英语B级语法总结.doc

词性部分1.名词的词性转换：-ion suggestion，action，reaction, solution, permission-ation invitation, imagination, operation, application, explanation-ment argument, equipment, employment, agreement, arrangement, amusement-enceance evidence , confidence, existence, difference, importance, appearance-y honesty, difficulty, poverty, reality, variety,-er reader ruler manager, follower,-or operator actor-ee employee trainee-th growth truth depth-ness happiness, illness, sickness, goodness, coldness, fitness,-ility possibility responsibility-al arrival, withdrawal, disposal, denial-age shortage, usage, courage, leakage, marriage-ief belief, relief典型考题：1. We have been informed that the (equip) _ will be arriving here in ten days. 2. I sincerely thank you for your (invite)_ to the Industrial Exhibition3. I am sorry to learn that you have made no (improve) _ on the design at all. 4. The right side of the brain controls our (imagine) _, our understanding of space and color. 5. There is a rapid increase in population in that country that has caused a food （short）_ . 6. I was told that Disney World is one of Floridas major (tour) _ attractions. 7. There has been a large (grow) _ of light industries during these years. 8. There were only a few (survive) _ from the air-crash. 9. The committee expects to come to a (decide) _ within this week. 10. The boss has promised a wage increase for all the (employ) _.KEY1. equipment 2. invitation 3. improvement 4. imagination 5. shortage 6. tourist7. growth 8. survivors 9. decision 10. employees2.形容词的词性转换：1.作定语，2.作表语，放在系动词的后面。3.形容词的比较级和最高级-ful beautiful wonderful careful,thoughtful,useful,-able acceptable reasonable,reliable,valuable,-less useless careless-ing willing annoying,entertaining-ive active creative attractive,effective,-ed pleased delighted-al traditional personal additional-ly friendly，lively, lovely，lonely, fatherly, costly,woodly3.副词的词性转换1. adv.+v, v+adv.2. adv.+adj3. adv,+句子典型考题：1.He was (serious) _ injured in the accident. 2. “But why on earth did you agree to the proposal?” I asked (curious) _. 3.When she heard that her father was (danger) _ ill, she burst into tears. 4That was (apparent) _ a careless mistake caused by the operator. 5. (Luck) _, the flood did not do much damage to the crops.6. The poor peasants were (heavy) _ taxed. 7. (person)_, I dont agree with you though we are good friends.KEY:1. seriously 2.curiously 3.dangerously 4.apparently 5.luckily 6.heavily7personaly 语法部分I.动词的时态时态是谓语动词的形式，表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。英语的时态共有十六种。一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态 现在 do/does ， am/is/are doing， have/has done ， have/has been doing 过去 did ， was/were doing ， had done ， had been doing 将来 shall/will do， shall/will be doing ，shall/will have done， shall/will have been doing 过去将来 should/would do，should/would be doing， should/would have done， should/would have been doing 但其中大纲要求的主要有以下十种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时。（一）一般现在时1 表示经常性的动作和状态，常与always, every day, never, often, usually, sometimes等频度副词连用；说话时人和事物的特性或状态；客观真理等。I usually go to work at seven in the morning.Is there anything wrong with you? You look pale.The earth moves round the sun.I-ping-pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year.A. will play B. have played C. played D. play答案选D。本题干后一分句用了转折语气，并用了现在完成时，表示自从新年以来一直没用打过乒乓球，由此排除选项A和C。空格处是指含现在时间在内的广泛意义上的现在时间。2 表示计划或安排中的动作。The train leaves for Guangzhou at 2:30 p.m.3.在(when)时间和(if)条件状语从句中，表示一般将来时。考题1：-When will you come to see me, Dad?