词people, police, militia, cattle时，表面上是单数名词，但谓语动词要用复数形式；当people作“民族”讲时，谓语用单数。例如：The people of China are very brave and diligent. 中国人民很勇敢并勤奋。 （接上表） The Chinese people is a hard-working people. 中华民族是勤劳的民族。 Several hundred police were on duty that night. 那天晚上有几百名警察值勤。 Cattle provide us with milk and beef. 牛群为我们提供牛奶和牛肉。 5. Plenty of和quantity of 等后既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词，如接可数名词则谓语动词用复数形式，如接不可数名词则用单数形式。例如：Plenty of nuts are hidden in the trees by the squirrel. 松鼠在雪里藏了许多坚果。 Large plenty of snow was piped into drifts. 大量的雪被吹成一堆堆的。 A great quantity of books were stolen yesterday. 昨天有大量的书被盗了。 A larger quantity of food is supplied during the Christmas.圣诞期间有许多食物供应。6. 有些以-s 结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致的问题。(1) 英语中有一些以-s结尾的名词，通常用做复数，此类需归类记忆，如Archives, arms, clothes, fireworks, goods, wages, stairs等，此类词也包括群山、海峡、瀑布等地理名称，如the straits of Gibraltar, the Himalayas, the Niagara Falls等通常用复数；但如果是国名，就表示是单一政治 实体，谓语动词用单数形式，如the United states。(2) 有少数以-s结尾的名词，谓语动用单数或复数形式时，所表示的意义不同。例如：remains的用法：the remains of. 译为“的遗迹，剩余物”；remains译为“遗体”。 The martyrs remains were buried at the foot of the hill. 烈士们的遗体被埋在山脚下了。 Here is the remains of a temple. 这里是一所寺庙的遗迹。(3) 凡是由-ings 结尾的名词，通常用作复数。例如：earnings, clippings, surroundings,sweepings等。(4) 以-ics结尾的学科名称，表示学科时，谓语动词通常用单数形式；但若这类名词表示学科以 外的意义，多侧重于用复数。例如：Athletic have been greatly promoted at this college. 在这所大学里，体育运动已大力提倡。 The economics of the project are still being considered. 这项工程的经济意义仍在考虑中。7. 定冠词the+形容词或现在分词，过去分词的结构作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：The young must learn from the old. 青年人必须向老年人学习。 The middle-aged are always full of energy and experience. 中年人总是有精力和经验。8.算式中表示减法和除法时，谓语动词用单数（为了方便记忆，小窍门：减或除，越来越少故单）；而表示加法和乘法时，即可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。例如：Forty minus fifteen leaves twenty-five. 40-15=25 Forty divided by eight is five. 408=5 Seven plus(and) five makes(make) twelve. 7+5=12 Five times eight is(are) forty. 58=40三 就近原则有时，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的名词的单、复数形式，这种一致关系所依据的原则叫做“就近原则”。1. 由or, nor, eitheror, neithernor,not onlybut (also),notbut连接的两个并列主语时，谓语动词与较近的主语在数上保持一致。例如: My sister or my brother is likely to be at home. 我姐姐或我弟弟好像在家。 Either the shirt or the sweater is a good buy. 这件衬衣，要不就是这件毛衣，买是合算的。 Neither players nor the coach was overconfident. 运动员和教练都没有过度自信。 Not only my grandmother but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle. 我奶奶和我都盼望见到我叔叔。2. There be和Here be这两个句式中的be动词常与最近的主语在数上保持一致。例如: There is a laptop and some books on the table. 桌子上有一部笔记本电脑和一些书。 There are many arguments and a patent for the effectiveness of the herb. 有很多证据和一项专利证明这种草药有效果。 Here is my phone number if you need anything. 如果你还需要什么，这是我的电话号码。 例题精析例题1：The teacher together with the students _discussing Reading Skills that _ newly published in America. （四川高考） A. are; were B.is;were C.are; was D.is; was思路分析：句意：老师和学生们一起讨论的那本阅读技巧是近期在美国出版的。“主语+together with+名词/代词”时，句中谓语动词的数要根据前面的主语确定；先行词Reading Skills应是一本书的名字，其定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。参考答案：D例题2：The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _ rising steadily since 1997. A. is B. are C. has been D. have been （山东高考）思路分析：句意：在中国大学就读的留学生数目自1997年开始一直稳定增长。“the number of + 名词”作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式；由since1997可知，句子的时态应用现在完成时。参考答案：C例题3：At present, one of the arguments in favor of the new airport_that it will bring a lot of jobs to the area. （江西高考） A. is B. are C. will be D. was 思路分析：句意：目前，有利于新机场的论据之一是它将会给该地区带来大量的就业机会。根据one of the arguments可知主语是one，所以谓语动词用is。再由At present以及句意可知，应用一般现在时。参考答案：A例题4：Either you or one of you students _to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow. （湖南高考） A.are B.is C.have D.be 思路分析：句意：你或者你的一位学生要参加定于明天召开的会议。本题主语由either.or.连接，谓语动词要根据or之后的部分来确定单复数形式，该句中or后是one of your students，所以谓语动词用单数形式。参考答案：B例题5：A survey of the opinions of experts that three hours of outdoor exercise a week good for ones health. （江西高考） A.show; are B.shows; is C.show; is D.shows; are思路分析：一个针对专家组的意见的调查显示，一周三个小时的户外锻炼对健康有益。由a survey可知第一个空用shows，首先排除A、C两项；第二个空前的时间three hours of outdoor exercise a week表示抽象概念，看作单数，故其谓语动词用单数形式。