自考英语英语语法基础考点形容词动词的语态.doc

自考英语（一）英语语法基础考点：形容词形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质，状态，和特征。形容词在句中作定语，表语，宾语，补语。She is a good student，and she works hard.她是一个好学生，她学习努力。This bike is expensive.这辆自行车很贵。I am sorry，Im busy now.对不起，我现在很忙。Have you got everything ready for the meeting？你为这次会议做好准备吗？形容词在句中的位置：形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定，越密切的形容词越靠近名词。如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面， 音节多的形容词放在后面。英语单词中，something，anything，nothing等不定代词被形容词修饰时，形容词放在名词后面。I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事要告诉你。Is there anything interesting in the film.电影里有什么有趣的内容吗？There is nothing dangerous here.这儿一点都不危险。由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。This is the book easy to read.这是一本容易读的书。用and或or连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。Everybody，man and woman，old and young，should attend the meeting.每一个人，男女老少，都应该参加会议。You can take any box away，big or small.这些箱子，不管大小，你都可以拿走。形容词的比较级和最高级：绝大多数形容词有三种形式，原级，比较级和最高级，以表示形容词说明的性质在程度上的不同。形容词的原级：形容词的原级形式就是词典中出现的形容词的原形。例如：poor tall great glad bad形容词的比较级和最高级：形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础上变化的。分为规则变化和不规则变化。规则变化如下：1）单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加-er和-est构成。great （原级） greater（比较级） greatest（最高级）2）以-e结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-r和-st构成。wide （原级） wider （比较级） widest （最高级）3）少数以-y，-er，-ow，-ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-er和-est构成。clever（原级） cleverer（比较级） cleverest（最高级）4）以-y结尾，但-y前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把-y去掉，加上-ier和-est构成。happy （原形） happier （比较级） happiest （最高级）5）以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加-er和-est。big （原级） bigger （比较级） biggest （最高级）6）双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和most 加在形容词前面来构成。beautiful （原级） difficult （原级）more beautiful （比较级） more difficult （比较级）most beautiful （最高级） most difficult （最高级）常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级：原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestmanymore mostmuchmore mostbadworseworstlittle less leastill worseworstfarfarther（further） farthest（furthest）形容词前如加less和lest则表示“较不”和“最不”important 重要less important 较不重要lest important 最不重要形容词比较级的用法：形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较，其结构形式如下：主语+谓语（系动词）+ 形容词比较级+than+ 对比成分。也就是，含有形容词比较级的主句+than+从句。注意从句常常省去意义上和主句相同的部分，而只剩下对比的成分。Our teacher is taller than we are.我们老师的个子比我们的高。It is warmer today than it was yesterday.今天的天气比昨天暖和。This picture is more beautiful than that one.这张照片比那张照片漂亮。This meeting is less important than that one.这次会议不如那次会议重要。The sun is much bigger than the moon.太阳比月亮大得多。形容词最高级的用法：形容词最高级用于两个以上的人和物进行比较，其结构形式为：主语+谓语（系动词）+the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。She is the best student in her class.她是班上最好的学生。Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.上海是中国最大城市之一。This is the biggest apple I have ever met.这是我见到的最大的苹果。Tom is the tallest boy in his basketball team.汤姆是他们篮球队中个子最高的孩子。有关形容词的几个特殊用法：most 同形容词连用而不用the，表示 “极，很，非常， 十分”。Its most dangerous to be here.在这儿太危险。I cannot do it，its most difficult.我干不了这件事，太难了。“The+形容词比较级，the+形容词比较级”表示 “ 越 就越”。The more you study，the more you know.你学的越多，就知道的越多。The more I have，the more I want.我越有就越想要有。The more，the better.越多越好。“ 形容词比较级+ and + 形容词比较级 ”， 表示 “ 越来越 ”。Its getting hotter and hotter.天气越来越热了。Its pity he is getting poorer and poorer.真可怜他越来越穷了。The computer is cheaper and cheaper.计算机越来越便宜。The more and more people focus on the meeting next year.越来越多的人关注明年的会议。主语+谓语（系动词）+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。This box is as big as mine.这个盒子和我的一样大。This coat is as cheap as that one.这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。I study English as hard as my brother.我同我兄弟一样学习努力。the + 形容词 表示某种人。He always helps the poor.他经常帮助穷人。I like to have a talk with the young.我喜欢同年轻人谈话。The rich sometimes complain their empty life.富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。The police led the old man across the street.警察领老人横过马路。自考英语（一）英语语法基础考点：动词的语态语态是动词的一种形式，它用来表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系。英语有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态，主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。例如：I have repaired the radio.我修好了收音机。The radio has been repaired.收音机被修好了。The students cleaned the classroom.学生们打扫了教室。The classroom was cleaned by the students.教室被学生们打扫了。被动语态的构成：be + 过去分词A building was damaged by the storm.暴风雨毁坏了一座建筑物。Our plate was made in China.我们的盘子是中国生产的。My bike was stolen.我的自行车被盗了。