-I will go to see you when you _ the training course.A will have finished B. will finish C .are finishing D. finish考题2：China will be the largest market for automobiles in 20 to 25 years if the countrys economy _ to grow at the current rate.A. continues B. has continued C. continued D. has been continued答案选DA（二）一般过去时1 表示过去所发生的动作或状态。My friend worked in Beijing for two years. He went to France last year.-You havent said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?-Im sorry I _anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty on you.A. wasnt saying B. dont say C. wont say D. didnt say答案是D。2 过去的习惯。When I was at college, I went to the library every afternoon.3.先后一连串动作。The old lady went to the market ,bought some vegetables and went home. 4.用于虚拟语气 It is time we went home. (三)一般将来时 表示将来要发生的动作或状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用1 Will / shall + do(1) 表示预见、意图或用在疑问句中征询听话人的意见。He will be back soon.I shall / will send Mr.Zhang an e-mail tomorrow.Will you go to the cinema with me?It_ long before we _ the result of the experiment.A. will not be ; will know B. is ; will know C. will not be ; know D. is ; know答案选C。次题考查一般将来时在固定句型中的运用。（2）表示现在的习惯、需要，预测现在某事可能要发生，或者对将来的事情现在作出决定。Fish will die without water.Shall I help you?It is ten oclock. Mary will be in bed by now.-Which dress do you want?-Ill take the red one.2.其他形式：（1） be going to + do 表示计划、安排，或“最近将来”要发生的事情，还可以描述根据某种迹象表明将要发生的事情。We are going to have a party this evening.Look at the clouds. Its going to rain.(2) be + doing 表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。I am leaving for London tomorrow.(3) be + to do表示按计划安排即将发生的动作；表示命令、禁止或可能性等。We are to finish the work before five this afternoon.(四) 过去将来时表示相对于过去某一时间将要发生的动作或状态，常用于宾语从句中。 He warned us that the journey would be very dangerous.(五) 现在进行时1 表示说话时正在进行的动作或发生的情况。What is she doing now?2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的情况。Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _so rapidly.A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change 答案选A.2 表示按计划安排即将发生的动作或状态，通常只限于少数动词。Ive won a holiday for two weeks to Florida. I _ my mum.A. am taking B. have taken C. take D. will have taken答案选A.(六) 过去进行时表示过去某一时间或某一阶段正在进行的动作。Radios had just been invented then, and the people were talking about sending pictures by electricity.I was attending a meeting this time yesterday.The reporter said that the UFO _ from east to west when he saw it.A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel答案选A。（七） 将来进行时1.表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作This time on Saturday I shall be flying to Paris.2.有时可以表示预料不久将要发生的动作，比一般将来时显得客气。A new film is on at the cinema. Will you be seeing it?(八) 现在完成时1.表示发生在过去但对现在有影响的动作。I wonder why Jenny _ us recently. We should have heard from her by now.A. hasnt written B. doesnt write C. wont write D. hadnt written答案选A。2. 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（可能还会继续下去）的动作，常用于延续性动词，多和一段时间状语如since, so far, for a year, in recent years 等连用。 3.表示将来，用于时间，条件等状语从句中。I ll go with you as soon as I have finished my work. 4. “ This/ It is the first/ second time that.”句型中， 从句的谓语动词常用现在完成时。 This is the third time they havent come for the rubbish.(九) 过去完成时1.表示过去某一时间以前已完成的动作，常于by, before 等引导的时间状语连用。He had been in this college for five years before I came to study.By the end of last month we had learned 2,000 English words. 2. 在 no sooner than, hardly, when 等句型中，主句常用过去完成时，从句则用一般过去时。No sooner had I entered the classroom when the bell rung.3.在时间和条件从句中代替过去将来时。