参考答案：B 课堂练习：1. Not only Tom but also his wife _fond of watching television. A. are B. were C. be D. is2. Mathematics _the language of science. A. are B. are going to be C. is D. is to be3. Jane is one of the best students in her class who _by their teacher. A. are praised B. is praised C. praised D. Praising4. Tom as well as two of his classmates _ _invited to the party. A. was B. were C. have been D. had been5. Ten thousand dollars _quite a large sum. A. are B. is C. were D. Have6. The old _well looked after by the government in China. A. is B. are C. has been D. was7. When and where to build the new factory _yet. A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided8. The number of people invited _fifty， but a number of them _absent for different reasons. A. were；was B. was； was C. was；were D. were； were9. The United States of America _one of the most developed countries in the world. A. is B. are C. was D. Were10. Apples of this kind _. A. tastes good B. tastes well C. taste good D. taste well答案：15： DCAAB 610：BACAC 能力提升完型填空 AThere are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere. We can see there is a lot of sleeping on the bus or train on the _1_ home from work in the evenings. A man will be _2_ the newspaper, and seconds later it 3 as if he is trying to 4 it. Or he will fall asleep on the shoulder of the stranger 5 next to him. 6 place where unplanned short sleep 7 is in the lecture hall where a student will start snoring（打鼾）so _8_ that the professor has to ask another student to _9_ the sleeper awake. A more embarrassing（尴尬）situation occurs when a student starts falling into sleep and the _10_ of the head pushes the arm off the _11_, and the movement carries the 12 of the body along. The student wakes up on the floor with no 13 of getting there. The worst time to fall asleep is when 14 . Police reports are full of 15 that occur when people fall into sleep and go _16_ the road. If the drivers are _17_, they are not seriously hurt. One womans car, _18_, went into the river. She woke up in four feet of _19_ and thought it was raining. When people are really _20_，nothing will stop them from falling asleep-no matter where they are.1. A. wayB. trackC. pathD. road2. A. buyingB. foldingC. deliveringD. reading3. A. actsB. shows C. appearsD. sounds4. A. openB. eatC. findD. finish5. A. lying B. waitingC. talking D. sitting6. A. NextB. Every C. AnotherD. One7. A. goes onB. ends upC. lasts D. returns8. A. bravelyB. happilyC. loudly D. carelessly9. A. leaveB. shakeC. keepD. watch10. A. sizeB. shapeC. weight D. strength11. A. cushionB. deskC. shoulderD. book12. A. actionB. positionC. rest D. side13. A. memoryB. reason C. questionD. purpose14. A. thinkingB. workingC. walkingD. driving15. A. changesB. events C. ideasD. accidents16. A. upB. off C. alongD. down17. A. luckyB. awake C. calmD. strong18. A. in timeB. at first C. as usualD. for example19. A. dustB. waterC. grassD. bush20. A. tiredB. drunk C. grassD. bushBIn a land far away, once upon a time there was great poverty （贫困）, and only the rich could manage without great _21_ . Three of those rich men and their servants were _22_ together on a road when they came to a very _23_ village.The first could not stand seeing the poverty, 24 he took all the gold and jewels from his wagons (四轮载重马车) and shared 25 out among the villagers. He wished them all the best of luck, and he left.The second rich man ,seeing the _26_ situation, stopped for a short time and gave _27_ all his food and drink, since he _28_ see that money would be of little _29_ to them. He made sure that they each 30 their fair share and would have enough food to 31 for some time . Then, he left.The third rich man, on seeing such poverty, 32 and went straight through the 33 without stopping. The two other rich men saw this from a distance and commented with each other _34_ the third rich man lacked sympathy. It was _35_ that they themselves had been there to offer help.However, three days later, they _36_ the third rich man, who was coming in the opposite direction. He was 37 traveling quickly, but his wagons, 38 the gold and valuables they had been 39 , were now full of farming tools and bags of 40 . He was rushing back to help them out of poverty.21. A. lossB. expectationsC. successD. problems 22. A. standingB. travelingC. gathering D. running 23. A. faraway B. poorC. differentD. ancient 24. A. unlessB. becauseC. soD. if 25. A. them B. anythingC. nothingD. those 26. A. curious B. worryingC. dangerous D. puzzling 27. A. the villagers B. his servants C. the othersD. the rest 28. A. could B. might C. shouldD. must 29. A. interest B. concern C. useD. attraction 30. A. returned B. gained C. offered D. received 31. A. remain B. lastC. supply D. share 32. A. turned back B. set out C. showed off D. speeded 33. A. village B. landC. fieldD. road 34. A. whether B. howC. where D. when 35. A. goodB. certain C. trueD. strange 36. A. welcomedB. metC. acceptedD. persuaded 37. A. stillB. alreadyC. always D. indeed 38. A. except B. instead ofC. apart from D. along with 39. A. loading B. treasuringC. carrying D. earning 40. A. foodB. jewels C. money D. seeds 阅读理解AAnyone who cares about what schools and colleges teach and how their students learn will be interested in the memoir(回忆录)of Ralph W. Tyler, who is one of the most famous men in American education.Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and