2013届高考语法复习名词和冠词.doc

西大名人教育中心 知识改变命运 学习成就未来 2013届高考语法复习（十一） 名词和冠词名词篇1.名词的分类 1) 专有名词：指某人，某地，某机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。如HongKong, China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross 2) 普通名词： 可数名词：个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如 student,book 集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family,school, group, people 不可数名词： 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：cotton,air,tea 抽象名词：表示抽象概念，如 :work，happiness,news 2名词的复数 可数名词有单、复数形式，其复数的构成规则如下：1）绝大多数在词尾加s。如： book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces. 2）以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加es。如： watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes; 下列以o结尾的词加s构成复数：piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo 3）以辅音字母y结尾的名词，将y改为i，再加es。例如：baby,babies;family,families; 以元音字母y结尾的名词，直接加s。例如：boy,boys;key,keys 4） 以f或fe结尾的名词，先将f或fe改为v，再加es构成复数形式，如：leaf,leaves; wife,wives.但有些以f结尾的名词，是在f后加s构成复数，常见的有： roof,chief,belief,gulf等。个别的两种方式都可以，如： handkerchief,s,handkerchieves 5）少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，要一一背记： manmen; womanwomen; EnglishmanEnglishmen;footfeet; toothteeth; childchildren; mousemice 少数名词的单、复数形式相同，如：Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish,means(注： fishes表不同种类的鱼)6）复合名词：A.含man或woman的复合名词，两部分都变为复数形式。如：two men teachers, four women doctors B.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式，如： lookers-on旁观者，editors-in-chief总编辑, passers-by过路人C.如果没有主体名词，就在词尾后加s。如： grown-ups 成年人，go-betweens 中间人7）以复数形式出现的名词：trousers,glasses眼镜，scales天平，savings储蓄， findings 调查结果， doings行为，surroundings环境，arms武器，fireworks 烟火，remains残余，thanks感谢，riches财富，ashes灰烬 ，stairs 楼梯 8）有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如： take pains下功夫,made preparations作准备，give regards to 问候3.名词的所有格1）名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。其构成多在词尾加上“s”,如：Toms bike, Marxs works 以s结尾的专有名词，在词尾后加“”或“s”。如：Engels/Engelss works 以s结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加“”。如：students homework,a workers nightschool 一所工人夜校，不以s结尾的复数名词，仍在词尾加“s”。如：mens clothes男士衣服 childrens books 儿童读物2）如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“s”。例如：Tom and Mikes room汤姆和迈克合住的房间 Toms and Mikes rooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间3）表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。 如：the tailors 裁缝店，the barbers理发店，go to the doctors上诊所， 4）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“s”或“”来表示 所有格。如：todays newspaper, half an hours rest, two weeks work, ten minuteswalk ,Chinas population ,Shanghais industry5）表示无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。如：the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 26）表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词，常用“of所有格”来表示所属关系。例如：He is an old friend of my fathers. This is a picture of Marys.强化练习1._from Beijing to London!A How long way it is B .What a long way is itC How long way is it D. What a long way it is 2.Weve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into_. A fact B .practice C .reality D deed 3.Electrcity , like other forms of _ ,has greatly increased in price. A .pressure B .force C .strength D energy4That fellow is clever ; he has _. A. brain B. a brain C .the brain D .brains5.Julie went to the _ to buy a pair of shoes. A .shoes store B .shoes store C .shoe store D shoes store 6.Those _ took lots of _ in the Summer Palace. A Germen; photoes B .Germen; photos C Germans; photos D .Germans; photoes7.All possible means _ to save the hero. A .has tried B .have tried C has been tried D .have been tried8.Whose car is it ? Its_. A. Tom and Mary B Toms and Marys C .Toms and Mary D. Tom and Marys9.There are 5_ in th fields. A heads of cattles B .heads of cattle C .head of cattles D .head of cattle 10.He is the very thief the police _ looking for . A.is B.are C.has D.have11.All but Jack _ here just now . A.is B.are C.was D.were 12.He knows almost everything .So we say he is a man of many _. A.knowleges B.presents C.gifts D.rewards13.Carelessness is the usual _ of fire. A.way B.excuse C.cause D.reason14.The girl is quite _to her mother now . A.a help B.helps C.help D.helpness15._is coming to give us a lecture . A.A manager and an expert B.A manager and expert C.Manager and expert D.Manager and an expert16.Most of the bridges over the river are made of _. A.stone B.the stone C.a stone D.the stones17.If you hurt her _ ,you should apologize. A.feelings B.feel C.feels D.feeling18.Ill go and call at _ right after school. A.the doctor B.the Smiths C.Smith D.my uncles19.The shop will be closed during_. A.repairs B.a repair C.repair D.repairing20.The_we saw yesterday come out to the farm once in a while. A.mouse B.deer C.dog D.cow21.My brother didnt find army life to his _. A.like B.taste C.quality D.favour22.Though they hadnt met for long ,he recognized her _. A.voice B.noise C.sound D.laughter23.Learning that they were to have a picnic,the children were in _. A.the high spirit B.high spirits C.a high spirit D.high spirit24.After _ silence ,they began to write letters to each other . A.three-year B.a sthree-year C.three years D.three years25.If these trousers are too big ,buy a smaller_. A.copy B.pair C.piece D.set 26.That daughter of Jacks is _. A.a good fun B.good runs C.good fun D.good funny27._will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas A.The Evenses B.The Evens C.The Evenses D.The Evens28.He is one of the most successful_ in the city. A.newspapers writer B.newspaper writers C.nesapapers writer D.newspaper writer29.Where is your brother? At_. A.Mr Greens B.Greens C.the Mr Greens D.the Greens30.Are you _ ,Mr Black? Yes ,I speak_. A.English ; the English language B.the English ; English C.an Englishman; on English language D.an English ; English31. Although it is not our normal _ to give credit in our shop, this time I think we should consider the matter more closelyAhabitBpractice CactionDintention32.Any help from you will be greatly appreciated. Please give me a reply at your earliest .AinterruptionBinstructionCconsiderationDconvenience33. Many football fans attached great importance to the two matches, because China needed to beat Iran to ensure _ for the Asian Cup semi-finals. A. outcome B. conservation C. qualification D. occupation34.It is too bad for someone in such a high _ in the government to behave badly in public. A. position B. situation C. profession D. condition35.This research attracted wide_ coverage and BBC televisions Tomorrows World had a special programme about it last week.A. message B. information C. media D. data36.The campaign is trying to get the _ across to young people that drugs are dangerous. Alesson Btopic Cmessage Dinformation37.The traffic slowed down because of the heavy snow in Yushu county, presenting a new _ to the recovery from the earthquake.A. sufferingB. disasterC. challenge D. damage38.The present financial crisis has put the world economy in a difficult . A. occasion B. case C. background D. situation39.The millionaire passed away, leaving his children with a large _Afortune Bluck Cmoney Damount40.Some cars are equipped with GPS for people easily to find the _ of their destinationAlocation Bplace Carea Dposition冠 词 篇一、a与one的对比1. 尽管a和one这两个在意义上有些相似，但它们几乎不能互换使用。2. 在连续记数时，习惯上，用one而不用a。3. 在名词前使用one往往表示数量上的对比。4. 用在某些固定词组中。e.g. all of a sudden（突然），as a matter of fact（事实上），in a hurry，in a word，do sb. a favour，pay a visit to，a hand of（少量的），a length of（一根、一段），a variety of（种种），a depth of（深度为），an article of（一件），a total of（总共），an average of（平均），one by one，one after another，one day二、不定冠词的基本用法1. 具有泛指的概念，表示“一类”或“其中的一个”。2. 初次提到某人或某物。3. 速度、比率、价格等，其意义相等于one或every。4. 用在某些物质名词前，该物质名词便具体化了。a coffee, a heavy rain5. 用在某些抽象名词前，该抽象名词前便具体化了。He has a knowledge of chemistry. The get-together was a great success.6. 用在专有名词前，表示类似的一个或某一个。He is a Kong Fansen. A Mrs Smith wishes to speak to you.7. 表示“同一个”的意思。The two boys are of an age.These umbrellas are of a (=the same) colour and size.8. 不定冠词的特殊位置：how/so/as/too+形容词+不定冠词+名词so kind a man = such a kind man too difficult a book三、定冠词的主要用法1. 表示特指和第二次提到的人或物。2. 表示世界上独一无二的事物。3. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前面。4. 用在江河湖海、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠等地理名词前。5. 用在形容词或过去分词前表示一类人。6. 用在表示国家和民族的形容词前表示泛指该国的人民。7. 用在姓氏的复数前，表示该夫妇俩或全家人。8. 乐器、通讯设备前一定要加定冠词。9. 用于某些缩略词之前。 the PRC10. 用在表示发明物的单数可数名词之前。11. 固定搭配。 