The doctor said the patient would sleep deeply for about twelve hours until the poison had stopped doing its harm.4. think, hope, intend, mean, expect, want, plan等动词的过去完成时表示过去的愿望，打算，计划等没有实现。 I had hoped to visit him, but I was too busy.这类动词和不定式连用时可以改为“过去式+不定式的完成式”。I hoped to have visited him, but I was too busy. (十) 现在完成进行时 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在，并可能还会继续下去的 动作，常与 for, since 等引导的时间状语连用。 I have been working at the factory for nearly twenty years. II.动词语态语态是动词的一种形式，说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。当主语是动作的执行者时，称为主动语态；当主语是动作的承受者时，称为被动语态。被动语态的一般形式（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时）经常出现在填空题中，较复杂的如非谓语动词的被动语态、被动语态的完成时和进行时、短语动词的被动语态以及含情态动词的被动语态则多出现在选择题中。考试中常见句型：（1） be + 动词过去分词（2） be +being + 动词过去分词(被动语态的进行时)（3） have /had + been + 动词过去分词典型考题：1. These pills should (keep) _out of the reach of children.2. When he arrived at the hospital, he asked worriedly who was _ (operate) on. 3. The house with the furniture (buy) _ for $50,000 last year.4.A new hospital (build) _ in our hometown now.5. If the medicine (take) _ in time, it will be quite effective. KEY:1.be kept 2 being operated 3 was bought 4 is being built 5 is takenIII.虚拟语气虚拟语气是每次必考的一个项目。根据基本要求的规定，大家必须掌握以下几点：1条件从句中的虚拟语气(1)与现在事实相反： 从句 If + 主语 + 动词的过去式 （be - were） 主句 主语+ should/would/could/might+动词原形 （2）与过去事实相反： 从句 if+主语+had+过去分词主句 主语+should/would/could/might+ have+过去分词 (3)与将来事实相反： 从句 If+主语+were to +动词原形 / if+主语+should+动词原形主句 省略+ should/would/could/might+动词原形2.省略If的条件句中的虚拟语气 当条件句中出现were, should, had 等时，可以将If省略，把were, should, had 放在主语前面。3固定句式中的虚拟语气 （1）demand, suggest, advise, propose 等词引导的宾语从句中； （2）It +be+ suggested/ demanded+ that引导的主语从句中； （3）It is +important/ necessary+ that从句中； （4）suggestion, proposal 引导的同位语从句中； （5）lest（以防）， for fear that(惟恐)， in case（以防）引导的从句中； 这些从句中谓语动词是由should+动词原形构成，should也可以省略。 （6） as if as though wish + 从句时，如果表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式；如果表示 would rather 与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。 if only （7）Its high/ about time +从句时，从句谓语动词只能用过去时。 （8）介词短语可相当于一个条件从句时要用虚拟语气，比如 without, but, but for, otherwise, 等。主句+would do(表对现在或者将来的虚拟) 主句+would have done（表对过去的虚拟）典型考题：1. Its high time we _ something to stop road accidents.A .did B .are doing C .will do D .do2. I didnt see your boss at the meeting. If he (come) _, I would have told him the news. 3. It is advised that we (sign) _ an agreement right after the discussion. 4. I suggested that he (refuse) _ the offer proposed by that company. 5. He talked as if he (do) _ all the work himself, hut in fact Tom and I did most of it. KEY:1.A 2.had come 3. (should) sign 4. (should) refuse 5.had doneIV.非谓语动词非谓语动词指动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词这几种形式，它们在句中不能独立作谓语，可作定语、状语、补语、主语、表语等。动词不定分为带 to 的不定式和不带 to 的不定式句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。动词不定式一般表示动作尚未发生或将要发生。典型考题：1._ the report, I handed it to John, but she said that George was the person to send it to. A. Having finished B. Being finishing C .Finishing D .To have finished2._ from life pressure, many people have to go all out to work until they are tired out. A. Suffering B. To suffer C. Being suffered D. Having suffered3. “Susan. What would you say if we go to see the film tonight?”