常用的被动语态的时态变化如下，以ask为例：一般进行完成现在I am asked，I am being asked，I have been asked过去I was asked，I was being asked，I had been asked将来I shall be asked，I shall have been asked过去将来I shall be asked被动语态的疑问句是把助动词提前到句首。Has your TV set been repaired？你的电视机修了吗？Was the kite broken？风筝破了吗？Has the work been done？工作结束了吗？被动语态的否定式是在助动词后面加not。The letter has not been sent out.信还没有发出去。The little boy has not been found out.小孩还没有找到。The cap has not been mended yet.帽子还没有补好。Their money has not been sent to them.他们的钱还没有送到他们手中。被动语态的用法：被动语态表示一种主语和谓语之间的关系，当主语是动作的承受者时， 就需要用到被动语态，汉语中所说的，“汽车被撞坏了”“钢笔被修好了” 等句子就是一种被动语态的句子，在汉语中常用“被”“由”等词来表示这种被动语态。在英语中则用动词的被动语态形式来表示。被动语态中还可用by 短语加在句后表示被动语态中动作的发出者。也就是谓语动词动作的逻辑上的主语，被动语态常用在下列情况。1）不知道谁是谓语动词动作的执行者时，或者没有必要说出谁是执行者时。The glass was broken last night.玻璃昨天被打破了。His bike has been stolen.他的自行车被偷了。He was asked to go there once more.他被要求再去那儿一次。The bag was put into the box.袋子放在了箱子里。2）为了强调或突出动作的承受者时。The plan has been sent to the headmaster.计划已经送给校长了。Kilinton was elected the President of U.S.A.克林顿被选为美国总统。Five people were hurt in the explosion.五个人在这次爆炸中受伤。A new building was set up in a short time.新大楼短期就建成了。3）被动语态也可以说出动作的执行者，构成如下：动作承受者+ be+ 过去分词+by+ 动作执行者。The picture was praised by everybody.照片得到了大家的好评。The classroom was cleaned by us.教室被我们打扫过。The bridge was built by workers from Shanxi.这座桥是山西的工人建的。The little boy was found by the police.小孩被警察找到了。有关被动语态的几个问题：1）“be + 过去分词” 并非都是被动语态，系动词be，feel，seem，look等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，表示某种状态。Im interested in mathematics.我对数学感兴趣。He seems unsatisfied with his work.他看起来对他的工作不满意。We are determined to catch up with the developed countries.我们决心要赶上发达国家。The song is called “Dont forget me”。歌曲的名字叫“勿忘我”。某些动词用主动语态来表示被动含义。The food tastes good.食物很香。It smells strange.这有怪味。The stone feels very cold.石头摸起来很冷。The womans clothes sell well.女装卖的快。3）一般情况下，及物动词才能构成被动语态，但有些不及物动词组成短语后，也可构成被动语态。He was looked down upon because of his egoism.他因自私而受人冷落。The children were taken good care of in the the orphanage.孩子们在孤儿院受到了良好的照顾。被动语态被动语态的句子中的主语是动作的承受者，即行为的对象。被动语态的构成是由助动词be加上及物动词的过去分词。be的人称和数要和句中主语一致，并表现出时态特征。凡是不愿或不必说出主动者时，使用被动语态。此外，在强调或突出动作对象时，常使用被动语态。现以动词tell为例，将各种人称数和时态的被动语态列表如下：一般现在时I +amHe（She）+ is + toldYou（We,They）+ are一般过去时+ toldI（He,She）+ was We（You,They）+ were一般将来时+be toldI （We）+will（shall）You （He,She,They）+ will过去将来时+ be toldI（We）+ shouldYou（He,She,They）+ would现在完成时+ been toldI（We,You,They）+ haveHe（She）+ has过去完成时I（You,He,She,+ had + been + told We,You,They）现在进行时I +amHe（She）+ is + being toldYou（We,They）+ are过去进行时I（He,She）+ was+ being toldWe（You,They）+ were1、用法（1）一般现在时A statement of owners equity is frequently prepared to accompany the balance sheet and income statement. 通常编写所有者权益表随同资产负债表和收益表。All our shoes are made by hand. 我厂出品的鞋都是手工制造的。The article is retailed at a higher price than when it was bought wholesale. 物品的零售价高于购进时的批发价。（2）一般过去时She was praised for her economical management of the budget. 她因对预算的管理有方而被表扬。An urgent telephone call was made to the companys treasure. 公司财务收到一个紧急电话。（3）一般将来时Your will be introduced to the office building. 将向您介绍办公大楼。Will storekeepers be prosecuted for raising prices without government permission？店主会不会因未得到政府许可提价而被起诉？（4）过去将来时She told me that her father would be taken to hospital the next morning. 她告诉我第二天早晨她的父亲将被送到医院去。（5）现在完成时These trade terms have been developed by mercantile custom and standardized to a certain extent. 这些贸易条款是在商业惯例中形成并在一定程度上标准化了的。The consumers should unlearn the propoganda with which they have been fed by the advertizers. 消费者应当摒弃广告商所作的广泛的宣传。（6）过去完成时They told him that the meeting had been cancelled. 他们告诉他会议已被取消。（7）现在进行时In some developed countries， children are being taught by computers. 在一些发达国家，孩子们的课程是用计算机讲授的。Computers are being used to predict the weather. 计算机正被用来预测天气。（8）过去进行时The conversation was being recorded. 那时在对那次谈话进行录音。The street was being widened. 街道那时在加宽。The problem was being studied. 那时在研究这个问题。（9）有两个宾语的主动结构变被动结构We allowed them a commission of 5 per cent. 我们给他们5%的手续费。 They were allowed a commission of 5 per cent. A commission of 5 per cent was allowed them by us.We shall give Mr. John a warm welcome. 我们将热烈欢迎约翰先生。 Mr. John will be given a warm welcome. A warm welcome will be given to Mr. John.（10）动词不定式的被动结构A new study plan（work plan）has to be made. 必须制定一个新的学习计划（工作计划）。He will have to be tried for murder. 他因犯杀人罪将要受到审判。The project is（going）to be completed in October. 这项工程将在十月份完工。2、在英语中，被动语态用于下列场合：（1）当我们不知道或者没有必要说明谁是动作的执行者时（这时都不用由by引起的短语）My watch has been stolen. 我的表已被偷了。（不知道谁偷的）On Saturday night，on her way home from work，she was robbed. 星期六