in the morning on the other hand四、不用冠词的几种情况1. 季节、节日、星期、三餐等之前，一般不加冠词。the Spring Festival （除外）2. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等限定词修饰时，一般不加冠词。3. 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加。4. 球类、棋类、学科等名称前，一般不加冠词。5. 称呼、头衔、职务等表示抽象性质的名词前，不加冠词。6. 在与by连用交通工具名称前不加冠词。7. 在turn，go（变成、成为）变成后面的名词做短语时，名词前不加冠词。但become后面的名词前一定要加冠词。8. 在一个以“普通名词+as”所引导的让步状语从句中，该普通名词前不加冠词。9. 泛指复数名词前不用冠词。10. 固定搭配。in debt，in good (bad) health，in good condition，in great demand，in great need of，in time of danger，in office（就职），in honour of，in trouble (difficulty)，in favour of，with anger，in general，in size，in character（在性格上），in sight，in (out of) order，on business，on holiday， on leave，on watch，on fire，heart and soul，knife and fork，at sea，husband and wife，brother and sister，from morning till night，on horseback五、特殊情况1. 部分词组中有冠词和没有冠词其含义不同。一般说来，名词前无冠词，则表示抽象意义；名词前有冠词，则表示具体意义。out of problem（不成问题），out of the problem（不可能），take place，take the place of，in hospital，in the hospital，at table，at the table，in front of，in the front of，three of us，the three of us，on earth，on the earth，of age（成年），of an age（同岁数），lose colour（脸色苍白），lose the colour（褪色），2. 有些诉组中用定冠词the还是不定冠词a ，意义不同。 a number of the number of3. 注意当单数可数名词被so、as、how、too等词修饰时，冠词的位置要放在形容词后面。比较such。4. 注意习惯用法。在某些词组、成语中，名词前不用冠词。六、表示类别的三种情况1. 定冠词+单数可数名词（用特指的那一类事物代表一类事物）。2. 不定冠词+单数可数名词（用“任意一个”“某一个”所具有的特性、特征表示一类事物）。3. 可数名词复数或不可数名词，指“类别”。（考虑到同一类中的各个情况）。强化练习1. Jumping out of _ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _ exciting experience. (2002全国高考题)A./; theB./; anC.an; anD.the; the2. Theres _ dictionary on _ desk by your side. (2003北京春季高考) A.a; theB.a; aC.the; aD.the; the3. An accident happened at _ crossroads a few meters away from _ bank. (2003上海春季高考题)A.a; aB./; aC./; theD.the; /4.The warmth of _ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _ wool used.A.the; theB.the; /C./; theD./; /5.Mr.Li will give us _ talk._ talk will begin at 8:00.A.a; TheB.the; AC./; /D.a; A6.The sun gives us _ heat and _ light.A.the; theB.a; aC.a; theD./; /7.What do you need in dinner?I need _.A.a knife and a forkB.a knife and forkC.the knife and forkD.the knife and the fork8._ Mrs.Smith is waiting for you in your office.A.TheB.AC.OneD./9.Shes on _ Peoples Daily.A.theB.anC.aD./10._ Einsteins could not pay for _ advanced education that young Albert needed.A.The; theB.A; aC.An; theD.The; an11.She is _ newcomer to _ chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.A.the; theB.the; aC.a; /D.a; the12.Where is Jack?I think he is still in _ bed，but he might be in _ bathroom.A./; /B.the; theC.the; /D./; the13.I dont like talking on _ telephone; I prefer writing _ letters.A.a; theB.a; /C.the; theD.the; /14.Many people are still in _ habit of writing silly things in _ public places.A.the; theB./; /C.the; /D./; the15.If you dont like the red coat，take the blue one.OK，but do you have _ size in blue? This one is a bit tight for me.A.a bigB.a biggerC.the bigD.the bigger16.I heard somebody playing _ piano in _ next room.A.a; aB.the; theC.a; theD.the; an17._ Pacific Ocean is _ largest of all.A.the; aB./; theC.the; theD.a; /18.Great changes have taken place in _ 1990s.A./B.aC.theD.an19.Wouldnt it be _ wonderful world if all nations lived in _ peace with one another?A.a; /B.the; /C.a; theD.the; the20.Alexander Graham Bell invented _ telephone in 1876.A./B.aC.theD.one21.In 1864，Lincoln was elected _ President of _ United States for the second time.A.the; theB.a; aC./; theD./; /22.John is _ university student.A./B.anyC.aD.an23.The table is made of _.A.a woodB.some woodC.the woodD.wood24.We are going to learn _ next week.A.Twelfth LessonB.The Twelfth LessonC.Twelve LessonD.The Twelve Lesson25.Id like _ information about the management of your hotel，please.Well，you could have _ word with the manager. He might be helpful.A.some; aB.an; someC.some; some D.an; a26.Paper money was in _ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _ thirteenth century.A.the; /B.the; theC./; theD./; /27.Most animals have little connection with _ animals of _ different kind unless they kill them for food.A.the; aB./; aC.the; theD./; the28.Alice is fond of playing _ piano while Henry is interested in listening to _ music.A./; theB./; /