“Thank you, Tony. But I dont think it is worth _ twice.” A. seeing B. to see C. see D .seen4. The most important thing in life is a great goal plus the determination (reach) _ the goal. 5. Im afraid you have been speaking too fast to make yourself (understand) _. KEY: 1.A 2.A 3.A 4 to reach 5 understood考试中常见句型（1） 不定式作主语时通常用这种结构It + be +adj. + ( for sb. ) + to do （2） 不定式作定语时，放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，常带不定式作定语的名词有： way, visit ,solution ,opportunity, effort, determination, etc.（3） 不定式与only连用表示未料到的结果。如：I went to see him only to find him out.（4） 一些特殊结构中用不带to不定式。如：had better, rather than, cannot but 等。（5） 有些词只能接不定式作宾语。如：want, hope, pretend 等。（6） 连接副词/代词加不定式结构。如： what to do, where to go 等。动名词主要起名词的作用在，在句中主要作主语，宾语， 表语等。 考试中常见句型（1） 有些动词后能接动名词，如： mind, avoid, enjoy 等。（2） 介词接动名词作宾语（3） 某些句型中的动名词运用。如：Its no use doing./ have difficulty doing sth. 过去分词和现在分词主要起形容词的作用，在句中作表语、定语、状语等。两者的区别： 现在分词与逻辑主语是主动关系，表示动作正在进行，而过去分词与逻辑主语是被动关系，表示动作已完成。在作表语或定语时，现在分词修饰物，过去分词修饰人。熟记以上规律，在遇到分词时，问题基本上可以迎刃而解。V.动词短语、情态动词及主谓一致动词常和其他词类一起构成固定词组，称为短语动词。短语动词一般出现在选择题中，主要考察考生所掌握的词汇的深度和广度，以及是否掌握了某些常用短语动词的含义及用法。因此考生平时应熟知所学过的短语动词，熟练掌握基本要求中“词汇表”所列短语动词的含义及用法。 情态动词看似简单，但做起来较难。在英语应用能力考试中，主要考查情态动词与完成体的搭配。如：should + have + Ved 表示应该发生却没有发生的事；must + have + Ved 表示对过去事情的肯定推测；could /might /may/can + have + Ved 表示对事情的推测，程度视情态动词而定。主谓一致出现的频率较低，平时稍加注意就可。典型考题：1. One of my foreign friends is looking forward to _ my country.A. visit B. visiting C. having visited D. be visiting2. It is thought to be a wise way to have some money _ for old age .A. put aside B. taken off C. given in D. set out 3. How many computers will the company _ this year?A. turn up B. turn out C. turn on D. turn over4. His grandmother brought him up, because his parents _ when he was only one year old.A. passed away B. passed out C. passed off D. passed over5. He told me that I _ be present at the ceremony.A. could B. would C. should D. might6. Mary has got a full mark in the test. She _ C very hard all these days.A. will work B. may work C. must have worked D. could have workedKEY：BAB ACCVI.倒装句与强调句 .倒装句与强调句也是考试中的两个常见项目。 考试中常见倒装句句型 （1）Neither ,nor, so+ 助动词/情态动词 + 主语 （2）Hardly, never, rarely 开头引起的倒装 （3）Not onlybut also; no soonerthan; hardly/scarcelywhen 等特殊句式引起的倒装 （4）虚拟语气中的倒装 （前面虚拟语气已讲过） 强调句句型 It + be +被强调部分+ that/ who典型考题：1.It was in the lab taken charge of by Prof. Harvis _ they did the experiment.(2000-06-A)A. that B. when C. whom D. so 2. Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted. (2000-06-B)A. have I realized B.I have realized C. did I realize D. I realized3. _ got in the wheat than it began to rain heavily. A. No sooner have they B. No sooner they have C. No sooner had they D. No sooner they had 4. It was in that small village _ our president was born. A. which B. when C. that D. as KEY: ACCCVII. 主从复合句 主从复合句主要出现在选择题和翻译题中，是词汇和语法结构中的难点，尽管所考项目均在初、高中涉及过，但因其面广，故学生还是感到吃力。 考试中常见句型 （1） 主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、和同位语从句等名词性从句 （2）定语从句中的非限定性定语从句及介词 + which 从句 （3）时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句等状语从句1. _ is known to all, China is a developing country. A. Which B. What C. As D. That 2. I never make a promise I dont intend to keep ,so when I say forever, forever is _ I mean.A. where B. what C. how D. why 3. He suddenly left for Paris yesterday, _ was more than we had expected.A. that B. what C. which D. this 5. _ woke me up was a loud cry from someone in the next room. A. How B. That C. What D. ThisKEY: CBCC 重点谈谈定语从句 基本知识精讲 在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，也叫形容词性从句。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。引导词有关系代词 who, whom, that, which, whose, as 和关系副词 when, where and why。定语从句的引导词既起引导从句的作用，同时又担任从句的主语、宾语、定语和状语。在限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中关